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T.C. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Arkeoloji Enstitüsü T.C. PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ ARKEOLOJİ ENSTİTÜSÜ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Arkeoloji Ana Bilim Dalı Klasik Arkeoloji Yüksek Lisans Programı AYASULUK TEPESİ VE AZİZ YUHANNA TEOLOGOS BAZİLİKASI KAZILARINDA DEVŞİRME MALZEME OLARAK KULLANILAN HEYKELTIRAŞLIK ESERLER Suat PEÇEN AĞUSTOS 2018 DENİZLİ T. C. PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ ARKEOLOJİ ENSTİTÜSÜ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı Klasik Arkeoloji Yüksek Lisans Programı AYASULUK TEPESİ VE AZİZ YUHANNA TEOLOGOS BAZİLİKASI KAZILARINDA DEVŞİRME MALZEME OLARAK KULLANILAN HEYKELTIRAŞLIK ESERLER Suat PEÇEN DANIŞMAN Prof. Dr. Elif ÖZER AĞUSTOS 2018 DENİZLİ ÖNSÖZ 2012 yılında katılma şansına eriştiğim Ayasuluk Tepesi ve Aziz Yuhanna Bazilikası Kazıları’nda dikkatimi çeken ilk şey, Bizans ve Türk Dönemi yapıları arasında kendine devşirme malzeme olarak ikinci bir kullanım alanı bulmuş olan Arkaik, Klasik, Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemi’ne ait mimari ve heykeltıraşlık eserler olmuştur. Oldukça yoğun olarak göze çarpan bu parçalar yerleşimde başlayan kazılarla birlikte gün yüzüne çıkmaya başlamış ve müze depolarında yerlerini almıştır. Daha önce detaylı bir araştırması yapılmayan bu eserler tarafımdan ilk kez değerlendirilmiştir. Eserlerin çok sayıda olması nedeniyle sadece tanrıça ve tanrılara ait olanlara yer verilmiştir. Arkaik Heykel dersi ile heykel sanatı ile tanışmamı ve bu sanatı sevmemi sağlayan değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Elif ÖZER aynı zamanda tez danışmanım olup beni tezin her aşamasında yönlendirdiği için teşekkür ederim. Tez konumun belirlenmesinde büyük katkısı olan ve bana inanıp heykeltıraşlık malzemelerini çalışmam için izin veren değerli hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa BÜYÜKKOLANCI’ya çok teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca bu çalışmaya yaptığı katkı ve yönlendirmeleri için Prof. Dr. Celal Şimşek’e çok teşekkür ederim. 2016ARKE001 numaralı ‘Ayasuluk Tepesi ve Aziz Yuhanna Teologos Bazilikası Kazılarında Devşirme Malzeme Olarak Kullanılan Heykeltıraşlık Eserler’ başlıklı yüksek lisans tezi Pamukkale Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi’ne teşekkür ederim. Çalışmam boyunca bana her zaman destek olan eşim Doğan PEÇEN’e ve üzerimdeki tüm emekleri için aileme çok teşekkür ederim. Suat PEÇEN Denizli, 2018 i ÖZET AYASULUK TEPESİ VE AZİZ YUHANNA TEOLOGOS BAZİLİKASI KAZILARINDA DEVŞİRME MALZEME OLARAK KULLANILAN HEYKELTIRAŞLIK ESERLER Peçen, Suat Yüksek Lisans Tezi Arkeoloji ABD Klasik Arkeoloji Yüksek Lisans Programı Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Elif ÖZER Ağustos 2018, 218 Sayfa Antik Dönemde Ionia Bölgesi sınırları içinde yer alan Ayasuluk Tepesi ve Aziz Yuhanna Teologos Bazilikası, günümüzde İzmir İli, Selçuk İlçesi sınırları içerisinde yer alır. Arkaik Ephesos ve Artemision, Ayasuluk Tepesi’nin yamaçlarına konumlanmıştır. Ephesos’un, Hellenistik Dönem’ de Bülbül ve Panayır Dağı arasına taşınmasıyla birlikte yerleşim önemini kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Hıristiyanlığın serbest bırakılmasıyla birlikte vasiyeti üzerine tepeye gömülen Apostel ve Evangelist Aziz Yuhanna’nın mezarının üzerine bazilika yapılması ile yerleşim tekrar önem kazanmıştır. Hıristiyanlığın kabulünden sonra mezarın üzerine MS 557 yılındaki bir deprem sonucu yıkılan ilk bazilika inşa edilmiş ve MS 6. yy.’da Jüstinianus Dönemi’nde bu bazilika yenilenmiştir. Bazilikanın etrafını, iç ve dış sur duvarları olarak iki farklı dönemde inşa edilen koruma duvarları çevreler. Tepenin güneyini çevreleyen bu duvarların inşasında yapı malzemesi olarak Ephesos Kenti’nden ve Artemision’dan getirilen devşirme malzemeler kullanılmıştır. Tez konumuza dahil edilen tanrıça ve tanrı heykelleri, bahsi geçen bu sur ve surların çevresinde yapılan kazı ve restorasyon çalışmalarında bulunmuştur. Bu heykeller Aphrodite, Artemis Ephesia, Kybele, Hekate, Zeus, Apollon, Irmak Tanrısı ve Dionysos’a aittir. Tezde katalog çalışmasının yanı sıra tanrıça ve tanrıların kökenleri, heykel sanatında bilinen tipleri ve çalışmaya konu olan heykellerin çıkış noktaları, benzer örnekleri ve ilk kullanım amaçları değerlendirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ayasuluk, Ephesos, Tanrıça, Tanrı, Heykel ii ABSTRACT The Spolien Statues Which are Found From Ayasuluk Hill and Saint John Teologos Bazilica Excavations Peçen, Suat Master Thesis Archaeology Department Classical Archeology Master Programme Adviser of Thesis: Prof. Dr. Elif ÖZER August 2018, 218 Pages Ayasuluk Hill and St. John Theologos Church within the boundaries of the Ionia Region in antiquity are now located within the borders of İzmir Province and Selçuk District. Archaic Ephesos and Artemision are located on the slopes of Ayasuluk Hill. With the relocation of Ephesos between Bülbül and Panayir Mountains in the Hellenistic Period, the settlement began to lose its importance. With freedom to worship of Christianity, the settlement became more important once the church was built over the tomb of Apostel and Evangelist Saint John who wished buried on the hill. The first church that was destroyed by an earthquake in AD 557 after the acceptance of Christianity was built and renewed in the 6th century AD - Justinian period. Inner and outer fortification walls that was built in two different periods, surrounds around The Church. The fortification walls part of surrounding the south of the hill constructed by spolia materials which was brought from Ephesus and Artemision. The deities sculptures included in the thesis were found in during excavation and restoration work on the fortified walls and near. These sculptures are Aphrodite, Artemis Ephesia, Kybele, Hekate, Zeus, Apollo, God of River and Dionysos. In addition to the thesis catalog work, the origins of the goddess and gods, the types known in sculpture art and the points of origin the sculptures subject to the study, similar examples of sculptures and intended use of creating these sculptures were evaluated. Key Words: Ayasuluk, Ephesos, Goddess, God, Sculpture iii İÇİNDEKİLER Önsöz ........................................................................................................................................... i Özet ............................................................................................................................................ ii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... iii İçindekiler .................................................................................................................................. iv Giriş ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Amaç, Kapsam, Yöntem BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM EPHESOS KENTİ 1.1. Tarihi Coğrafya ................................................................................................................... 4 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM TANRIÇALAR 2.1. Ayasuluk’ta Aziz Yuhanna Theologos Bazilikası’nda Devşirme Olarak Kullanılmış Tanrıça Heykelleri .................................................................................................................... 14 2.2. Aphrodite ........................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1. Aphrodite Heykelleri ............................................................................................................... 19 2.2.2. Ayasuluk’ta Aziz Yuhanna Theologos Bazilikası’nda Devşirme Olarak Kullanılmış Aphrodite Heykelleri ......................................................................................................................... 26 2.3. Artemis .............................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.1. Artemis Ephesia ...................................................................................................................... 35 2.3.2. Ayasuluk’ta Aziz Yuhanna Theologos Bazilikası’nda Devşirme Olarak Kullanılmış Artemis Ephesia Heykeli ................................................................................................................................. 43 2.4. Kybele ............................................................................................................................... 48 2.4.1. Kybele Heykelleri .................................................................................................................... 53 2.4.2. Ayasuluk’ta Aziz Yuhanna Theologos Bazilikası’nda Devşirme Olarak Kullanılmış Kybele Heykelciği ......................................................................................................................................... 59 2.5. Hekate ................................................................................................................................ 62 2.5.1. Hekate Heykelleri .................................................................................................................... 67 2.5.2. Ayasuluk’ta Aziz Yuhanna Theologos Bazilikası’nda Devşirme Olarak Kullanılmış Hekate Heykelciği ......................................................................................................................................... 69 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM TANRILAR 3.1. Ayasuluk’ta Aziz Yuhanna Theologos Bazilikası’nda Devşirme Olarak Kullanılmış Tanrı Heykelleri ................................................................................................................................. 72 3.2. Zeus ................................................................................................................................... 73
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