DOCSLIB.ORG

Optimal Isolation and Characterisation of Chondroitin Sulfate From

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Optimal Isolation and Characterisation of Chondroitin Sulfate From 1 Optimal isolation and characterisation of chondroitin sulfate from 2 Rabbit fish (Chimaera monstrosa) 3 4 José Antonio Vázqueza, Javier Fraguasa,b, Ramon Novoa-Carballalc,d, Rui L. 5 Reisc,d,e, Ricardo I. Pérez-Martínb & Jesus Valcarcela* 6 7 aGrupo de Reciclado y Valorización de Materiales Residuales (REVAL), Instituto 8 de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM-CSIC). Eduardo Cabello, 6. Vigo-36208, Galicia– 9 Spain. 10 11 bGrupo de Bioquímica de Alimentos, Instituto de Investigacións Mariñas (IIM- 12 CSIC). Eduardo Cabello, 6, Vigo-36208, Galicia–Spain. 13 14 c3B´s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University 15 of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue 16 Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, 17 Portugal. 18 19 dICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. 20 21 eThe Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Headquarters 22 at University of Minho, Avepark, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal 23 24 25 *corresponding author: [email protected] 26 Tel: +34 986231930; fax: +34 986292762 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 36 Abstract 37 Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan widely explored for cartilage 38 regeneration. Its bioactivity is influenced by sulfation degree and pattern, and 39 distinct sulfation in marine CS may open new therapeutic possibilities. In this 40 context, we studied for the first time the isolation and characterisation of CS from 41 Rabbit Fish (Chimaera monstrosa). We propose an efficient process starting with 42 enzymatic hydrolysis, followed by chemical treatments and ending in membrane 43 purification. All steps were optimised by response surface methodology. Chemical 44 treatment by alkaline-hydroalcoholic precipitation led to 99% purity CS suitable for 45 biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, and treatment by alkaline hydrolysis 46 yielded CS adequate for nutraceutical formulations (89% purity). Molecular weight 47 and sulfation profiles were similar for both materials. Gel permeation 48 chromatography analyses resulted in molecular weights (Mn) of 51-55 kDa. NMR 49 and SAX-HPLC revealed dominant 6S-GalNAc sulfation (4S/6S ratio of 0.4), 17% 50 of GlcA 2S-GalNAc 6S and minor quantities of other disaccharides. 51 52 Keywords: Chondroitin sulfate isolation; C. monstrosa cartilage; sulfation pattern; 53 molecular weight; process optimisation; response surface methodology. 2 54 1. Introduction 55 Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides ubiquitous at the cell 56 surface and in the extracellular matrix of most animal tissues (Yamada & 57 Sugahara, 2008). Beyond structural functions, GAGs participate in fundamental 58 biological processes such as cellular communication, differentiation, and growth. 59 As a consequence, GAGs have found applications in the pharmacological and 60 nutraceutical fields and are actively explored for regenerative medicine (Celikkin et 61 al., 2017; Choi & Choi, 2012; Lima, Rudd, & Yates, 2017). The biological activity of 62 GAGs depends on their capacity to interact with proteins. In sulfated GAGs, this 63 interaction is influenced by changes in charge density based on the relative 64 abundance of sulfated disaccharides; the presence of particular sulfated units; and, 65 sometimes, specific saccharide sequences (Valcarcel, Novoa-Carballal, Pérez- 66 Martín, Reis, & Vázquez, 2017) 67 68 Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a sulfated GAG formed by disaccharide units of 69 glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) linked by β-(1,4)- 70 glycosidic bonds. Sulfation can occur in both rings at different positions, leading to 71 considerable heterogeneity in CS chains. In the marine environment, CS shows 72 distinct characteristics compared to conventional porcine and bovine sources, 73 mainly in terms of molecular weight and sulfation (Valcarcel et al., 2017). 74 Abundance of particular units in CS chains seems to be related to therapeutic 75 properties and is characteristic of particular marine organisms (Kozlowski et al., 76 2011). CS from different marine species display antiviral, anti-metastatic and 77 anticoagulant properties; has shown to improve the mechanical and signalling 3 78 properties of cartilage engineering structures; and promote neurite outgrowth when 79 hybridized with dermatan sulfate (DS) (Valcarcel et al., 2017; Yamada & Sugahara, 80 2008). 81 82 In this context, extraction of CS from sources not previously explored holds 83 potential to discover novel sequences and ultimately therapeutic applications. This 84 is the case of chimaera (Chimaera monstrosa), an ancient cartilaginous fish related 85 to sharks, occasionally appearing as by-catch in deep water North Atlantic trawlers. 86 To the best of our knowledge, only two previous reports have dealt with the 87 characterization of CS from Chimaera species (Higashi et al., 2015b; Rahemtulla, 88 Höglund, & Løvtrup, 1976), none of them describing optimal isolation processes 89 nor the molecular weight of the polymers. 90 91 Depending on the application, CS must meet specific characteristics, which are 92 influenced by the isolation process. Commercially, marine CS is released from 93 shark after hydrolysis to disrupt the cartilage structure and eliminate proteins, 94 followed by recovery and purification steps. Conventional processes include 95 hydrolysis with high concentrations of alkali and toxic chemicals, such as guanidine 96 hydrochloride, and final purification with chromatographic methods (Vázquez et al., 97 2013). 98 99 Bearing this in mind, the present work aims at isolating for the first time CS from 100 the cartilage of C. monstrosa, optimizing the process from a sustainability 101 perspective. This comprises alternative enzymatic hydrolysis to replace corrosive 4 102 alkali and comparison of selective precipitation of CS using alkaline hydroalcoholic 103 solutions with less specific NaOH treatment. Optimal conditions are defined by 104 response surface methodology. Finally, CS purity is increased by ultrafiltration- 105 diafiltration techniques instead of time-consuming chromatographic separations, 106 achieving CS of variable purity suitable for different applications. A schematic 107 flowchart describing the steps developed to isolate CS from rabbit fish is shown in 108 Figure A (Supplementary material). 109 110 2. Materials and Methods 111 2.1. Reagents 112 Ethanol 95-97% (Prod. No. 20905.365, VWR), sodium hydroxide (Prod. No. 113 BDH9292, VWR), Sodium azide (Prod. No. S2002, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium 114 dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate (Prod. No.1.06346.1000, Merck), deutherium 115 oxide (Prod. No. 151882, Sigma-Aldrich), tris (hydroxyethyl)-aminomethane (Prod. 116 No. KB313482, Merck), sodium acetate (Prod. No. 27653.292, VWR), sodium 117 chloride (Prod. No. 27810.295, VWR), phenol (Prod. No. 1.00206.0250, Merck), 118 hydrazine sulfate (Prod. No. 1.04603, Merck), sulphuric acid 95% (Prod. No. 119 20700.298, VWR), sodium carbonate anhydrous (Prod. No. 27771.290, VWR), 120 copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (Prod. No. BDH9312, VWR), potassium/sodium 121 L(+)-tartrate tetrahydrate (Prod. No. 27068.290, VWR), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent 122 (Prod. No. RE00180250, Scharlau), disodium tetraborate decahydrate (Prod. No. 123 S007050500, Scharlau), sodium salicylate (Prod. No.71948, Sigma-Aldrich), 124 sodium nitroprussiate (Prod. No. 31444, Sigma-Aldrich), sodium 5 125 dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate (Prod. No. 110887, Merck), diethyl ether (Prod. No. 126 ET00792500, Scharlau). 127 128 2.2. Cartilage preparation 129 Rabbit fish (Chimaera monstrosa) individuals of 800-2000 g, captured as discards, 130 were kindly provided by Opromar (Marín, Spain) and stored at -18ºC until use. 131 Specimens were eviscerated and heated in a water bath at 90ºC for 30 min. 132 Cartilaginous material was then milled and homogenized at ~1-3 mm size using a 133 grinder and stored at -18ºC. Chemical composition of cartilage was assessed by 134 determination of water and ash content, fat concentration, total nitrogen and total 135 protein as total nitrogen × 6.25 (AOAC, 1997). Total carbohydrate content was 136 estimated by substracting protein, fat, ash and moisture from total sample weight. 137 This value of carbohydrates was confirmed by total sugar determination (Dubois et 138 al., 1956) after exhaustive enzymatic proteolysis of cartilage. 139 140 2.3. Experimental designs for CS isolation 141 Initially, the joint effect of pH, temperature (T) and enzyme/substrate ratio (E/S) on 142 cartilage digestion by Esperase (Esperase 8L: 8 KNovo Protease Unit/g, KNPU/g, 143 Novozymes, Nordisk, Denmark). was studied. In this case, 20 experiments were 144 run (with 6 replicates in the center of the experimental domain) following the 145 combinations indicated in Table A (supplementary material), being the ranges of 146 the independent variables: pH (6-10), T (30-80ºC) and E/S (0.01-2%). 147 Subsequently, two strategies were followed for the chemical processing of the 148 previous hydrolysates: 1) alkaline treatment, evaluating the simultaneous effect of 6 149 time (ranging between 1 and 24 h) and NaOH concentration (from 0.2 to 1.5M) and 150 2) selective precipitation of CS with alkaline-hydroalcoholic solutions (NaOH 151 concentration (0.1-0.8M) and EtOH volume (0.3-1.4 v) as independent variables). 152 In both designs, 13 experiments were performed (with 5 replicates in the center of 153 the experimental domain). In all cases, the experimental procedure was based on 154
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Commencement 2006-2011
    2009 OMMENCEMENT / Conferring of Degrees at the Close of the 1 33rd Academic Year Johns Hopkins University May 21, 2009 9:15 a.m. Contents Order of Procession 1 Order of Events 2 Divisional Ceremonies Information 6 Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars 7 Honorary Degree Citations 12 Academic Regalia 15 Awards 17 Honor Societies 25 Student Honors 28 Candidates for Degrees 33 Please note that while all degrees are conferred, only doctoral graduates process across the stage. Though taking photos from vour seats during the ceremony is not prohibited, we request that guests respect each other's comfort and enjoyment by not standing and blocking other people's views. Photos ol graduates can he purchased from 1 lomcwood Imaging and Photographic Services (410-516-5332, [email protected]). videotapes and I )\ I )s can he purchased from Northeast Photo Network (410 789-6001 ). /!(• appreciate your cooperation! Graduates Seating c 3 / Homewood Field A/ Order of Seating Facing Stage (Left) Order of Seating Facing Stage (Right) Doctors of Philosophy and Doctors of Medicine - Medicine Doctors of Philosophy - Arts & Sciences Doctors of Philosophy - Advanced International Studies Doctors of Philosophy - Engineering Doctors of Philosophy, Doctors of Public Health, and Doctors of Masters and Certificates -Arts & Sciences Science - Public Health Masters and Certificates - Engineering Doctors of Philosophy - Nursing Bachelors - Engineering Doctors of Musical Arts and Artist Diplomas - Peabody Bachelors - Arts & Sciences Doctors of Education - Education Masters
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Philippine Chondrichthyes
    CSIRO MARINE LABORATORIES Report 243 CHECKLIST OF PHILIPPINE CHONDRICHTHYES Compagno, L.J.V., Last, P.R., Stevens, J.D., and Alava, M.N.R. May 2005 CSIRO MARINE LABORATORIES Report 243 CHECKLIST OF PHILIPPINE CHONDRICHTHYES Compagno, L.J.V., Last, P.R., Stevens, J.D., and Alava, M.N.R. May 2005 Checklist of Philippine chondrichthyes. Bibliography. ISBN 1 876996 95 1. 1. Chondrichthyes - Philippines. 2. Sharks - Philippines. 3. Stingrays - Philippines. I. Compagno, Leonard Joseph Victor. II. CSIRO. Marine Laboratories. (Series : Report (CSIRO. Marine Laboratories) ; 243). 597.309599 1 CHECKLIST OF PHILIPPINE CHONDRICHTHYES Compagno, L.J.V.1, Last, P.R.2, Stevens, J.D.2, and Alava, M.N.R.3 1 Shark Research Center, South African Museum, Iziko–Museums of Cape Town, PO Box 61, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa 2 CSIRO Marine Research, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia 3 Species Conservation Program, WWF-Phils., Teachers Village, Central Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines (former address) ABSTRACT Since the first publication on Philippines fishes in 1706, naturalists and ichthyologists have attempted to define and describe the diversity of this rich and biogeographically important fauna. The emphasis has been on fishes generally but these studies have also contributed greatly to our knowledge of chondrichthyans in the region, as well as across the broader Indo–West Pacific. An annotated checklist of cartilaginous fishes of the Philippines is compiled based on historical information and new data. A Taiwanese deepwater trawl survey off Luzon in 1995 produced specimens of 15 species including 12 new records for the Philippines and a few species new to science.
    [Show full text]
  • Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997
    The IUCN Species Survival Commission Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997 Edited by Sarah L. Fowler, Tim M. Reed and Frances A. Dipper Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 25 IUCN The World Conservation Union Donors to the SSC Conservation Communications Programme and Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997 The IUCN/Species Survival Commission is committed to communicate important species conservation information to natural resource managers, decision-makers and others whose actions affect the conservation of biodiversity. The SSC's Action Plans, Occasional Papers, newsletter Species and other publications are supported by a wide variety of generous donors including: The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott IUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund in 1990. The Fund supports Action Plan development and implementation. To date, more than 80 grants have been made from the Fund to SSC Specialist Groups. The SSC is grateful to the Sultanate of Oman for its confidence in and support for species conservation worldwide. The Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan has awarded major grants to the SSC's Wildlife Trade Programme and Conservation Communications Programme. This support has enabled SSC to continue its valuable technical advisory service to the Parties to CITES as well as to the larger global conservation community. Among other responsibilities, the COA is in charge of matters concerning the designation and management of nature reserves, conservation of wildlife and their habitats, conservation of natural landscapes, coordination of law enforcement efforts as well as promotion of conservation education, research and international cooperation.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Shark Utilisation in the Coral Triangle Region (PDF, 550
    WORKING TOGETHER FOR SUSTAINABLE SHARK FISHERIES AN OVERVIEW OF SHARK UTILISATION IN THE CORAL TRIANGLE REGION Written by Mary Lack Director, Shellack Pty Ltd Glenn Sant Fisheries Programme Leader, TRAFFIC & Senior Fellow, ANCORS Published in September 2012 This report can be downloaded from wwf.panda.org/coraltriangle Citation Lack M. and Sant G. (2012). An overview of shark utilisation in the Coral Triangle region. TRAFFIC &WWF. Photo cover © naturepl.com / Jeff Rotman / WWF-Canon Thanks to the Rufford Lang Foundation for supporting the development of this publication 2 An Overview Of Shark Utilisation In The Coral Triangle Region ACRONYMS ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (the Philippines) CCSBT Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CMM Conservation and Management Measure CMS Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals CNP Co-operating Non-Contracting party COFI Committee on Fisheries (of FAO) CoP Conference of the Parties (to CITES) EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission IPOA-Sharks International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks IUU Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (fishing) MoU Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks (CMS) nei Not elsewhere included NPOA-Sharks National Plan of Action for the Conservation and
    [Show full text]
  • Immunobiology of the SHARK Frontispiece a Shark Bleed
    Immunobiology of the SHARK Frontispiece A shark bleed. 1. Netting a captive shark from the sea water channel. 2. Shark in anesthe­ tizing tank. 3. Bleeding the anesthetized shark. 4. Blood withdrawn from the caudal sinus. 5. Recovered shark ready to return to the water. 6. Shark back in the channel. (Photographs courtesy of the Smith Collection.) Immunobiology of the SHARK EDITED BY Sylvia L. Smith Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Robert B. Sim Department of Pharmacology University of Oxford Martin F. Flajnik Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland at Baltimore Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Front cover: Image of nurse shark. Photo copyright Max Telford. Used with permission. All rights reserved. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20141015 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-9574-3 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained.
    [Show full text]
  • Fisheries of the Pacific Coast of Canada
    DFO - L brary MPO - B bliothèque 111111111111111111111111 The First Record of the Smooth Lump-Sucker, Cyclopterich- thys ventricosus (Pallas), in British Columbia Waters BY W. A. CLET[ENS AND G. V. XVILIil' University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Received for publication May 17,1951) A SPECI\fEN of the above species of fish was brought by Mr. Grant Robertson to the Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia for identification and proved to be a new record for British Columbia waters. Mr. Robertson kindly permitted the writers to prepare the description and our thanks are extended to him for this privilege. Subsequently a second individual was for- warded by Fisheries Inspector J. A. SlDluners, to whom we are greatly indebted. The account has been prcpared in the form used in the bulletin on the marine fishes of British Columbia (Cle.Inens and Wilby, 1946). The illustration is the work of Mr. F. L. Beebe. Fi(uxc I SMoo-rH LuMP-sucxEn-Cycloq)terichthris ventri.cosus ( Pallas) 1769 ( Figure 1) Body short, deep, stout anteriorly, compressed posteriorly. Head globular, bluntly rounded; mouth terminal, wide, oblique; teeth in two rows anteriorly, outer small continuous, inner larger. irregular; snout broad, profile curved; nostrils paired, anterior tubular; eyes small; interorbital space flat, broad. Opercular opening very small, c.ntirely above base of pectoral fin. Skin smooth, thick, loose. Fins: dorsal ( 1), 8 or y, far hack on body, anal, 7 to 9; pelvics thoracic, modified into moderate adhesive disc, with thickened margin; caudal rounded. Lateral line: absent. Scales: absent. Cirri: absent. Colour: brownish gray, spotted with black on dorsal surface; muddy gray on ventral surface.
    [Show full text]
  • A Biophysical Assessment of the Philippine Territory of the Sulu
    A Biophysical Assessment of the Philippine Territory of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion Program WWF-Philippines May 2003 CREDITS AUTHORS: Angel Alcala, Ph.D. Monyeen Alava, M.Sc. Emmanuel Anglo, Ph.D. Naniel Aragones, Ph.D. Emmanuel Bate, M.Sc. Flordeliz Guarin, Ph.D. Rudolf Hermes, Ph.D. Daniel Lagunzad, Ph.D. Augustus Rex Montebon, M.Sc. Ramon Miclat Jose Angelito Palma Johanna Pe-Montebon Hildie Maria Nacorda, M.Sc. Teresita Perez, Ph.D. Gavino Trono, Jr., Ph.D. Arnel Andrew Yaptinchay, D.V.M. EDITORS: Johanna Pe-Montebon, Evangeline F.B. Miclat, M.Sc., and Jose Noel Dumaup TECHNICAL ASSISTANTS: Josephine Sumangil-Evangelista and Dino Leoncarlo Calderon INTEGRATOR: Johanna Pe-Montebon TECHNICAL ADVISERS/REVIEWERS: Alan White, Ph.D., Angel Alcala, Ph.D., and Romeo Trono ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The Biophysical Assessment of the Sulu-Sulawesi Marine Ecoregion is funded by WWF-US. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Credits............................................................................................................................. 1 Table of Contents....................................................................................................... 2 List of Figures ............................................................................................................. 5 List of Tables ............................................................................................................... 7 List of Appendices ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the Workshop on Deep-Sea Species Identification, Rome, 2–4 December 2009
    FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 947 FIRF/R947 (En) ISSN 2070-6987 Report of the WORKSHOP ON DEEP-SEA SPECIES IDENTIFICATION Rome, Italy, 2–4 December 2009 Cover photo: An aggregation of the hexactinellid sponge Poliopogon amadou at the Great Meteor seamount, Northeast Atlantic. Courtesy of the Task Group for Maritime Affairs, Estrutura de Missão para os Assuntos do Mar – Portugal. Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: Sales and Marketing Group Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +39 06 57053360 Web site: www.fao.org/icatalog/inter-e.htm FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 947 FIRF/R947 (En) Report of the WORKSHOP ON DEEP-SEA SPECIES IDENTIFICATION Rome, Italy, 2–4 December 2009 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2011 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this Information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
    PART I REPORT UPON THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1904. • BY RICHARD RATH BUN. ASSISTANT SECRETARY OP THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, IN CHARGE OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. NAT MI'S 1904 1 — REPORT T THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE I . S. NATIONAL MUSEUM DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1904. By Richard Rathbun, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, incharge of the U. S. National Museum. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. The United States National Museum had its origin in the act of Congress of 1846 founding the Smithsonian Institution, which made the formation of a museum one of the principal functions of the latter, and provided that Whenever suitable arrangements can be made from time to time for their recep- tion, all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical specimens belonging to the United States, which may be in the city of Washington, in. whosesoever custody they may be, shall be delivered to such persona as may be authorized by the Board of Regents to receive them, and shall be so arranged and classified in the building erected for the Institution as best to facilitate the examination and study of them; and when- ever new specimens in natural history, geology, or mineralogy are obtained for the museum of the Institution, by exchanges of duplicate specimens, which the Regents may in their discretion make, or by donation, which they may receive, or otherwise, the Regents shall cause such new specimens to be appropriately classed and arranged.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of United States Public Documents / January, 1904
    DEC 1 - 1913 No. ioq January, DETROIT, MIOEL CATALOGUE) OF ' United States Public Documents Issued Monthly BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS Government Printing Office Washington Government Printing Office 1904 Table of Contents Page Page General Information........................... 3 Navy Department................................. 59 Congress of United States.................... 5 Post-Office Department....................... 61 Laws............................................... 5 State, Department of.......................... 62 Senate............................................. 6 Treasury Department.......................... 66 House............................................. 22 War Department............................... 69 Sheep-bound Reserve.................... 48 Courts of United .States .....'............... President of United States.................. 48 District of Columbia..................... 80 Agriculture, Department of................ 48 Smithsonian Institution..................... 81 Commerce and Labor, Department of. 51 Various Bureaus.................................. 83 Interior, Department of the............... 55 Shipments to Depositories................. 85 Justice, Department of........................ 58 Index....................*............................... Abbreviations Used in this Catalogue Academy.............................................acad. Mile, miles......................... m. Agricultural......................................agric. Miscellaneous.................................... misc.
    [Show full text]
  • AN OVERVIEW of MAJOR SHARK TRADERS CATCHERS and SPECIES Nicola Okes Glenn Sant TRAFFIC REPORT an Overview of Major Global Shark* Traders, Catchers and Species
    SEPTEMBER 2019 AN OVERVIEW OF MAJOR SHARK TRADERS CATCHERS AND SPECIES Nicola Okes Glenn Sant TRAFFIC REPORT An overview of major global shark* traders, catchers and species TRAFFIC is a leading non-governmental organisation working globally on trade in wild animals and plants in the context of both biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Reprod uction of material appearing in this report requires written permission from the publisher. The designations of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the authors or their supporting organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published by: TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN: 978-1-911646-14-3 Suggested citation: Okes, N. and Sant, G. (2019). An overview of major shark traders, catchers and species. TRAFFIC, Cambridge, UK. © TRAFFIC 2019. Copyright of material published in this report is vested in TRAFFIC. UK Registered Charity No. 1076722 Design by Marcus Cornthwaite * Throughout this report, unless otherwise specified, the term “sharks” refers to all species of sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras (Class Chondrichthyes). CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 2 Catch data 2 Trade data 8 3 Overview 9 Meat 9 Fins 11 CITES-listed species 16 4 Risk of overexploitation 21 Conclusions and recommendations 22 5 References 24 Annex I 26 Image credits 32 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation, development and production of this publication was made possible with funding from a number of sources including the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, BfN).
    [Show full text]
  • 5Th Meeting of the Scientific Committee SC5-DW09 Rev1
    5th Meeting of the Scientific Committee Shanghai, China, 23 - 28 September 2017 SC5-DW09_rev1 Ecosystem approach considerations: Deepwater chondrichthyans (sharks, rays and chimaeras) in the Western SPRFMO Area Clinton Duffy1, Shane Geange1 & Tiffany Bock2 1 Department of Conservation 2 Ministry for Primary Industries 1 23 Aug 2017 SC5-DW09_rev1 1. Purpose of paper This paper provides a characterisation of the catch of chondrichthyans in New Zealand bottom fisheries in the SPRFMO Area and information on potential risks to deepwater chondrichthyan species from SPRFMO bottom fishing. Chondrichthyans, particularly those which predominantly occur or complete most of their lifecycle below 200 m depth, are known to have life history characteristics which make them especially vulnerable to fishing pressure. 2. Background About half of chondrichthyans are considered deepwater species, of which around half are sharks (predominantly squaloid dogfishes, Order Squaliformes, and catsharks, Order Carcharhiniformes, Families Pentanchidae and Scyliorhinidae)), with the remainder being skates (predominantly Arhynchobatidae, Rajidae, and Anacanthobatidae), and holocephalans (Kyne & Simpfendorfer 2007). There are currently 177 species reported from the SPRFMO Area that are known to regularly occur below 200 m depth (Appendix 1). Chondrichthyans generally exhibit relatively slow growth rates, late age at maturity, low fecundity and low natural mortality. Knowledge of the growth and reproductive parameters of most deepwater species is generally poor or completely lacking. For the limited number of deepwater species for which sufficient life history data is available, their estimated intrinsic rebound potential values (i.e., ability of a species to recover from fishing pressure) fall at the lower end of the chondrichthyan productivity scale, and include the lowest levels observed (Kyne & Simpfendorfer 2007).
    [Show full text]