THE LOUISIANA BAPTIST CONVENTION and CHRISTIAN EDUCATION, 1893-1956 by GEORGE LEWIS HIGGINS1,. JR. Bachelor of Arts Louisiana Co
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THE LOUISIANA BAPTIST CONVENTION AND CHRISTIAN EDUCATION, 1893-1956 By GEORGE LEWIS HIGGINS ,. JR. I I 1 Bachelor of Arts Louisiana College Pineville, Louisiana 1951 Master of Arts University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 1961 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION July, 1971 I :I l / .l" THE LOUISIANA BAPTIST CONVENTION AND CHRISTIAN EDUCATION, 1893-1956 Thesis Approved~ ~ oftheGradUate College 803900 ii PREFACE This dissertation is concerned with an investigation of the activi ties of the Louisiana Baptist Convention in the area of Christian Edu cation. The tenninal dates of the study are 1893, when interest in a centrally-located Baptist college under control of the Convention first developed, and 1956, when Louisiana College completed its first half century. Primarily a study of Louisiana College, which was the focal point of the Convention's educational enterprise, the project also in cludes consideration of Acadia Academy, a high school organized in 1917; Dodd College, a junior college for gi;c:ls, which ope;rated from 1927 to 1942; and two older institutions, Mount Lebanon Baptist College and Keachie Female College, both of which ceased to exist by 1912. No at tempt is made to cover educational activities, such as Sunday School or training programs, which are operated directly by churches. l would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation for the assistance and guidance given me by the following members of my advisory committee: Dr. Theodore L. Agnew, who. gave generously of his time, who was always available for counsel, and whose directions and suggestions were of constant value; Dr. Homer L. Knight, Dr. Daniel Sel akovich, and Dr. John E. Susky, for their interest, encouragement, and effective assistance. Gratitude is due the following, all of whom contributed to this project by making materials readily available: Dr. Robert L. Lee and Dr. James F. Cole of Louisiana Baptist Building, Alexandria; Dr. G. Earl iii Guinn and Miss Olive Roberts of Louisiana College; Dr. Paul Gericke of New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary; and Mrs. Virginia Joyner of Shreveport, granddaughter of the late M. E. Dodd. In addition, I would like to thank Miss Lovie Williams for her com petence in preparing the preliminary drafts. Finally, I record my gratitude to my wife, Earline, and son, George, whose interest, encouragement, and sacrifice were instrumental in the preparation of this dissertation. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 THE PERIOD OF CONTROVERSY, 1893-1897 DECISION FOR THE STATUS QUO. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 III. THE PERIOD OF CONTROVERSY, 1897-1905 DECISION FOR CHANGE, • • • • • • • • • • .. • • 34 IV. THE PERIOD OF ORIGINS, 1906-1910 • • • • Ip • • • • 65 V. THE PERIOD OF GROWTH, 1911-1920 •• • • • • • • • • 94 THE PERIOD OF FRUSTRATION, 1921-1930 • . • • 121 A Time of Expansion and F'rustration for Ba pt is t s :.. • ·..-:· .• ··. -• ,,, • - • --r..~ ......._._.:_. ,.., • " • • , • ,, • v , .• , • ., • ~ • ·1 • ., • 121 Progress at Louisiana College. ~, ••••••••• 125 The Girls' College Emphasis •• , •••••• , •• 129 Acadia Baptist Academy • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 136 Louisiana Baptist Convention Developments, 1921-1930. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 142 Signs of Stress •••••••••••••••• • • 143 Conclusion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 146 VII., THE PERIOD OF TRIAL, 1931-1940 • • . • • • • 148 Deepening Shadows •••••• , •••••••• • • 148 Dodd College Struggles Ahead •••• ., •••• • • 151 Austerity at Louisiana College •••••••• • • 155 Hard Times at Acadia Academy • • • • • • • , • . 163 The Shadows Recede • • • • • • • • • • • • , • . 169 Conclusion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 175 VIII., THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION AND EXPANSION, 1941-1956 • . 178 Dodd College Renews Effort for Convention Affiliation. • • • • •••••• , ••• • • • • 178 Resignation of Claybrook Cottingham. • • • , • • • 182 Dodd College Issue Reaches Climax. • • - • • • • • 186 The War Years. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 190 Acadia Baptist Academy, 1941-1950. • • • • • • • • 196 v Chapter Page Louisiana College in the Postwar Period, 1945-1956 •••••••••••••••• • • • • 206 Acadia Baptist Academy, 1950-1956•• . 218 Conclusion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . - . 221 IX. CONCLUSIONS •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 224 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 230 BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 235 APPENDIX • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 242 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Baptists constitute one of the major religious bodies in the contemporary world, especially in the United States. Scholars generally believe that Baptists, as a self-conscious denominational group, emerged in the days of the Protestant Reformation. Others have upheld the theory of the historical succession of Baptist churches from the New Testament . 1 era to t h e present time. Vedder contends that the history of Baptist churches cannot be traced further back than 1611, the date when an 2 Englishman, John Smyth, founded an Anabaptist church at Amsterdam. While the actual chain of Baptist churches is confined to the last three and one-half centuries, the principles which have distinguished the group may be observed throughout Christian history. A list of these criteria would include the following: an acceptance of the Bible as the sole norm for faith and practice; a restriction of church membership to baptized believers; an emphasis on the priesthood of the individual be- liever with a corresponding unwillingness to recognize any sacerdotal distinction between clergy and laity; a proclamation of the autonomy of the local congregation; and a connnitment to the principles of religious 1John T. Christian, ! History of the Baptists: Together With Some Accounts of Their Principles and Practices (Nashville, 1922), PP:-21-22. 2 Henry C. Vedder, A Short History of the Baptists (Rev. ed., Phila- delphia, 1907), p. 4. 2 3 liberty and separation of church and state. The background of American Baptists is essentially British. Roger Williams and his adherents are conunonly identified as the first Baptists 4 in America. However, Baptists prospered most in the middle colonies, and the Philadelphia area became the center of Baptist strength in the early period. This development was probably attributable to the opposi- tion presented by the Anglican Church in the southern colonies and the 5 Congregational Church in New England. The "association," in which churches of an area voluntarily band together without forfeiting local church autonomy, has been an organizational unit among Baptists from earliest times. The Philadelphia Association, organized in 1707, is the oldest Baptist association in the United States. 6 The first associations in the southern colonies were the Charleston Association in South Carolina, established in 1751, and the Sandy Creek Association in North Carolina, formed in 1758.7 Baptists increased ra- pidly in the South in the next two decades under the impetus of dynamic leadership by missionaries from the New England area; included in this group were such figures as Shubal Stearns and Daniel Marshall. The ap- peal of Baptists to the masses of the people was couched in their demo- cratic congregationalism, their picturesque though unlettered ministers, 3 Robert G. Tarbet,! History of the Baptists (Philadelphia, 1950), pp. 16-34. 4Ibid., p. 219. 5 Robert G. Tarbet, ! Social History of the Philadelphia Baptist Association: 1707-1940 (Philadelphia, 1944), pp. 11-13. 6Ibid., p. 15. 7Ibid., P• 20. 3 and their uncompromising opposition to every form of union of church and state. These and other characteristics paved the way for Baptists to eventually become the largest religious group in the South.8 During the next century, Baptists, along with Methodists, experienced phenomenal growth in numbers as they demonstrated a capacity to adapt to the needs . 9 o f a f rontier society. By 1850, there were approximately 700,000 Bap- tists in the United States; fifty years later, in 1900, the number had 10 risen to nearly 4,200,000. Aspirations for a broader type of affiliation than that achieved at 11 the associational level began as early as 1770. These ambitions cul- minated in 1814 with the organization of the General Missionary Conven- tion of the Baptist Denomination in the United States of America for Foreign Missions; the name proved cumbersome and the organization came to be known as the Triennial Convention since it met once every three 12 years. Southern prominence in this body was apparent in the election of Richard Furman of South Carolina as its first president. This na- tional organization proved short-lived, being sundered by the organiza- tion of the Southern Baptist Convention at Augusta, Georgia, in May, 1845. While the split developed primarily over division regarding the question of slavery, other factors, especially the preference in the 8Francis Butler Simkins, A History of the South (3d ed., New York, 1963), pp. 76-77. 9William Warren Sweet, The Story of Religion in America (Rev. ed., New York, 1950},-pp. 215-229. 10 Torbet, A History of the Baptists, p. 440. 11Ibid., p. 251. 12william Wright Barnes, The Southern Baptist Convention, 1845-1953 (Nashville, 1954), p. 6. 4 South for a more highly-centralized denominational program, were moving the Baptists of the United