East and West in the Art of Hsiao Chin and Chuang

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East and West in the Art of Hsiao Chin and Chuang Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue e civiltà dell'Asia e dell'Africa mediterranea Tesi di Laurea East and West in the Art of Hsiao Chin and Chuang Che Relatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Sabrina Rastelli Correlatore Ch. Prof. Attilio Andreini Laureando Filippo Grassi 856795 Anno Accademico 2019 / 2020 Alla mia famiglia. 2 前言 本論文旨在分析蕭勤(1935-)及莊喆(1934-)於藝術上的共同點和 差異。這兩位畫家的生命軌道有相似處:他們都出生於中國大陸,並於 1949 年逃到台灣。之後,他們成為領導台灣自五○年代末至六○年代中 「現代繪畫運動」 的兩個畫家協會的關鍵人物。蕭勤是「東方畫會」的主 要推動者之一,而莊喆則是「五月畫會」的重要成員。為了追求新的藝術 生涯發展機會,蕭勤於 1956 年離開台灣,在意大利定居了四十多年;莊喆 則於 1973 年移居美國至今。中國繪畫的現代化是蕭勤和莊喆的共同理想, 在藝術中,他們也都希望能通過抽象繪畫的視覺語言來實現「東方」和 「西方」的融合。即使他們長期在西方的環境中生活,但兩位藝術家的靈 感在整個職業生涯中始終來自自己「東方」的文化淵源。與西方抽象畫家 不同,這兩位畫家選擇擁抱抽象的決定並非取決於打破傳統的意願,而是 取決於保存及延續傳統的「本質」。蕭勤和莊喆放棄傳統主題和媒體,並 不是因為他們想拒絕自己的過去,而是因為他們想尋找讓傳統精神繼續延 續並存在的新方法。 儘管兩位畫家有上述的共同點,我們仍可以發現蕭勤與莊喆作品的 表現方式是截然不同的。蕭勤沉著(有時幾何)的構圖,加上鮮明色彩, 與莊喆的動感 「山水」及微妙的色調似乎是相反的。因此,我們不得不去 思考,這兩位從相同的「東方」傳統發起的畫家,是如何創造如此不同的 結果。在 1997 年的一次小組討論中,莊喆說:「藝術評論家總是說『在莊 喆的畫作中,東方與西方相遇』, 僅此而已。他們沒提到任何定義:什麼 是東方,什麼是西方?」(莊喆,1997:57)。本論文的研究的目的,是 從莊喆於討論會中所言,分析兩位畫家不同的理論立場,並探討這些立場 在他們的畫中如何體現。本論文也特別探討蕭勤和莊喆對於「東方」概念 的不同理解,並研究他們為何根據這些理解,讚賞某些西方藝術的模式。 3 本論文分為三章。第一章旨在探究蕭勤和莊喆在台灣的藝術起源。 首先概述二十世紀上半葉西方現代藝術傳入中國大陸的時期,以及台灣藝 術從日本殖民統治開始的 1895 年到現代繪畫運動的興起與發展。此後, 第 一文章探究「東方畫會」與「五月畫會」的成立,著重強調兩者對「現代 中國繪畫」的創建的問題的態度。此項研究希望能證明,這兩個協會不同 的立場貫穿了蕭勤和莊喆的整個藝術生涯。兩位藝術家於台灣度過的歲月, 他們接受了現代藝術創作的「洗禮」,這項洗禮也直接影響了蕭勤和莊喆 與中國繪畫傳統和西方前衛潮流的關係。 第二章及第三章描述的是蕭勤和莊喆的「散居」,闡述他們在意大 利及美國的藝術發展。內容旨在敘述兩位畫家從「五月畫會」與「東方畫 會」所承繼的主張,在西方是如何成長的;再者,他們又是如何將「西方」 藝術融入自己對中國藝術進行現代化的決心中。第二、三章首先介紹兩位 藝術家的生平,談談他們職業生涯的不同階段以及風格的成熟過程。生平 介紹後則涵蓋了對於藝術家思想批判性的分析與研究。此兩種分析研究都 遵循相同的結構,著重指出在蕭勤和莊喆的藝術中「東方」和「西方」兩 個概念如何形成。各章之後附帶精選圖片,論文結論後附帶參考文獻及中 日文詞彙。 雖然研究這個題目的歐美學者較少,但為了解所謂「大中華」在二 十世紀與西方文化的複雜關係,最初創立於台灣現代繪畫運動的畫家的藝 術創作,是一項饒富趣味的研究。蕭勤和莊喆的藝術都建立在牢固的哲學 和理論基礎上,而且他們對西方藝術的態度並不否認自己源自於中華文化 的血統。二十世紀初,中國大陸的知識分子曾激烈地討論過中國傳統的價 值及其與西方文化的關係。蕭勤和莊喆的作品即代表了此項議論唯一而深 刻的貢獻。這項研究關注這兩位藝術家思想的獨特性,概述其「台灣」的 來歷,並闡述其於「意大利」及「美國」的發展。此外,本論文並說明何 以解釋蕭勤和莊喆作品的精巧性,就需要定義「東方」與「西方」這兩個 4 模糊的概念。本論文也嘗試闡明為何兩位秉持著相同的理念 ˴ 並同樣受到 西方抽象藝術的刺激的「東方」藝術家,能夠創作出如此不同的藝術畫作。 本論文所引用的資料多為展覽目錄。目錄通常包括學者和評論家發 人深省的文章, 以及展覽介紹的藝術家所書寫的稿件。由於蕭勤和莊喆在 藝術生涯之初便已移居國外,後來獲得了國際聲譽,因此引起許多非台籍 的藝術評論家對他們的畫作的興趣。故此,本論文的參考文獻是包括了 「中華」和「西方」觀點對於這兩位藝術家作品的評論結合而成的。除了 展覽目錄之外,本論文的參考書目也包含相關的原始資料和學術文章。蕭 瓊瑞教授的文章為其一,從文章的數量和質量方面來看都特別寶貴。蕭瓊 瑞教授是台灣現代繪畫著名的專家之一。除了蕭瓊瑞教授的著作外, Andrews and Shen ( 2012 )、陳樹升(2007 )、Celli ( 2010 )、Dodd (2020a,b,c)、Pola(2017)、Jason Kuo(2000)、劉永仁(2015)、馬唯 中(2016)、彭昌明(2016)、Schiffer(1988)、Tagliaferri(2009)、陶 文岳(2019a,b)、蔡昭儀(2015)、Vazieux(2017)、Wechsler(1997、 2007、2016)、吳素琴(2017、2018)和葉維廉(1985、1995)等人的論文 和著作,以及書目中的其他學者的相關著作,皆對本研究有特別的價值。 為瞭解蕭勤和莊喆藝術創作的方向和他們作品的抽象意義,兩位畫家所發 表的文章和訪談也對本研究非常有助益。因此,論文也大量引用了此類原 始材料的原文。劉國松(1959、1963)和余光中(1961、1964)的文章為構 成第一章內容重要的歷史文獻資料,而蕭勤國際文化藝術基金會於 2017 年 出版了《與藝術的歷史對話》兩冊,書中的文章也為本論文第二章的起草 提供了極大的協助。 5 Table of contents Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1 – To every age its art: the introduction of abstract art in Taiwan ...................... 12 1. Tradition and modernity, East and West – The debate on the modernization of Chinese art in the early 20th century ........................................................................................ 12 2. Art in Taiwan before 1956 ..................................................................................................... 19 2.1 The Japanese colonial period ....................................................................................... 20 2.2 The return to China ....................................................................................................... 26 2.3 Setting the stage: the 1950s ........................................................................................... 32 3. The modernist art movement ................................................................................................ 36 3.1 The relation with Abstract Expressionism ............................................................... 36 3.2 The Eastern Painting Association ............................................................................... 39 3.2.1 Li Chun-shan ................................................................................................... 39 3.2.2 The establishment of the association and the first exhibition .................. 48 3.2.3 The manifesto: “Our Words” ........................................................................ 51 3.2.4 The first years .................................................................................................. 55 3.3 The Fifth Moon Group ................................................................................................. 57 3.3.1 The early period ............................................................................................. 57 3.3.2 Different styles, shared aesthetic ................................................................. 61 3.3.3 The spirit of “Clairvoyancism” .................................................................... 64 3.4 The “association period” and the end of the modernist art movement ............... 68 Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter 2 – Hsiao Chin or On the spiritual in art .................................................................. 119 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 119 2. Biography and artistic development .................................................................................. 123 3. Critical analysis ...................................................................................................................... 140 3.1 A modern approach .................................................................................................... 141 3.2 The Eastern spirit ......................................................................................................... 146 6 3.2.1 The Spirit of Punto ....................................................................................... 151 3.2.2 Intuitiveness and Chan ................................................................................ 153 3.3 The relationship with Western Art ........................................................................... 157 3.3.1 The reflection on space: Mark Rothko and Lucio Fontana ..................... 159 3.3.2 Artistic vocabulary and media ................................................................... 163 Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 170 Chapter 3 – Chuang Che or On nature and tradition .......................................................... 218 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 218 2. Biography and artistic development .................................................................................. 221 3. Critical analysis ...................................................................................................................... 241 3.1 The East: Tradition and Nature ................................................................................. 242 3.1.1 The reference to China’s painting tradition ............................................. 243 3.1.2 Nature............................................................................................................. 246 3.2 The relationship with Western Art ........................................................................... 253 3.3 Artistic vocabulary and media .................................................................................. 258 Figures ......................................................................................................................................... 265 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 303 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 311 Glossary of Chinese and Japanese names and terms ............................................................ 320 Appendix I - “Our Words” ......................................................................................................... 331 7 Introduction The present work aims to analyze the commonalities and the differences in the art of Hsiao Chin (1935-) and Chuang Che (1934-). The life trajectories of the two painters appear to be similar: they were both born in Mainland China and both fled to Taiwan in 1949. They later became fundamental protagonists of the two associations leading the modernist art movement on the island in the late 1950s and early 1960s: while Hsiao Chin was one of the main promoters of the Eastern Painting Association, Chuang Che was a key member of the Fifth Moon Group. In order to pursue new career opportunities, Hsiao Chin left Taiwan in 1956 and settled in Italy for more than four decades, while in 1973 Chuang Che decided to transfer to the United States, where he still lives. Hsiao and Chuang do not only share a set of biographical details: the common ideal of the modernization of Chinese painting lies at the basis of their endeavors, and in their art they both want to reach a synthesis of “East” and “West” through the visual language of abstraction.
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