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Social Formation in Dhaka, 1985-2005

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Social Formation in Dhaka, 1985-2005 Social Formation in Dhaka, 1985–2005 A Longitudinal Study of Society in a Third World Megacity Kamal Siddiqui Jamshed Ahmed Kaniz Siddique Sayeedul Huq Abul Hossain Shah Nazimud-Doula Nahid Rezawana SOCIAL FORMAtion in Dhaka, 1985–2005 To our parents Social Formation in Dhaka, 1985–2005 A Longitudinal Study of Society in a Third World Megacity KAMAL SIDDIQUI University of South Pacific, Fiji JAMSHED AHMED National Institute of Local Government, Dhaka, Bangladesh KANIZ SIDDIQUE North-South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh SAYEEDUL HUQ National Institute of Local Government, Dhaka, Bangladesh ABUL HOSSAIN Power and Participation Research Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh SHAH NAZIMUD-DOULA National Institute of Local Government, Dhaka, Bangladesh NAHID REZAWANA Dhaka University, Bangladesh © Kamal Siddiqui, Jamshed Ahmed, Kaniz Siddique, Sayeedul Huq, Abul Hossain, Shah Nazimud-Doula and Nahid Rezawana 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Kamal Siddiqui, Jamshed Ahmed, Kaniz Siddique, Sayeedul Huq, Abul Hossain, Shah Nazimud-Doula and Nahid Rezawana have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East Suite 420 Union Road 101 Cherry Street Farnham Burlington Surrey, GU9 7PT VT 05401-4405 England USA www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Social formation in Dhaka, 1985–2005 : a longitudinal study of society in a Third World megacity. 1. Dhaka (Bangladesh)--Social conditions--20th century-- Longitudinal studies. 2. Dhaka (Bangladesh)--Social conditions--21st century--Longitudinal studies. 3. Dhaka (Bangladesh)--Population--Longitudinal studies. I. Siddiqui, Kamal. 304.6'0954922-dc22 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Social formation in Dhaka, 1985–2005 : a longitudinal study of society in a third world megacity / by Kamal Siddiqui ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-1103-1 (hbk) -- ISBN 978-1-4094-1104-8 (ebook) 1. Dhaka (Bangladesh)--Social conditions--Longitudinal studies. 2. Social structure--Bangladesh--Dhaka- -Longitudinal studies. 3. Social stratification--Bangladesh--Dhaka--Longitudinal studies. I. Siddiqui, Kamal. HN690.6.D32S64 2010 305.5'12095492209045--dc22 2010017059 ISBN 9781409411031 (hbk) ISBN 9781409411048 (ebk)II Contents List of Tables vii Preface xiii 1 An Introduction and an Overview of Dhaka City 1 2 Methodology Used for Information Collection 21 3 A General Household Survey (GHS) of Dhaka City, 1985−2005 35 4 The Residents of Dhaka City’s Government Quarters 101 5 The Educated Middle Class of Dhaka City 123 6 The Richest People of Dhaka City 191 7 The Formal Sector Poor of Dhaka City 211 8 The Informal Sector Poor of Dhaka City 241 9 Beggars, Prostitutes and Criminals of Dhaka City 275 10 Special Areas and Groups in Dhaka City 307 11 The Power Structure and Change Agents in Dhaka City 321 12 Major Findings and Concluding Remarks 343 Appendix I Various Classifications of Dhaka City and Adjoining Areas 363 Appendix II General Household Survey Questionnaire 365 Appendix III Instructions for Investigators 375 Appendix IV Places of Interest in and Around Dhaka City 377 Appendix V A List of Organisations Directly Concerned with Dhaka City 383 Appendix VI Glossary of Abbreviations and Local Terms 387 Bibliography 395 Index 401 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Tables 1.1 Decennial population of Dhaka city, 1872−1941 4 1.2 Area and population growth of Dhaka city, 1951−2005 6 1.3 Land ownership pattern in Dhaka city, 1986 7 1.4 Land use pattern for privately owned land in Dhaka city, 1982 8 2.1 Zone classification of Dhaka city according to average holding tax, 2005 24 2.2 Zone, number of holdings, police stations, name of area and wards of Dhaka city 25 2.3 Zone, number of holdings, number of households and the percentage of households surveyed, 2005 26 2.4 Cooperation of respondents during GHS, 1985−2005 27 3.1 Age of HHH, 1985−2005, according to GHS (in percentage of HHH, if not specified) 36 3.2 Age of 100 HHH, 1985−2005 36 3.3 Mother tongue of HHH, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 37 3.4 Religion of HHH, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 38 3.5 Greater home district/division of HHH, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 38 3.6 Marital status of HHH, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 39 3.7 Number of years HHH married, 2005 and 1985, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 40 3.8 Marital status of 100 HHH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HHH) 40 3.9 Dependence on HHH, 2005 41 3.10 Zone-wise number of family members and family size, 1985−2005, according to GHS 42 3.11 Average number of sons and daughters per HHH among the 100 HH, 1985−2005 42 3.12 Educational status of HHH, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 43 3.13 Main occupation of HHH, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 44 3.14 Zone-wise ranking of the occupations of HHH (percentage of HHH), 1985−2005, according to GHS 45 3.15 Second occupation of HHH, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 45 3.16 Present occupation versus first occupation of HHH (number), 1985–2005, according to GHS 46 3.17 Changes in the main occupation of 100 HHH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HHH) 47 3.18 Changes in the second occupation of 100 HHH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HHH) 48 3.19 Average number of earning members in the family, 1985−2005 48 3.20 Average monthly nominal income and expenditure (in Taka) of HH, zone-wise, 1985 48 3.21 Average monthly nominal income and expenditure (in Taka) of HH, zone-wise, 2005 48 3.22 Average family nominal expenditure (in Taka), item-wise and zone-wise, 1985 49 3.23 Average family nominal expenditure (in Taka), item-wise and zone-wise, 2005 49 3.24 Monthly nominal income of HHH, zone-wise and income-group-wise, 1985−2005 (percentage of HHH) 50 viii Social Formation in Dhaka, 1985–2005 3.25 Average income for the city as a whole in nominal terms, 1985−2005, according to GHS 50 3.26 Increase in monthly income of 100 HHH in nominal terms, 1985−2005 51 3.27 Monthly nominal expenditure of 100 HH on food, 1985−2005 (percentage of HH) 51 3.28 Monthly nominal expenditure of 100 HH on clothing, 1985−2005 (percentage of HH) 51 3.29 Monthly nominal expenditure of 100 HH on medicine, 1985−2005 (percentage of HH) 52 3.30 Monthly nominal expenditure of 100 HH on gifts, 1985−2005 (percentage of HH) 52 3.31 Monthly nominal expenditure of 100 HH on transportation, 1985−2005 (percentage of HH) 52 3.32 Monthly nominal expenditure of 100 HH on education, 1985−2005 (percentage of HH) 52 3.33 Monthly nominal expenditure of 100 HH on gas, electricity and water, 1985−2005 (percentage of HH) 53 3.34 Total monthly nominal expenditure of 100 HH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HH) 53 3.35 Rate of monthly savings of 100 HH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HH) 53 3.36 Outstanding loans taken by 100 HH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HH) 54 3.37 Generation of residence of HHH in Dhaka city, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 54 3.38 Reasons for HHH coming to Dhaka city for those not living in Dhaka city since birth, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 55 3.39 Duration of residence of 100 HH in Dhaka city 55 3.40 Number of generations of 100 HHH living in Dhaka city 56 3.41 Reasons why 100 HHH came to Dhaka city 56 3.42 Ownership of village home, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 57 3.43 Number of visits to the village by HHH, 1985−2005, according to GHS 57 3.44 Purpose of HHH visiting the village home, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 58 3.45 Number of times 100 HHH visited village home yearly, 1985−2005 58 3.46 Quantity of land owned in the village by 100 HHH, 1985−2005 58 3.47 Purpose of visiting the village by 100 HHH, 1985−2005 59 3.48 Ownership of plots/buildings in Dhaka city by HHH, 1985−2005, according to GHS 59 3.49 Land and house ownership in Dhaka city by 100 HHH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HHH) 60 3.50 Ownership of landed property in other urban centres, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 60 3.51 Ownership of landed property in other urban centres by 100 HHH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HHH) 60 3.52 Use of land within the compound of HHH’s residence, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 62 3.53 Land use within the compound of the residence of 100 HHH (percentage) 63 3.54 Percentage of HHH with access to electricity, piped water and gas, zone-wise, 2005, according to GHS 63 3.55 Types of toilet facilities, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HHH) 64 3.56 Condition of residence entrance road, 1985−2005, according to GHS (percentage of HH) 64 3.57 Percentage of HH sharing various amenities for Dhaka city as a whole, 1985−2005, according to GHS 65 List of Tables ix 3.58 Sharing of various meters, 2005, according to GHS (percentage of HH) 65 3.59 Sharing of amenities with other HH by 100 HH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HH) 65 3.60 Condition of the drain in front of the residences of 100 HHH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HHH) 66 3.61 General condition of residences of 100 HHH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HHH) 66 3.62 Facilities in the residences of 100 HHH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HHH) 66 3.63 Total floor space in the residence of 100 HHH, 1985−2005 (percentage of HHH) 66 3.64 Number
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