Life Cycle Assessment of Food Processing Systems in Toba Samosir Regency

73 E3S Web of Conferences , 05031 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187305031 ICENIS 2018

Asido Situmorang1 and Yosef Manik1*

1Engineering Management Study Program, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Del, Laguboti 22381, North Sumatera, Indonesia

Abstract. This study assesses the gate-to-gate environmental impacts of food processing systems operating in Toba Samosir Regency using Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The systems in question are processing of tapioca, coffee, and tofu, with the functional units of 50 kg of tapioca starch, 1 kg of coffee powder, and 25 kg of tofu, respectively. The inventory data were collected directly from the producers in the form of both production records and interviews. The linked flows that describe the production process for each of the system are obtained as follow. In producing 50 kg of tapioca starch, 200 kg cassava root and 800 kg of water are required. This system generates 40 kg of cassava peel, 60 kg of pulp and discharges 850 kg of waste water. For starch drying 209 MJ of thermal energy is required in the form of heating fuel. In order to produce 1 kg of fine coffee, 4 kg of coffee cherry and 30 kg of water are required. This system generates 3 kg of cherry peel and pulp mixture as solid co-product and discharges 30 kg of waste water. For roasting and milling the coffee bean, 90 MJ of thermal energy is consumed from firewood and gasoline. In producing 25 kg of tofu, 11 kg of soybean, 0.2 kg of flour and 140 kg of water are required. This system generates 16 kg of wet pulp and discharges 89 kg of waste water. For milling, 250 MJ of thermal energy is consumed from gasoline and rice husk. Water is the most vulnerable environmental compartment since most of the waste water is being discharged into the stream with limited treatment. The environmental hotspots associated with these systems are eutrophication potential, global warming potential (climate change), acidification, and photochemical oxidation potential.

Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment; Toba Samosir; tapioca; coffee; tofu.

1 Introduction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

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 73 E3S Web of Conferences , 05031 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187305031 ICENIS 2018

2 Methodology

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2.1 Goal and Scope

'413;-8;2@45? -@1>5-8 8;C:-8E?5? ?@A0E 5?@;-??1??@41?A?@-5:-.585@E;2 2;;0<>;/1??5:3 ?E?@19 @4>;A34?E?@19-@5/-:-8E?5?;21:1>3E-:09-@1>5-828;C Fig 3. System boundary of tofu production system 5: - H3-@1@;3-@1I 9;018 '41 5:B1:@;>E 0-@- C1>1 /;881/@10 2>;9 <>59->E 0-@- 3-@41>10 2>;9 - @-<5;/- ?@->/45:0A?@>E/;22115:0A?@>E-:0@;2A5:0A?@>E 8;/-@10 3 Data and Analysis ';.-&-9;?5>%131:/E0A>5:3@41<1>5;0.1@C11: ->/4 -:0A:1 '41?/;<1;2@45??@A0E/;B1>?-88?@-31? 3.1 Tapioca Production: Life Cycle Inventory 5:@412;;0<>;/1??5:3?E?@19?>-:35:32>;9>-C9-@1>5-8 A:@5825:5?410<>;0A/@? :@45??@A0E-/;9<>141:?5B1-:-8E?5?C-? 59<8191:@10 /;B1>5:3 -88 ?@-31? ;2 @-<5;/- ?@->/4 2.2 Functional Unit <>;0A/@5;:'41.;A:0->E;2@41?E?@19/;:?501>1041>1 5:/8A01?@41?@-31?;2@41<>;/1??05>1/@8E>18-@10@;@41 '41 <1>2;>9-:/1 ;2 2;;0 <>;/1??5:3 ?E?@19? 9;018 9-5: <>;0A/@ @-<5;/- ?@->/4 '41 28;C 9;018 ;2 @41 ->1 1B-8A-@10 2;> @41 2A:/@5;:-8 A:5@ ;2 ;:1 <-/7 ?E?@19 5? 01<5/@10 5: 53 '41 2;88;C5:3 ?1/@5;:? 9->[email protected]@-<5;/-?@->/4 C1534? 73 73;2/;2211 01?/>5.1 1-/4 ?@1< ;2 @41 <>;/1?? 2>;9 ?51B5:3 @; <;C01>-:0 73;2@;2A <-/7-35:3 #>;/1??5:3;2>-C9-@1>5-8?.135:?2>;9@41<>;/1?? ;205225/A8@E@;>19;B1@418-E1>?;2?75:-:005>@!1D@ 2.3 System Boundary ?@-31 5?@41C-?45:3?@-31 @;>5:?1@41?;588-E1>@4-@5??@588 -@@-/410@; @41/-??-B->1?A8@5:32>;9@41 05225/A8@51?'41 '41 ?E?@19 .;A:0->E ;2 2;;0 <>;/1??5:3 ?E?@19 >1?A8@?;.@-5:102>;9@41C-?45:3;2/-??-B-@4-@5?/81-: 9;018?/;B1>?@411:@5>1A:5@<>;/1??1?513-@1@;3-@1 @;@41?75:-:005>@?;58-@@-/410C45/4@41:<>;/11010@; @4-@/-:.13>;A<10-?2;88;C @41/A@@5:3?@-31@;95:595F1@41?5F1 ;2/-??-B- ;>'-<5;/-5:0A?@>E?A/4-? ?51B5:3 C-?45:3 &9-88?5F10 /-??-B- 5? @41: ?4>10010 @; 2-/585@-@1 /A@@5:3 >-?<5:31D@>-/@5;:?1<->-@5;: 2A>@41>1D@>-/@5;:<>;/1??'4105??;8B10/-??-B-<;>>5031 <1185:30>E5:3?452@5:3-:0 <-/7-35:353 5?2A>@41>1D@>-/@10@;?1<->-@1?@->/4C5@4/-??-B-0>13? A>@41>9;>1@411D@>-/@10?@->/45?<-??10@;@41 ;> ;2211 #;C01> 5:0A?@>E ?A/4 -? ?;>@5:3 ?1<->-@5;: ?@1< @; ;.@-5: B5?/;A? ?@->/4 C45/4 C588 .1 <1185:3@41;A@1>?75: 21>91:@-@5;: C-?45:3 /;:B1>@10 @; C1@ <;C01> .E <1181> *1@ <;C01> 2>;9 0>E5:3<1185:3?75:011<?;>@5:3>;-?@5:3 0>510 <1181> A:@58 0>510 28;A> E5180 '41 0>E5:3 <>;/1?? 95885:3 53 A?1?.;581>C5@4<-89;58?4188-?9A/4-? 73:2-/@ ;> ';2A 5:0A?@>E?A/4-? C-?45:3 ?;-75:3 @41 <>;/1?? ;2 .A>:5:3 @41 ?4188 1D<18? @41 ?;;@ C45/4 95885:3 258@1>5:3 /;;75:3 #>1/5<5@-@5;: 5:05/-@1?-:5:/;9<81@1/;9.A?@5;: '411D4-A?@3-?/-: ?4-<5:353 .1" ! " -:0 + , A>@41>9;>1@4128;A> 5? 0>510 0;:1 ?51B5:3 @; 31@ @41 01?5>10 81B18 ;2 >125:191:@@@411:0?9;;@428;A>?181/@102>;9?452@1> C588.1<-/710;2 73C1534@'4125:-8<>;0A/@4-?@41 9;5?@A>1 /;:@1:@ ;2 C5@4 =A-85@E ?@-:0->0 5: -//;>0-:/1C5@4 &! &;850C-?@15:@412;>9;20>13?5?@41:A?10-?-:59-8 2110 -:0 2;> /-??-B- ?75: 5? 0A9<10 05>1/@8E @; @41 <8-:@-@5;:8-:0@;.1/-??-B-/;9<;?@ '4185=A50C-?@131:1>-@102>;9-88?@-31?;2@41 Fig. 1. System boundary of tapioca production system <>;/1?? 4-? @41 " -:0 " 81B18? ;2 ->;A:0

2 73 E3S Web of Conferences , 05031 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187305031 ICENIS 2018

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Fig. 4. Linked-flow of the tapioca production model

3.2 Coffee Production: Life Cycle Inventory

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Fig. 5. Linked-flow of the coffee production model

3 73 E3S Web of Conferences , 05031 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187305031 ICENIS 2018

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Fig. 6. Linked-flow of the tofu production model

4 73 E3S Web of Conferences , 05031 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187305031 ICENIS 2018

4. Result and Discussion

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kg PO4 eq.), <4;@;;D50-:@ 0.080285 kg ethane eq.) -:0/859-@1/4-:316.28 kg CO2 Acknowledgment eq.). '41<;@1:@5-81:B5>;:91:@-859<-/@?2;><>;0A/5:3 3- '45? >1?1->/4 C-? 2A:010 .E :0;:1?5-: 5:5?@>E ;2 73 ;2 /;2211 ->1 1A@>;<45/-@5;: 2.6 kg PO4 eq.), acidification (0.13 kg SO eq.) <4;@;;D50-:@ 0.03 kg %1?1->/4'1/4:;8;3E-:05341>0A/-@5;:C5@45:3>-:@ 2 ?/4191 ;2 :@1>:-@5;:-8 ;88-.;>-@5B1 %1?1->/4 >-:@ ethane eq.) -:0 /859-@1 /4-:31 6.28 kg CO2 eq.). '41 <;@1:@5-81:B5>;:91:@-859<-/@?2;><>;0A/5:3 73 ;2 .1@C11: :?@5@A@ '17:;8;35 18 -:0 (:5B1>?5@E ;2 @;2A ->1 1A@>;<45/-@5;: 6.1 kg PO 3- eq.), acidification $A11:?8-:0;:@>-/@!; '18 *% #& ! 4 ) (0.005 kg SO2 eq.) <4;@;;D50-:@ 0.08 kg ethane eq.) -:0 /859-@1/4-:3110.74 kg CO2 eq.). References -?10;: 59<-/@-:-8E?5?5@5?A:01>?@;;0 @4-@ 9-6;> <;@1:@5-8 1:B5>;:91:@-8 59<-/@? ;2 @41 2;;0 <>;0A/@5;: [1] Government of Indonesia, Peraturan Presiden ?E?@19? 5: =A1?@5;: ->1 1A@>;<45/-@5;: <4;@;;D50-:@ tentang Rencana Tata Ruang Kawasan Danau -/50525/-@5;:-:0/859-@1/4-:31 A@>;<45/-@5;:<4;@; Toba dan Sekitarnya. (Perpres No. 81/ 2014) ;D50-:@-:0-/50525/-@5;:<;@1:@5-8? ;//A> -?->1?A8@;2 [2] International Standard Organization, 05?/4->35:385=A50C-?@1@;C-@1>C-E?C5@4;A@-01=A-@1 Environmental management—Life cycle C-?@1C-@1>@>1-@91:@859-@1/4-:31<;@1:@5-8 ;//A>? -? assessment—Principles and framework. (ISO - >1?A8@ ;2 /->.;: /;9<;A:0 >181-?10 @4>;A34 1D4-A?@ 14040:2006) 3-?1? 195??5;:? 1?<1/5-88E 2>;9 @41 /;9.A?@5;: ;2 ;58 <-89 ?4188 5: @-<5;/- <>;0A/@5;: 25>1C;;0 5: /;2211 [3] Halog, A. and Manik, Y. Life Cycle Sustainability <>;0A/@5;:-:0>5/14A?7?5:@;2A<>;0A/@5;: Assessments. Book chapter in Encyclopedia of '41 >19105-@5;: ?4;A80 @41>12;>1 .1 2;/A?10 5: Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry 1–17 >10A/5:3 <;@1:@5-8 59<-/@? /-: .1 2;/A?10 ;: 4-:085:3 (John Wiley & Sons, 2016). 85=A50C-?@1-:01D4-A?@3-? :@1>9?;285=A50C-?@15@ [4] Susanto, H. [in 5? 1??1:@5-8 @4-@ -88 <>;0A/@5;: /1:@1> @; 01B18;< C-?@1 Bahasa Indonesia] (ITB Bandung, 2007) C-@1> @>1-@91:@ ?E?@19 @; >10A/1 " -:0 81B18? [5] Situmorang, A dan Manik, Y. Initial Sustainability @4>;A34 @41 01<;?5@5;: 258@>-@5;: -:0 -/@5B-@5;: ;2 Assessment of Tapioca Starch Production in -/@5B-@10 /->.;: .12;>1 05?/4->35:3 @419 5:@; @41 >5B1> Lake Toba Area. IOP Conference Series: C45/4 1B1:@A-88E 19<@51? @; -71 ';.- ? 2;> @41 Materials Science and Engineering 337: 012044 1D4-A?@ 3-?5@9A?@ .10;:1.E258@1>5:3@411D4-A?@3-? (2018) @; >10A/1 @41 81B18 ;2 /->.;: >181-?10 5:@; @41 -5> -:0 [6] Sutrisno. 5:/>1-?10<8-:@5:3@>11?@4-@/-:>10A/1@4181B18;2" 5: @41 -5> : -005@5;: >1<8-/5:3 @41 ;80 /;9.A?@5;: +5: -4-?- :0;:1?5-,.Thesis. ?E?@195:/;9<81@1/;9.A?@5;:5:@;-:1C/;9.A?@5;: Universitas Jember (2011) ?E?@19/;9<81@1/;9.A?@5;:C41>1-5>C588-8C-E?.1 [7] Tuhu dan Winata. ';2A 5:0A?@>E C-?@1C-@1> /4-::18105: @41/;9.A?@5;:<>;/1??5?A?12A8@;95:595F1 @>1-@91:@ A?5:3 <8-?9- @1/4:;8;3E [in Bahasa @4159<-/@;21D4-A?@2>;9@41/;9.A?@5;:<>;/1?? Indonesia]. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Lingkungan 2 5. Conclusion (2) p. (2010) [8] Kaválek, M., Havrland, B., Pecen, J., Ivanova, T., '45? >1?1->/4 4-? ?A//1??2A88E -??1??10 @41 <;@1:@5-8 Hutla, P. Oil palm shell use as alternative biofuel. 59<-/@;2<>;0A/@5;:?E?@19? @4-@1D5?@ 5:';.-&-9;?5> Agronomy Research 11 (1), pp. 183–188 (2013) %131:/E >1<>1?1:@10 .E @4>11 ?E?@19? 51 @-<5;/- [9] Guine, J. Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment. /;2211-:0@;2A:31:1>-8@411:B5>;:91:@-859<-/@? Operational Guide to the ISO Standards. (Kluwer @4-@ .1/;91 4;@?<;@? ;2 <>;0A/@5;: ?E?@19? 5: ';.- Academic Publisher, Amsterdam, 2002) &-9;?5> ->1 1A@>;<45/-@5;: -/50525/-@5;: <4;@;;D50-:@ -:0/859-@1/4-:31 ';>10A/1<;@1:@5-859<-/@?/-:.1 2;/A?10 ;: 4-:085:3 85=A50 C-?@1 -:0 1D4-A?@ 3-?