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Wisconsin 1 Magazine of 1 History 1 WISCONSIN 1 MAGAZINE OF 1 HISTORY 1 The State Historical Society of Wisconsin • Vol. 59, No. 1 • Autumn, 1975 H 1 •^^j^^ 'c 4 •. .-JH^ ^^fl^^^BL ' -* . "^ I THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN JAMES MORTON SMITH, Director Officers HOWARD W. MEAD, President GEORGE BANTA, JR., Honorary Vice-President JOHN C. GEILFUSS, First Vice-President F. HARWOOD ORBISON, Treasurer ROGER E. AXTELL, Second Vice-President JAMES MORTON SMITH, Secretary Board of Curators Ex Officio PATRICK J. LUCEV, Governor of the State JOHN C. WEAVER, President of the University DOUGLAS J. LAFOLLETTE, Secretary of State MRS. DAVID S. FRANK, President of the CHARLES P. SMITH, State Treasurer Women's Auxiliary Term Expires, 1976 THOMAS H. BARLAND MRS. EDWARD C. JONES HOWARD W. MEAD DONALD C. SLIGHTER Eau Claire Fort Atkinson Madison Milwaukee NATHAN S. HEFFERNAN MRS. RAYMOND J. KOLTES FREDERICK I. OLSON DR. Louts C. SMITH Madison Madison Wauwatosa Lancaster E. E. HOMSTAD CHARLES R. MCCALLUM F. HARWOOD ORBISON ROBERT S. ZIGMAN Black River Falls Hubertus Appleton Milwaukee Term Expires, 1977 ROGER E. AXTELL PAUL E. HASSETT ROBERT B. L. MURPHY MILO K. SWANTON Janesville Madison Madison Madison HORACE M. BENSTEAD WILLIAM HUFFMAN MRS. WM. H. L. SMYTHE CEDRIC A. VIG Racine Wisconsin Rapids Milwaukee Rhinelander REED COLEMAN WARREN P. KNOWLES WILLIAM F. STARK CLARK WILKINSON Madison Milwaukee Nashotah Baraboo Term Expires, 1978 E. DAVID CRONON BEN GUTHRIE LLOYD HORNBOSTEL, JR. FRANCIS PAUL PRUCHA, S.J, Madison Lac du Flambeau Beloit Milwaukee ROBERT A. GEHRKE MRS. R. L. HARTZELL ROBERT H. IRRMANN J. WARD RECTOR Ripon Grantsburg Beloit Milwaukee JOHN C. GEILFUSS MRS. WILLIAM E. HAYES JOHN R. PIKE CLIFFORD D. SWANSON Milwaukee De Pere Madison Stevens Point Fellows VERNON CARSTENSEN MERLE CURTI ALICE E. SMITH The Women's Auxiliary MRS. DAVID S. FRANK, Madison, President MRS. DONALD F. REINOEHL, Darlington, Treasurer MRS. DONALD R. STROUD, Madison, Vice-President MRS. GORDON R. WALKER, Racine, Ex Officio MRS. WADE H. MOSBY, Milwaukee, Secretary ON THE COVER: Daguerreotype portrait of Lydia Chadwick Remsen Draper, wife of the secretary of the Slate Historical Society of Wisconsin, and her daughter Helen. Helen Draper's death in 1864 at the age of sixteen, and her apparent visitations from "the spirit world," helped to convert Lyman C. Ihaper from Baptism to Spiritualism. Volume 59, Number 1 / Autumn, 1975 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY Published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Spiritualism in Wisconsin in the Nineteenth Century 3 Wisconsin, 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Mary Farrell Bednarowski Distributed to members as part o£ their dues. (Annual member­ ship, ,$7.50, or $5 for those Truman and the Historians: over 65 or members of affiliated The Reconstruction of Postwar American History 20 societies; family membership, $10, or 17 for those over 65 or Robert Griffith members ot affiliated societies; contributing, $25; business and professional, $50; sustaining, Allied Relations in Iran, 1941-1947: |100 or more annually; patron, The Origins of a Cold War Crisis 51 $500 or more annually.) Single numbers $1.75. Microfilmed Eduard M. Mark copies available through University Microfilms, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Book Reviews 64 Michigan 48106; reprint volumes available from Kraus Book Review Index Reprint Company, Route 100, 77 Millwood, New York 10546. Communications should be Wisconsin History Checklist 78 addressed to the editor. The Society does not assume Accessions 82 responsibility for statements made by contributors. Second- Contributors class postage paid at Madison and Stevens Point, Wisconsin. Copyright © 1975 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Paid for in part by the Maria L. and Simeon Mills Editorial Fund and by the George B. Burrows Fund. PAUL H. HASS EDITOR WILLIAM C. MARTEN ASSOCIATE EDITOR JOHN O. HOLZHUETER ASSISTANT EDITOR ^ ^ vk- ^ J^ "t\ I^^IMJ'''^.^' Society's Iconograptiic Collection Lake Mills village green in the mid-1870's, a time when this small Jefferson County community was a regional center for Spirituali.sl activity. The photograpli xoas made by Andreas L. Dahl of De Forest. Spiritualism in Wisconsin in the Nineteenth Century By Mary Farrell Bednarowski T IS customary to designate 1859, ditional explanation for the origin of lan­ I the publication year of Charles guages—that they arose upon the destruction Darwin's Origin of Species, as the starting date of the Tower of Babel. The study of com­ of the religion-science conflict of the nine­ parative religions indicated that some of the teenth century. But the battle between the truths most basic to Christian tradition—the churches and science over the theories and im­ Creation, the Deluge, a Messiah of divine plications of evolution was merely a contin­ origin, the Resurrection—had foundations in uation of a struggle for autliority that had ancient pagan myths of pre-Christian times. been in existence, off and on, for centuries. And geological findings about the age of the Long before 1859—at the end of the eight­ earth caused doubt about the Creation ac­ eenth and in the beginning of the nineteenth count in Genesis. centuries—science had begun divesting the The result of all this scholarship was reli­ universe of its supernatural qualities and gious skepticism in nineteeth-century culture, calling into question the teachings of orthodox a gradual inability to believe in either the religion. Scholarship in such areas as arche­ divine origins of the universe or in the ef­ ology, anthropology, philology, comparative ficacy of adhering to organized religion. The religions, and geology led to doubts about possibility that science could render religion some of the truths of Christianity that be­ obsolete had a liberating effect on some per­ lievers had always taken for granted: the sons. Convinced that religion was based on creation of the world by a benevolent, omni­ superstition, and confident that, as Auguste potent God; the divinity of Christ; the sur­ Comte had predicted, religion would fade vival of the soul after death. away as a necessary human institution, there Higher Criticism—Biblical criticism based were those who happily accepted their place upon scientific methods—was undermining the in a materialist universe. But for many, what Bible, describing it as a collection of pious appeared to be the supplanting of religion writings, human in origin. Anthropological by science brought only suffering. Torn be­ and archeological studies revealed that man tween the desire to believe in a Supreme had lived on earth thousands of years previous Being and the equally strong need to probe to 6000-4000 B.C., the approximate date of and to analyze with the tools of science, many creation generally accepted in the Christian persons of the nineteenth century found them­ world. Studies in comparative literature ex­ selves in an agonizing intellectual dilemma. posed the Song of Solomon as an Oriental love It was their misfortune to live, as an English poem, and a fairly typical one at that. Ad­ historian put it, in one of those "trying per­ vances in philology cast suspicion on the tra­ iods of human history when devotion and 3 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1975 intelligence appear to be opposed."' The old sister Leah Fish. As news of the rappings beliefs were crumbling, and there was nothing spread throughout the Middle Atlantic states with which to replace them except a horrible and New England, spirit circles^ began to suspicion that man was abandoned in an in­ spring up in great numbers. Hundreds of different universe, that "the grave appears people discovered that they, too, possessed to be the end of all, human goodness nothing the power to communicate with spirits, and but a name, and the sky above this universe the spirit manifestations began to increase in a dead expanse, black with the void from sophistication. The spirits not only rapped; which God himself has disappeared."^ they also moved furniture, played musical It was during the middle of the nineteenth instruments, and poked and pinched living century, in this climate of doubt and anxiety, members of the spirit circles. that American Spiritualism originated in For many the spirit manifestations bespoke 1848.5 In March of that year Margaret and nothing more than a novelty, a sensational Kate Fox, the young daughters of farmer kind of parlor entertainment. But as bizarre John Fox of Hydesville, in western New York, as the spirit phenomena may seem, they heard rappings and taps which came to be nevertheless came to be interpreted by thou­ interpreted as evidence that the spirits of sands as evidence that the spirits of the dead the dead were trying to contact the world of were trying to communicate with the world the living. Within months of the first rap­ of the living in order to reveal indisputably pings, Margaret and Kate were in Rochester, that life exists beyond the grave. The spirit New York, developing their spirit-contacting manifestations provided believers with the powers under the tutelage of their married physical, laboratory evidence whereby religion would be put on the same footing as science. ^ From James Anthony Froude, History of England Through the spirit messages, believers became from the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Spanish convinced that life went on beyond the grave Armada, as quoted in Walter E. Houghton, The Vic­ much as it did on earth and that the spirit torian Frame of Mind (New Haven, Connecticut, 1957), world, like the material world, was governed 106. by natural laws which mankind could come ^Stopford Brooke, Life and Letters of Frederic W. Robertson, quoted ibid., 86. to comprehend. This conviction led the ^ Certainly there was evidence of the belief in human Spiritualists to claim that theirs was a reli­ communication with spirits long before 1848, par­ gion "separate in all respects from any exist­ ticularly among the Shakers and the followers of Eman­ ing sects, because it bases all its affirmations uel Swedenborg.
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