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Adult Programs; *Grammar DOCUMENT RESUME ED 131 593 FL 008 147 AUTHOR Schutz, Albert J.; Komaitai, Ratu RusiateT. TITLE Lessonsvin Fijian. INS'aTUTION Peace C-orps, Washington, D.C. PUB DATE May 68 NOTE 194p.; Not available in hard copy dueto marginal legibility of original doc,ament. EDRS PRICE 1R-$0,..."3-3 Plus Postage. HC Not Availablefr m EDRS. DESCR=PTORS Adult Education;Adult Programs; *Grammar; *Instructional Materials; *Language instruction; Pattern Drills (Language).; Phonology;Pronunciation; *Second Language Learning; Substitution Drills; *Textbooks; Uncommonly Taught Languages;Vocabulary; Volunteers IDENTIFIERS *Fijian; *Peace Corps ABSTRACT This is A Eilian grammar developed bythe Peace Corps. A preliminary sec ionon spelling and pronunciation is followed by 18 chapters,- each consisting ofa dialogue, substitution and repetition drills, and vocabulary. (AM) ******** ****** *** ********** ******** **************** *- Documents acquired by ERIc includemany informal unpublished * . materials not available from othersources. ERIC makes every. effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless,items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and thisaffects the .guality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductionsERIC makes available via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service(EDRS) .EDRS is not * responsible for the guaiity of the original'document.Reproductions * supplied by. EDRS are the best thatcan be, made from the original. * LFSso93 iN FTJTAN Developc2(1 by Albert J. schUtz. and Ratu Rusiate T. Komaltai With the Assicinco of' Ayako Ya.:iuda Honolulu, Haii May 1968 U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTN. EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DUCATiON '".' F=I PEPQ0, F Ft-QOM T ION OP !GIN- ' OPiNtONi 7E T) NOT Nir.F.';',ApiLY PEPRE- -,F 7-g ryzAL NATaNt,t. tNSTITUTP OF F r InN ir 2 FIJIAN S e_lilg andPronunciation Although one's first guide topronunciation is that a speaRer Of Fijian, from time to time it isnecessary to pronounce.mords from the written form. The Fijian spelling systemh sullh a high nf C0nSI_5 tenCyLie tween symbol and sound thatan acceptable pronunciation will be possiblein mostcases. It must be remembered, however,that the relationship between a soundand the letterthat-symtoli itis arbitrary. Failure to recognizethis has led to a proli- feration of criti,isms about the Fijian spellingsystem, mostly because forms are notpronounced as they would he if they wem Engli h words. In the explanation belo',, English examples are used to givean approximation of the_ 'Fijian pronunciation. But they serveas only an approxi- mation, andno more. CONSONANT3 Approximate EnglishEquiv4,lent pl p (Without the puffof air that accompanies.an Engiiahp in words like pin. -Closer to tir.-Y E in sLln. NOTES 1. E is used only inborrowed words. \ (as in uigiih not. (as in English No Englishsymbol. This sound is made by trillingor tapping the tip of the tongue against ther,um, ridge. opanish has a similarr sound. dr No Eng ish symbol. This soun , al- though interpretedas dr is actually the above r sound preceded byn. 1 in English like,bumade w _h the tIp of thetongue t uc ng the bac f the teethrather t n the gum dge.) (as in Englishwet, y ( adc wIth lesstens__ -ss of muscle than the Englishsound. This sound occurs only before a.) VOWE Fijian has fiv- vowels, therebyusing the ame vowel symbols-that English But therethe imilarity ends. The soundsrepresented are nearer-to thoseof Spanl-hor Latin AlthoUgh'fOur of the FijianioweIs sound A to the Engli-hvowels in the words givenas equivalents, the former donot end ina lIde. Por the firstfour of the followingexamples, only the startingpoint Of-the 4 de with the tip of the tongue on the back of the teeth,' rather than on the gum ridge, as in English. Also with less air-rnore like stone than tone.) rt like sk± than key. In faster sp-_ h, particularly before an 'unstressed vowel, there is not a definite stoppage of air, buton y a narrowing of the passage. It also may become voiced in this position. No Eng.lish examplecan be given, but the sound is similar to the in German sagen.) mb (like mL in nd (like nd in cani , ng ike ng In finEor.) No English symbol. Thio consonant sounds very similar to Englishv, but is made by narromlng theopening.betm en the lips, rather than between the lowr lip and upper teeth)as in EngliSh. th then.) m (as in English mat.) DiphthOngs, Although vowels likethat In English makedo not occur in Fliian, ome similar ones do. In vi f there is more culation of the I thanthe o ma in r spech, sequences likethisbecni . more anct mope liRed phthongs. Stress In any se me are pronounced With morelo dness or stress, thanothers. I- some the stress is predi- able. It willoccur under the 1oilow irig concat 1. On lon,, vewe7 the secoiidtoiastvol,Jel, unlessthe las ;el Is long. Ti four-syllable words, on not onl the seeon to-I sylie but alsothe first. longe: words, only cond!itions 1 and 2hold. Other stresses areunpredictable. P _ONUNCIATIONDRILLS ne learninga secon1 languae has a ter- to interpret the sounds he hears interms of his 'language. -Thushe produces what is commonly calleda forel,n accent. The followiAg drills are aimedto give the studentpractIce with the sounds Of Fijianthat lik ly't- be most dIffIcult fora speaker of EnglishtG English sound,a d not ide, should be usedas a model. make. En lish boat. English move. The a in Engl -hfather is a.better example than thosepreceding; there is no off-glide in either theEnglish or the Fijian sound. Long _vo els In describing English sounds, thete_ 'Ion was traditionally applied to certainvowels and referred, mainly to the quality -f the sound. For Fijian the term is used in quite a di ferent sensethatof duration. The difference between i and is that the latter las longer than the former. Each of the fivevowels can occur long, and'there are pairs of .words thatdiffer only in that one has ,a short vowel and the other hasa long one. Failure to mark thIs difference is one ofthe:major weaknesses of the,traditional spellingsystem. In the , present teaching material as well as in recentgrammars and dictionaries,.long vow-ls are marked as above'--ith a macron. nia 'benumbed' new (one dialect) way B. Repeat the Fijian. 2. Fijia.1 vowel sequencesvs. English diphthons. In certain positions,Fijian vowel sequencesarc similar to Enp:lishdiphthongs., But for Fijian, there two peaks, compared with one for the Englishexamples. A. Listen, but don't xepeat. Fijian English tel 'seacoast' tie tau fall (rain) town tao 'entangled' town tel 'plant' take tou (plant) ow bai 'fence' by Bau 'Eau' bough bei 'accuse' bay bou 'house post' bow cai 'copulate' thy cau 'present' thou cei 1who-' they cou 'bald' though dau. 'expert' ,endow dei 'firm' day dou 'you three' dough kai 'shell' kite 8 tO recognize andproduco. 1. Fijian lonF; vowelsvs. English diphthoncs. Here, a 1on-7, 1ts lons.er in duration ti.aha short vowea, ar.6 tir.is not significant change inquality. ,In the ,tollowing exerce, -ijlan long vowelsare contr:c'ted ur:th sinli-ar Englishdiphthon-thtit Is glided vowels. A. Li:lten, but dr,iHt rt7,11; Fijian tI 'tpa' tea 'combine tow tti'stand' two . ki (fish) key k3 "hero' Kay coo' bI '11c-avy, be bo 'seizc' bow 'oil 'drinking coconut' boo Adi 'empty' \d5 'animalexerement' day d& 'rotten' dough ,d-T1 ',indeed' (dialect) do , m1 'urinate' me 65 'goat' may 53 1somef so mu'buttocks' moo 9 soke 'knot' i 'pick fruit by twist kele 'anchor keli 'dig' s.ple 'covered wi mats' soli 'give' sore 'seed' sori reeds' B. RGpeat. , Initialj. The use in the Fijianspelling system ofg for [ni stems from a conventionestablished'elsewhere in the Pacific- .by the earllymissionaries. It is similar to the final seu.ld in Englishsin3, but itsoccurrence in word- initia] nosition inFijian presents specialproblems to speakern of EnpdisP A. Listen'to the if.. rst serie , then repeat. aga. aga [Repeat five times ga ogo ogo ogo go go [Repeat five times 14.a II ' [Repeafive times] ege ege e e [Repeat five times] ugu uT:u gu gu [RePeat five tim ] 3. Rppeat --Ta 'gape' gai 'pet pi galu 'dumb' gatu ta a'' gE 'do' Ri 'to queal' gone 'child' 7f7;u lernest, gunu 'drink' gusu 'mouth' 10 ka 'tree kei 'of' Kay kou t ut' coat B, ReocaL the F1jLan. Long Ort vowels. A. LAstn, but d 't rep kila 'wild' kilã 'know la itchy' mila .ratch' tara 'built' tara 'touch' toro 'shave' tor3 'pig sty'" eula 'needle' lolc 'coconut juiee _ ' 1o1- (type kaka tutter' kaki; 'parrot' kola ''.ut in pieces' kol5 (transitive) 1 B. Repeat 4. Final -e vs. Although in fasterspeech there issome falli together of these two sounds, kept distin-t in slower speech. A. ,Li ten,-badon repeat. sis (fish) s1s 'slide kab coVer n. oco- kab 'adhere' nut leaf' qa 'old person' ciasi 'crawl' yate 'liver' yati''move wly' teke 'kick teki 11 C. Lstcn but rr.peat. ra ro rau ruku rawa ,roko ratu rou rut -4- In speech, thc sound is oftenma )=1,nc e gum ridge only once withthe tip f the tongue. similar to the articulationo / in Ame):.1,.. Engiish. E. Li- en, d -'t repeat. later -latter water matter butter batter city better pity F. Repeat. G. Listen, but don'trepeat;\ cara 'clear path' koro -lage' et_ 'pri.i;e kiri \ ciri 'drift' kar 'Iwlecanoe cori tether' .,keve CQP0 single' kirovhollow H. Repe,,t. I. Li-t n, but repea 12 egative .Some learners subst tute [ -or [ng] for Listen the fOilowngnironuniati _ gone [gone] galu [ ] gusU Tngsul gatu [ngatu] - D. Repest gone galu gusu gatu E. D Repond with r1pht orwrong for the following att mpts to produce aninitial Er13 na RIMIT rusu RIGHT .
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