DOCSLIB.ORG

New Crambescidin-Type Alkaloids from the Indonesian Marine Sponge Clathria Bulbotoxa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
New Crambescidin-Type Alkaloids from the Indonesian Marine Sponge Clathria Bulbotoxa marine drugs Article New Crambescidin-Type Alkaloids from the Indonesian Marine Sponge Clathria bulbotoxa Kasmiati Kasmiati 1,2, Yukio Yoshioka 3, Tetsuji Okamoto 3 and Makoto Ojika 1,* ID 1 Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Marine Science and Fishery, Hasanuddin University, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia 3 Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; [email protected] (Y.Y.); [email protected] (T.O.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-52-789-4116 Received: 16 February 2018; Accepted: 5 March 2018; Published: 8 March 2018 Abstract: A crude methanolic extract of the Indonesian sponge Clathria bulbotoxa showed a potent cytotoxic activity against the human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. An investigation of the active components led to the isolation of three new compounds named crambescidins 345 (1), 361 (2), and 373 (3), together with the known related metabolites crambescidins 359 (4), 657 (5), and 800 (6). The structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis. These compounds 1–4 that possess a simple pentacyclic guanidine core exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against the A431 cells with the IC50 values of 7.0, 2.5, 0.94, and 3.1 µM, respectively, while the known compounds 5 and 6 that possess a long aliphatic side chain were found to be significantly cytotoxic. On the other hand, in an anti-oomycete activity test against the fungus-like plant pathogen Phytophthora capsici, 1–4 showed a higher activity than that of 5 and 6, suggesting that the long aliphatic side chain plays a significant role for cytotoxicity, but is not effective or suppressive for anti-oomycete activity. Keywords: Indonesian sponge; Clathria bulbotoxa; crambescidin; cytotoxicity; anti-oomycete activity 1. Introduction Marine sponges (phyla Porifera) are one of the most prolific and the largest sources of novel bioactive compounds among marine organisms [1,2], with more than 200 new compounds reported each year [3]. During the last decade from 2001 to 2010, approximately 2400 new natural products had been discovered from 671 species of sponges, contributing 29% of the marine natural products reported within the period [4]. Ecological studies reported that sponges produce a wide array of secondary metabolites for defensive purposes to protect them from threats of competitors, predators, and pathogens [5,6]. Furthermore, sponges are frequently a host for microbial symbionts, which are regarded as one of the most important sources of bioactive molecules [7]. Studies on Indonesian marine sponges are interesting because Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, encompassing approximately 86,700 square kilometers of coral reef ecosystems [8], which are important for sponges as the most dominant benthic inhabiting coral reefs [9]. The Indonesian coral reefs are located in the coral triangle area, which is the global center of marine biodiversity and is recognized as the richest region on the earth [10]. Therefore, sponges from the coral ecosystems produce metabolites with various biological properties and become a target of continuing searching for new bioactive compounds [11,12]. Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 84; doi:10.3390/md16030084 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 13 Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 84 2 of 13 We recently investigated the biological activity of extracts from Indonesian marine organisms, includingWe recentlysix sponge investigated species (Agelas the biologicalconifera, Carteriospongia activity of foliascens extracts, fromClathria Indonesian bulbotoxa, Clathria marine organisms,reinwardti, Haliclona including koromella six sponge, and species Tedania (Agelas ignis conifera), and, Carteriospongiafound that an foliascens extract ,ofClathria the sponge bulbotoxa C., Clathriabulbotoxa reinwardti was highly, Haliclona cytotoxic. koromella The ,sponges and Tedania of the ignis genus), and Clathria found thatare anwidely extract distributed of the sponge in theC. bulbotoxatropical shallowwas highly waters cytotoxic. and temperate The sponges regions, of the especially genus Clathria along arethe widelycost of distributedthe southern in hemisphere the tropical shallow[13,14]. This waters genus and has temperate been recognized regions, especially as an excellent along the producer cost of theof novel southern secondary hemisphere metabolites [13,14]. Thisexhibiting genus diverse has been chemical recognized structures as an excellentincluding producer alkaloids of[15–20], novel secondarycarotenoids metabolites [21,22], peptides exhibiting [23], diversesugars [24], chemical terpenoids structures [25,26], including and sterols alkaloids [27–29]. [15– 20 ], carotenoids [21,22], peptides [23], sugars [24], terpenoidsFor the [25 above,26], and reasons sterols as [27 well–29]. as the abundant population of the Clathria bulbotoxa in the SamalonaFor the Island, above reasonsSouth asSulawesi well as theSea, abundant we were population interested of thein Clathriathe investigation bulbotoxa in theof Samalonabioactive Island,compounds South from Sulawesi this sponge, Sea, we leading were interested to the isol ination the investigationof three new ofcrambescidin-type bioactive compounds guanidine from thisalkaloids sponge, 1–3 leading as well to theas isolationthree known of three related new crambescidin-typeproducts 4–6. Herein, guanidine we present alkaloids the1 –isolation,3 as well asstructure three known elucidation, related and products biological4– 6characterization. Herein, we present of these the guanidine isolation, alkaloids. structure elucidation, and biological characterization of these guanidine alkaloids. 2. Results and Discussion 2. Results and Discussion 2.1. Isolation and Structural Elucidation 2.1. Isolation and Structural Elucidation The MeOH extract of the freeze-dried sponge was found to be higly cytotoxic against the humanThe epidermoid MeOH extract carcinoma of the freeze-dried cell line spongeA431 at was an foundIC50 value to be higlyof 0.046 cytotoxic μg/mL against and theto humanexhibit epidermoidanti-oomycete carcinoma activity against cell line the A431 fungus-like at an IC50 plantvalue pathogen of 0.046 µ g/mLPhytophthora and to capsici exhibit at anti-oomycete a dose of 50 activityμg/disk. against The active the fungus-like extract was plant subjected pathogen to Phytophthorabioassay-guided capsici fractionation,at a dose of 50followedµg/disk. by The the active final extractreversed-phase was subjected high performance to bioassay-guided liquid chro fractionation,matography followed (HPLC) byto yield the final six compounds reversed-phase 1–6. high The performancecompounds 4 liquid–6 were chromatography identified as (HPLC)crambescidins to yield six359compounds [30], 657 [31],1–6. Theand compounds800 [32] (Figure4–6 were 1), identifiedrespectively, as crambescidinsby comparison 359 with [30 ],published 657 [31], andspectroscopic 800 [32] (Figure data,1 ),whereas respectively, the compounds by comparison 1–3 withwere publishedfound to be spectroscopic new crambescidin data, whereas analogs. the compounds 1–3 were found to be new crambescidin analogs. Figure 1. Chemical structures of 1–6. Crambescidin 345 (1) possesses the molecular formula of C20H31N3O2 deduced from a high Crambescidin 345 (1) possesses the molecular formula of C H N O deduced from a high resolution electrospry ionization mass spectrum (HR-ESIMS) using20 the31 pseudo-molecular3 2 ion at m/z resolution electrospry ionization mass spectrum (HR-ESIMS) using the pseudo-molecular ion at m/z 346.2495 [M + H]+ (calculated for C20H32N3O2 346.2489). The infra red (IR) spectrum of 1 exhibited a 346.2495 [M + H]+ (calculated for C H N O 346.2489). The infra red (IR) spectrum of 1 exhibited a characteristic absorption at 3109 cm20−1, which32 3 2was also observed for 2 (3107 cm−1), 3 (3111 cm−1), and characteristic absorption at 3109 cm−1, which was also observed for 2 (3107 cm−1), 3 (3111 cm−1), and the other known crambescidin-type analogs [31,33–35]. It was reported that this absorption was due the other known crambescidin-type analogs [31,33–35]. It was reported that this absorption was due to the N-H streching mode of the cyclic guanidine structure [36]. to the N-H streching mode of the cyclic guanidine structure [36]. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra (Tables 1 and 2) showed that 1 consisted of 30 hydrogen and 20 carbon atoms. A hetero-nuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) experiment indicated that all of the hydrogen atoms were attached to carbons, revealing the presence of five CH, eleven CH2, one CH3, and three C. Two additional protons were observed at δH 10.20 and 10.28 in CDCl3 (Figure S2), supporting the presence of the above-mentioned guanidine moiety characteristic of the crambescidin alkaloids. The signals of the three quaternary carbons were found at δC 85.1 (C-8), 81.3 Mar. Drugs 2018, 16, 84 3 of 13 The 1H and 13C NMR spectra (Tables1 and2) showed that 1 consisted of 30 hydrogen and 20 carbon atoms. A hetero-nuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) experiment indicated that all of the hydrogen atoms were attached to carbons, revealing the presence of five CH, eleven CH2, one CH3, and three C. Two additional protons were observed at δH 10.20 and 10.28 in CDCl3 (Figure S2), supporting the presence of the above-mentioned guanidine moiety characteristic of the crambescidin alkaloids. The signals of the three quaternary carbons were found at δC 85.1 (C-8), 81.3 (C-15), and 149.4 (C-20). Other NMR signals were characterized as an olefinic bond [δC 134.2/δH 5.50 (C-4) and δC 131.4/δH 5.71 (C-5)], one methyl [δC 10.8/δH 0.84 (C-1)], one oxymethylene [δC 62.6/δH 3.69 (C-19)], one oxymethine [δC 72.1/δH 4.35 (C-3)], two N-subtituted methines [δC 54.9/δH 4.03 (C-10) and δC 53.5/δH 3.96 (C-13)], and ten methylenes (δC 19.5–39.1/δH 1.45–2.59) based on their chemical shifts. These NMR data exhibited a close similarity to those for crambescidin 359 (4)[30], except for the CH2-19 in 1, which is replaced with an ethylidene (CH3-CH<) in 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Taxonomy and Diversity of the Sponge Fauna from Walters Shoal, a Shallow Seamount in the Western Indian Ocean Region
    Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region By Robyn Pauline Payne A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Scientiae in the Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Supervisors: Dr Toufiek Samaai Prof. Mark J. Gibbons Dr Wayne K. Florence The financial assistance of the National Research Foundation (NRF) towards this research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NRF. December 2015 Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region Robyn Pauline Payne Keywords Indian Ocean Seamount Walters Shoal Sponges Taxonomy Systematics Diversity Biogeography ii Abstract Taxonomy and diversity of the sponge fauna from Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount in the Western Indian Ocean region R. P. Payne MSc Thesis, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape. Seamounts are poorly understood ubiquitous undersea features, with less than 4% sampled for scientific purposes globally. Consequently, the fauna associated with seamounts in the Indian Ocean remains largely unknown, with less than 300 species recorded. One such feature within this region is Walters Shoal, a shallow seamount located on the South Madagascar Ridge, which is situated approximately 400 nautical miles south of Madagascar and 600 nautical miles east of South Africa. Even though it penetrates the euphotic zone (summit is 15 m below the sea surface) and is protected by the Southern Indian Ocean Deep- Sea Fishers Association, there is a paucity of biodiversity and oceanographic data.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix: Some Important Early Collections of West Indian Type Specimens, with Historical Notes
    Appendix: Some important early collections of West Indian type specimens, with historical notes Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 between 1841 and 1864, we gain additional information concerning the sponge memoir, starting with the letter dated 8 May 1855. Jacob Gysbert Samuel van Breda A biography of Placide Duchassaing de Fonbressin was (1788-1867) was professor of botany in Franeker (Hol­ published by his friend Sagot (1873). Although an aristo­ land), of botany and zoology in Gent (Belgium), and crat by birth, as we learn from Michelotti's last extant then of zoology and geology in Leyden. Later he went to letter to van Breda, Duchassaing did not add de Fon­ Haarlem, where he was secretary of the Hollandsche bressin to his name until 1864. Duchassaing was born Maatschappij der Wetenschappen, curator of its cabinet around 1819 on Guadeloupe, in a French-Creole family of natural history, and director of Teyler's Museum of of planters. He was sent to school in Paris, first to the minerals, fossils and physical instruments. Van Breda Lycee Louis-le-Grand, then to University. He finished traveled extensively in Europe collecting fossils, especial­ his studies in 1844 with a doctorate in medicine and two ly in Italy. Michelotti exchanged collections of fossils additional theses in geology and zoology. He then settled with him over a long period of time, and was received as on Guadeloupe as physician. Because of social unrest foreign member of the Hollandsche Maatschappij der after the freeing of native labor, he left Guadeloupe W etenschappen in 1842. The two chief papers of Miche­ around 1848, and visited several islands of the Antilles lotti on fossils were published by the Hollandsche Maat­ (notably Nevis, Sint Eustatius, St.
    [Show full text]
  • Porifera) in Singapore and Description of a New Species of Forcepia (Poecilosclerida: Coelosphaeridae)
    Contributions to Zoology, 81 (1) 55-71 (2012) Biodiversity of shallow-water sponges (Porifera) in Singapore and description of a new species of Forcepia (Poecilosclerida: Coelosphaeridae) Swee-Cheng Lim1, 3, Nicole J. de Voogd2, Koh-Siang Tan1 1 Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore 2 Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity, Naturalis, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 3 E-mail: [email protected] Key words: intertidal, Southeast Asia, sponge assemblage, subtidal, tropical Abstract gia) patera (Hardwicke, 1822) was the first sponge de- scribed from Singapore in the 19th century. This was A surprisingly high number of shallow water sponge species followed by Leucosolenia flexilis (Haeckel, 1872), (197) were recorded from extensive sampling of natural inter- Coelocarteria singaporensis (Carter, 1883) (as Phloeo­ tidal and subtidal habitats in Singapore (Southeast Asia) from May 2003 to June 2010. This is in spite of a highly modified dictyon), and Callyspongia (Cladochalina) diffusa coastline that encompasses one of the world’s largest container Ridley (1884). Subsequently, Dragnewitsch (1906) re- ports as well as extensive oil refining and bunkering industries. corded 24 sponge species from Tanjong Pagar and Pu- A total of 99 intertidal species was recorded in this study. Of lau Brani in the Singapore Strait. A further six species these, 53 species were recorded exclusively from the intertidal of sponge were reported from Singapore in the 1900s, zone and only 45 species were found on both intertidal and subtidal habitats, suggesting that tropical intertidal and subtidal although two species, namely Cinachyrella globulosa sponge assemblages are different and distinct.
    [Show full text]
  • Sponge Community Structure and Anti-Predator Defenses on Temperate Reefs of the South Atlantic Bight
    Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Fall 2005 Sponge Community Structure and Anti-Predator Defenses on Temperate Reefs of the South Atlantic Bight Richard Robert Ruzicka Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Recommended Citation Ruzicka, Richard Robert, "Sponge Community Structure and Anti-Predator Defenses on Temperate Reefs of the South Atlantic Bight" (2005). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 705. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/705 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPONGE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND ANTI-PREDATOR DEFENSES ON TEMPERATES REEFS OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC BIGHT by RICHARD ROBERT RUZICKA III Under the Direction of Daniel F. Gleason ABSTRACT The interaction between predation and anti-predator defenses of prey is important in shaping community structure in all ecosystems. This study examined the relationship between sponge predation and the distribution of sponge anti-predator defenses on temperate reefs in the South Atlantic Bight. Significant differences in the distribution of sponge species, sponge densities, and densities of sponge predators were documented across two adjacent reef habitats. Significant differences also occurred in the distribution of sponge chemical and structural defenses with chemical deterrence significantly greater in sponges associated with the habitat having higher predation intensity. Structural defenses, although effective in some instances, appear to be inadequate against spongivorous predators thereby restricting the distribution of sponge species lacking chemical defenses to habitats with lower predation intensity.
    [Show full text]
  • From Northern Bass Strait, Southern Australia
    31 August 1989 Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 50(1): 1-242 (1989) ISSN 0814-1827 https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1989.50.01 DEMOSPONGIAE (PORIFERA) FROM NORTHERN BASS STRAIT, SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA By Felix Wiedenmayer Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Victoria, Swanston Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Present address: Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Agustinergasse 2, 4001 Basel, Switzerland Abstract Wiedenmayer, F., 1989. Demospongiae from northern Bass Strait, southern Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 50(1): 1-242. Eighty-four species (in 47 genera) in the Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, are described and illustrated. Of these, 21 species are described as new: Ancorina repens, A. suina, Stelletta arenitecta, Rhabdastrella cordata, R. intermedia, Tetilla praecipua, Latrunculia hallmanni, Pseudaxinella decipiens, Reniochalina sectilis, Rhaphoxya felina, Clathria wilsoni, Echinoclathria egena, Psammoclema bitextum, P. fissuratum, P. goniodes, P. radiatum, P. stipitatum, P. van- soesti, Callyspongia persculpta, C. toxifera, and Thorecta glomerosus. Eighteen records are new for the Maugean province, and three (Phorbas tenacior, Darwinella gardineri, and Gel- liodes incrustans) are new for the Australian fauna. The following revisions depart from those adopted in Wiedenmayer et al. (in press). The family Desmacididae is divided into Desmacidi- nae and Stylotellinae, and the genera Stylotella ( = Batzella), Phoriospongia ( = Chondropsis), and Psammoclema ( = Psammopemma, Sarcocornea) are assigned to the latter. Dactylia, Chalinopsilla and Arenosclera are synonymised with Callyspongia. Thorectandra is synonymised with Thorecta. Dendrilla cactos (Selenka) is a senior synonym of D. rosea Lendenfeld. The composition of this collection is even, with respect to the known demosponge fauna of Victoria and Tasmania. Its zoogeographic affinity is essentially Indo-West Pacific and relictic Tethyan, its provincial endemism high, and its overlap with the Antarctic/Subantarctic fauna almost nil.
    [Show full text]
  • HABITAT TYPE and ASSOCIATED BIOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGES – Shellfish Beds Sculpins, Rockfish, Perch and Herring
    HABITAT TYPE AND ASSOCIATED BIOLOGICAL ASSEMBLAGES – Shellfish Beds sculpins, rockfish, perch and herring. Hard substrates are arenaria. Sutton (1978) also delineated beds of the rough an important feeding habitat for harbor seals, including piddock (Zirfaea pilsbryi), a native clam that bores into from the Golden Gate east to Treasure Island, northwest soft rock or clays, as a potential species for sport harvest, to Tiburon Peninsula, and southward to Yerba Buena and suggested that there may be significant subtidal beds Island (Goals Project 2000, Green et al. 2006). Also, of the native bentnose clam (Macoma nasuta), which was many harbor seal haul-out sites are located in close commonly harvested by Native Americans. Some studies proximity to subtidal hard substrate including Point refer in passing to beds of the exotic freshwater Asiatic Bonita, Castro Rocks, Yerba Buena Island, and Angel clam (Corbicula fluminea; harvested for food or bait), Island (Goals Project 2000). Sea lions also feed in deep, native California mussel (Mytilus californianus), bay marine waters of San Francisco Bay; however, they feed mussel (consisting of the native M. trossulus, the exotic M. mostly on seasonally abundant herring associated with galloprovincialis, and their hybrids), exotic ribbed hard structures and eel grass beds in the Central Bay, and horsemussel (Geukensia demissa), native ghost shrimp on spawning salmonids that are migrating up the Bay (Neotrypaea californica), and the blue mud shrimp across multiple habitats to freshwater tributaries. Pacific (Upogebia pugettensis). Jones & Stokes (1977) and Sutton herring is a major prey item for many marine mammal (1978) implied that the ribbed horsemussel might be a species that are drawn to the Bay, including harbor sport-harvested species in the San Francisco Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • Programmatic Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) Assessment for the Long-Term Management Strategy for the Placement of Dredged Material in the San Francisco Bay Region
    Programmatic Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) Assessment for the Long-Term Management Strategy for the Placement of Dredged Material in the San Francisco Bay Region July 2009 Executive Summary Programmatic Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) Assessment for the Long-Term Management Strategy for the Placement of Dredged Material in the San Francisco Bay Region Pursuant to section 305(b)(2) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 (16 U.S.C. §1855(b)), the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), as the federal lead and co-lead agencies, respectively, submit this Programmatic Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) Assessment for the Long-Term Management Strategy for the Placement of Dredged Material in the San Francisco Bay Region. This document provides an assessment of the potential effects of the on-going dredging and dredged material placement activities of all federal and non-federal maintenance dredging projects in the action area (see Figure 1.1 located on page 3). The SF Bay LTMS program area spans 11 counties, including: Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco counties. It does not include the mountainous or inland areas far removed from navigable waters. The geographic scope of potential impacts included in this consultation (action area) comprises the estuarine waters of the San Francisco Bay region, portions of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) west of Sherman Island and the western portion of the Port of Sacramento and Port of Stockton deep water ship channels. It also includes the wetlands and shallow intertidal areas that form a margin around the Estuary and the tidal portions of its tributaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Becker Et Al. 2014
    Biological Conservation 176 (2014) 199–206 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon The effect of captivity on the cutaneous bacterial community of the critically endangered Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki) ⇑ Matthew H. Becker a, , Corinne L. Richards-Zawacki b, Brian Gratwicke c, Lisa K. Belden a a Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA b Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA c Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, USA article info abstract Article history: For many threatened vertebrates, captivity may be the only option for species survival. Maintaining Received 11 February 2014 species in captivity prior to reintroduction presents many challenges, including the need to preserve Received in revised form 21 April 2014 genetic diversity and mitigation of disease risks. Recent studies suggest that captivity can alter the suite Accepted 28 May 2014 of symbiotic microbes that play important roles in host health. The Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki) has not been seen in its native habitat in Panamá since 2009. Along with habitat loss and illegal collecting, the lethal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendro- Keywords: batidis (Bd), is responsible for the severe decline of this species. Prior to the spread of Bd into golden frog Amphibians habitat, conservation organizations collected golden frogs and placed them in captive survival assurance Captive management Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis colonies. The skin of amphibians is host to a diverse resident bacterial community, which acts as a Probiotic defense mechanism in some amphibians to inhibit pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9. State of Deep-Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems of the U.S
    State of Deep‐Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems of the Northeast United States Chapter 9 in The State of Deep‐Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems of the United States Report Recommended citation: Packer DB, Nizinski MS, Bachman MS, Drohan AF, Poti M, Kinlan BP (2017) State of Deep‐Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems of the Northeast United States. In: Hourigan TF, Etnoyer, PJ, Cairns, SD (eds.). The State of Deep‐Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems of the United States. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS‐OHC‐4, Silver Spring, MD. 62 p. Available online: http://deepseacoraldata.noaa.gov/library. An octopus hides in a rock wall dotted with cup coral and soft coral in Welker Canyon off New England. Courtesy of the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research. STATE OF DEEP‐SEA CORAL AND SPONGE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE NORTHEAST UNITED STATES STATE OF DEEP-SEA CORAL AND SPONGE David B. Packer1*, ECOSYSTEMS OF THE Martha S. NORTHEAST UNITED Nizinski2, Michelle S. STATES Bachman3, Amy F. Drohan1, I. Introduction Matthew Poti4, The Northeast region extends from Maine to North Carolina ends at and Brian P. the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). It encompasses the 4 continental shelf and slope of Georges Bank, southern New Kinlan England, and the Mid‐Atlantic Bight to Cape Hatteras as well as four New England Seamounts (Bear, Physalia, Mytilus, and 1 NOAA Habitat Ecology Retriever) located off the continental shelf near Georges Bank (Fig. Branch, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 1). Of particular interest in the region is the Gulf of Maine, a semi‐ Sandy Hook, NJ enclosed, separate “sea within a sea” bounded by the Scotian Shelf * Corresponding Author: to the north (U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Photographic Identification Guide to Some Common Marine Invertebrates of Bocas Del Toro, Panama
    Caribbean Journal of Science, Vol. 41, No. 3, 638-707, 2005 Copyright 2005 College of Arts and Sciences University of Puerto Rico, Mayagu¨ez Photographic Identification Guide to Some Common Marine Invertebrates of Bocas Del Toro, Panama R. COLLIN1,M.C.DÍAZ2,3,J.NORENBURG3,R.M.ROCHA4,J.A.SÁNCHEZ5,A.SCHULZE6, M. SCHWARTZ3, AND A. VALDÉS7 1Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama. 2Museo Marino de Margarita, Boulevard El Paseo, Boca del Rio, Peninsula de Macanao, Nueva Esparta, Venezuela. 3Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Invertebrate Zoology, Washington, DC 20560-0163, USA. 4Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Zoologia, CP 19020, 81.531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. 5Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1E No 18A – 10, Bogotá, Colombia. 6Smithsonian Marine Station, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, USA. 7Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, USA. This identification guide is the result of intensive sampling of shallow-water habitats in Bocas del Toro during 2003 and 2004. The guide is designed to aid in identification of a selection of common macroscopic marine invertebrates in the field and includes 95 species of sponges, 43 corals, 35 gorgonians, 16 nem- erteans, 12 sipunculeans, 19 opisthobranchs, 23 echinoderms, and 32 tunicates. Species are included here on the basis on local abundance and the availability of adequate photographs. Taxonomic coverage of some groups such as tunicates and sponges is greater than 70% of species reported from the area, while coverage for some other groups is significantly less and many microscopic phyla are not included.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Sponge, Antho (Acarnia) Seogwipoensis (Poecilosclerida: Microcionidae) from Korea
    Anim. Syst. Evol. Divers. Vol. 31, No. 3: 141-145, July 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.5635/ASED.2015.31.3.141 A New Sponge, Antho (Acarnia) seogwipoensis (Poecilosclerida: Microcionidae) from Korea Hyung June Kim1,*, Chung Ja Sim2 1National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 325-902, Korea 2Department of Biological Sciences, Hannam University, Daejeon 300-811, Korea ABSTRACT A new marine sponge, Antho (Acarnia) seogwipoensis n. sp., of the family Microcionidae, was collected from Seo­ gwipo­si, Jeju­do, Korea, about 100 m in depth using a gill net on 1969. The genus Antho Gray, 1867 including Dem­ ospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Microcionidae, is a large group of sponges. About 100 species in Antho were reported from worldwide. The genus Antho contains five subgenera: Antho, Acarnia, Isopenectya, Jia, and Plocamia. Among them, about 30 species in Acarnia were described in world sponge. A new sponge’s body shape is branching, size up to 124 mm wide, 213 mm high, 3-8 mm thick in branch and 7-9 mm thick in stalk. Antho (Acarnia) seogwipoensis n. sp. is similar to A. (A.) novizelanicum Ridley and Duncan, 1881 based on their spicules type and skeletal structure, but differs in the spicules dimension and growth form. This new species is branched growth form and have three kinds of toxa. Keywords: ‌Porifera, Poecilosclerida, Microcionidae, Antho, new species Jeju Island, Korea INTRODUCTION do, Korea in 100 m in deepth using a gill net on 12 Decem­ ber 1969. Specimens were fixed in 95% or 99.9% ethanol. The genus Antho Gray, 1867 (Demospongiae, Poeciloscle­ Spicules were observed by light microscopy (Carl Zeiss Axio rida, Microcionidae) is a large group of sponges.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Ecology Progress Series 481:105
    Vol. 481: 105–120, 2013 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published May 7 doi: 10.3354/meps10155 Mar Ecol Prog Ser FREEREE ACCESSCCESS Sponge species composition, abundance, and cover in marine lakes and coastal mangroves in Berau, Indonesia Leontine E. Becking1,2,*, Daniel F. R. Cleary3, Nicole J. de Voogd1 1Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Department Marine Zoology, PO Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 2Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies, PO Box 57, 1780 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands 3Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal ABSTRACT: We compared the species composition, abundance, and cover of sponges in 2 marine lakes (Kakaban Lake and Haji Buang Lake) and adjacent coastal mangroves on the islands of Kakaban and Maratua in the Berau region of Indonesia. We recorded a total of 115 sponge spe- cies, 33 of which were restricted to Kakaban Lake, 18 to Haji Buang Lake, and 30 to coastal man- groves on Maratua Island. Only 13 species were shared among all habitats. The 2 marine lakes are located 10 km apart, but their assemblages were more similar to each other than to the bay man- grove systems just 200 to 500 m away. Our results show that marine lakes represent a distinct habitat with significantly higher sponge cover and abundance as well as a markedly different spe- cies composition when compared with coastal mangroves. In both lake and coastal mangrove habitats there was a pronounced gradient in composition away from the shore with the primary difference between solid (root or rock) and soft substrate (mud or sand).
    [Show full text]