LCCA 1:2(2019)82- 88

The Libyan Conference on Chemistry and Its Applications (LCCA 2019)

(7 – 9 September, 2019)

Chemicalcomposition, physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition and some minerals contents of date kernel from Libya

Sultana Hussein1, Salem Abdrba2 and Entisar Nasser1

1Food Technology Dept,, Faculty of Agriculture,Omar Al-Mukhtar University, AL-Bayda – Libya 1- 2Chemistry Dept, Faculty of Science,Omar Al-Mukhtar University, AL-Bayda - Libya A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proximate chemical composition, Received 15 July 2019 some chemical characteristics, fatty acid composition and finally, some minerals Revised 15 Augst 2019 for three cultivars of date kernel namely (Saidy Galo, Degla and Baidawy) in Accepted 20 Augst 2019 Libya. The concentrations of proximate chemical composition (%) ranged as Available online 4 July 2020 follows: moisture (4.70-5.50), crude (7.70-8.90), crude protein (6.67-7.66), Keywords: ash (0.89-1.09), crude fiber (18.60-20.25), by difference (59.42- Physicochemical, fatty acid, 56.60). The chemical properties of date kernel oils were evaluated as follows: Chemicalcomposition Baidawy cultivar recorded the lowest values for, free fatty acid, iodine value, saponification number and non-saponifiable matter. Saidy Galo cultivar recorded Corresponding author : the highest values for free fatty acid, iodine value and saponification number and [email protected] non-saponifiable number. Gas-liquid chromatographyrevealed that the major unsaturated fatty acids were oleic and linoleic acids, while the major saturated fatty acids were palmitic and myristic acids for all cultivars. We have used flame atomic absorption spectrometry technique for determination of the concentration of some minerals (Na, P, Cu, Mn, Cd , Mg, Pb, Fe and Zn), the results revealed that potassium, magnesium, sodium and phosphorus were the highest minerals content, while the lead and iron were the lowest minerals content in the date kernels. Introduction 2010). The fruit of the is composed of a fleshy pericarp and seed that is usually oblong, ventrally The date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is grown grooved, with a small embryo and a hard endosperm. extensively in arid and semiarid regions of the world, Date seeds constitute 10-15% of the date fruit weight. like northern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and Iran The seed characteristics of date varieties vary according (Ahmed, Al-Gharibi, Daar, &Kabir, 1995). It has always to variety and environmental conditions. Soil played an important part in the economic and social fertilization (Basha and Abo-Hassan, 1982), many lives of the people of these regions. The fruit of the date studies have been carried out on date seeds. These palm is well known as a staple food.Date seeds, also studies have been focused mainly on the chemical called pits, kernels, stones or pips, are a waste product composition of date seeds (El-Rayes, 2009; Ardekani et of date processing and packing plants. Therefore, date al., 2010; Basuni and AL-Marzooq, 2010). Saafi et al. seeds have been a problem to the date industry, while (2008) reported that the seeds of a mixture of some they contain many valuable substances such as mature common date varieties called “Khalti” contained carbohydrates, oil, , protein, bioactive 6.88% moisture, 8.12% total , 6.63% reducing polyphenols and natural antioxidants. However, date sugars, 1.49%. According to Amir Azodi et al. (2014), the seeds can be used for many applications like food seeds of Kabkab and Shahani date varieties from products formulation, cosmetics and functional and Bushehr, Iran consisted of 10.50% moisture, 5.56% of medicinal supplements.Date palm plays an important protein, 12.59% of lipid, 62.18% of soluble fiber in role in the economic and social life of the people in the acidic solutions and finally 1.35% of ash. Also Amany et date producing countries (Basuni and AL-Marzooq, al. (2012) stated that the date seed was composed of

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3.10-7.10% moisture, 2.30-6.40% protein, 5-13.20% fat, Date seeds are reported to contain many minerals such 0.9-1.80% ash and 22.50-80.20% dietary fiber. The as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, differences may be due to the variability of the studied iron, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, cultivars and also climatic conditions (Saafi et al., 2008). lead and cadmium (Abdillah and Andriani, 2012; Abdul Abdul Afiq et al. (2013) reported that the fat content in Afiq et al., 2013). Potassium,phosphorus, magnesium, date seeds depended on variety, origin, harvesting time calcium and sodium are there in higher concentrations and fertilizer. However, and fat are the in date seeds (Al- Hooti et al., 1998; Devshony et al., main components in date seeds. The protein and fat 1992, Besbes et al., 2004a). Iron and then manganese, content of the date seeds are relatively high in zinc and copper are also found in higher concentrations comparison with the date flesh (1.5-3% for protein and among the microelements (Sawaya et al., 1984). 0.1-1.4% for fat) (Al – Farsi and Lee, 2011). This paper will review some of the characteristics of the Date seeds are a very good source of dietary fiber, which date seed and date seed oil as determine the proximate was reported as 77.8–80.2 g/100 g fresh weight (Al- chemical composition, some chemical characteristics, fatty acid composition and finally, some minerals for Farsi et al., 2007) or 64.5-80.15 g/ 100 g fresh weight three cultivars of date kernel namely (Saidy Galo, Degla (Al-Farsi and Lee, 2011). Abdul Afiq et al., (2013) stated and Baidawy) in Libya. that the total dietary fiber in date seeds was 58%, with 53% of it was insoluble dietary fiber (hemicellulose, Materials and method cellulose and lignin). These differences in dietary fiber are related to maturation stage and variety. The Seed material following average characteristics have been reported for Date palm fruits were purchased from local markets. The kernels of the three cultivars under investigation seed oil of four date cultivars (Zahidi, Medjool, Halawy, (Saidy Galo, Degla and Baidawy) were directly isolated DegletNour): acid value 1.04, iodine value 49.5, from 5 kg of date fruit having the same origin, collected saponification value 221, and unsaponifiable matter at the ‘‘Tamr stage’’ (full ripeness) and kept at 10 ºC for 0.8% (Devshony et al., 1992). The mean of values for the a week. The kernels were soaked in water, washed to seed oil of three Iranian date varieties (Kabkab, Shekar, get rid of any adhering date flesh, and then air-dried. Shahabi) were: peroxide value 1.05 and acid value 1.04. Then, they were further dried at about 50 ºC. Date Besbes et al (2004) also reported that oleic, linoleic, kernels, of each variety, were separately milled in a heavy-duty grinder to pass 1–2 mm screens and then palmitic, myristic and lauric acids together composed preserved at -20 ºC until analyses. 92% of the total fatty acids in the seed oil of Allig and Deglet Noor dates. According to Nehdi et al (2010), oleic Chemical analysis acid composed about 50% of the total fatty acid in P. The moisture content of kernels were determined canariensis seed oil followed by (19.23%), separately by drying a sample (about 5 g) in a drying (10.24%) and (9.83%).The oven at 100 ±5ºC during 24 h. Crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, crude ash, and values of samples were main fatty acids in Zahidi, Medjool, Halawy, and determined according to the Association of Official DegletNour seed oils were (42.3%) and lauric Analytical Chemists (AOAC 2000). Total carbohydrates acid (21.8%), followed by myristic (10.9%), palmitic were calculated by subtracting the total percent values (9.6%) and linoleic acid (13.7%)Devshony et al., 1992. of other measurements from 100. Proximate analyses Walid and Richard (2003) reported that the highest were expressed as grams per 100 g of fresh weight. percentage of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids among the seed oils of 14 date cultivars were oleic acid Oil extraction and preparation: Weights of about 750- 900g of kernels were used for oil extraction. The kernels and lauric acid with amounts of 49.8% and 24.1% in were separated from the fruits, dried and crushed into Suqaey and Rabeaah varieties, respectively. In the case minute granules using automatic machine for 3 m. Total of five date cultivars grown in the United Arab Emirates lipids were extracted from the kernels with hexane (Bushibal, Gash Gaafar, Gash Habash, Luhu, Shahla), the using Soxhlet apparatus. The extraction process fatty acid content of the oils varied from 53.2-58.8% for continued for 4-6 h. The solvent was evaporated on oleic acid, 10.7-12.8% for linoleic acid, 10.6-13.8% for rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and the palmitic acid, 6.3- 10.9% for lauric acid, 5.2-7% for produced oil (free from n-hexane) was collected, weighed, stored in a dark container in a deep-freeze , 1.4- 3.7% for , 0.1-0.2% for (-20°C) till subsequent analyses. linolenic acid, and 0.5-0.8% for arachidic acid (Al-Hooti et al., 1998). Free fatty acid (as % Oleic acid); Peroxide value (meq. active O2/kg oil), iodine value, saponification number

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LCCA 1:2(2019)82- 88 and non-saponifiable matter were analyzed according to components i.e. carbohydrate, protein and oil are AOAC 1990. important for seed germination. It is rich source of dietary fiber. Coarsely milled date seeds contained Fatty acids composition: about 80% of dietary fiber while finely milled seeds Methyl ester of fatty acids were obtained according to contained 71% of dietary fiber. It is helpful for certain (Radwan, 1987) and the analysis of fatty acids was carried disorders such as obesity, diabetes, cholesterol and out using a gas chromatography .4C Shimadzu CM (PEF) intestinal complaints [Al-Farsi et al., 2007]. equipped with stainless steel colum packed with 3% Al Farsi et al (2008) examined the characteristics of date diethylene glycol succinate on chromosorb W 80/100 and kernels, they described that date seeds contain 3.1-7.1% flame ionization detector (FID). The oven and detector moisture, 2.3-6.4% protein, 5.0-13.2% fat, 0.9-1.8% ash temperatures were 180 ºC isothermal and 270 ºC, and 22.5-80.02% dietary fiber. The overall dietary fiber respectively. N2was used as a carrier gas at flow rate of 20 found in date seeds was 58%, from which 53% of ml/min. insoluble dietary fiber exists in the form of lignin, Total minerals determined by using an Atomic Absorption cellulose and hemicelluloses [Aldhaheri, et al., 2004]. In Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer, Model 2380) another research that was carried out on 3 different according to the method of Lindsey and Norwell (1969). date varieties, higher dietary fiber was detected ranged (Perkin Elmer, Model 2380). The results were expressed from 65% to 69% of date seeds which specify the great in mg/100g dry wt. contented of impervious starch and lignin [Hamada et al., 2002]. On the other hand, considerable amount of Results and discussion protein also reported to be present in date seeds. Saafi et al, 2008 reported that the differences in chemical Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) belongs to family composition of the flesh and seed might be due to the Areacaceae (Palmae) are sweet berries with a variability of the cultivars and also climatic conditions. content of more than 50%. The origin of the date palm is However, carbohydrates and are more important supposed to be in North Africa or Middle East. It is than proteins in date seeds. because the protein content relished for its sweet taste and is widely consumed in in date seeds is low and it may not be very digestible muslim countries especially due to its religious worth. (Hamada et al, 2002).Seed play an important part for As in Holy month of Ramadan muslims consume dates certain plants in production of the new plant generation. at the time of breaking fast [El Hadrami and Al-Khayri, Normally a seed is composed of proteins, carbohydrates 2012]. and lipids, which is either in wax, fat or oil form. Among these three components, the oil content is the most The proximate chemical composition of three cultivars important for seed germination as the oil can supply of date kernels (on a dry-weight basis) presented in twice the energy needed for the germination process table (1). the carbohydrates contents recorded the compared to proteins and carbohydrates (Baud and highest values for all cultivars ranged from 61.44% Lepiniec, 2010). (Baidawy cv) to 56.60% (Saidy Galo cv) followed by the crude fiber which recorded the highest value 20.25% The results of some chemical properties of date kernels (Saidy Galo cv) to 18.60% (Baidawy cv), the crude fat were shown in table (2). The free fatty acid contents(as values ranged between 8.90% (Saidy Galo cv) to 7.70% oleic acid) were found the levels between 1.08 (Baidawy (Baidawy cv), crude protein values ranged cv) and 2.11 (Saidy Galo cv), peroxide value (meq/kg between7.66% (Saidy Galo cv) to 6.67% (Baidawy cv) oil)were found between 1.20 (Saidy Galo cv) and 1.63 the ash contents were very low ranged between 1.09% (Baidawy cv), iodine value (gI2/100 g oil)were found the (Saidy Galo cv) to 0.89% (Daidawy cv). levels between 51 (Baidawy cv) and 66 (Saidy Galo cv), saponification number (mg KOH/g oil) were found Table (1) Proximate chemical composition of three between 193 (Degla cv) and 198 (Saidy Galo cv). In varieties of date kernel addition, the non-saponifible matter were found between 0.62 (Baidawy cv) and 0.81 (Saidy Galo cv).

Table (2) some chemical properties of date kernel oil of three cultivars from Libya

Date seeds possess good nutritional properties. However, the variety and quality of fruit depends on origin, fertilizer application and harvesting time. Compositional analysis revealed that seed comprises of moisture content 10.20%, ash 1.18%, protein, oil

10.36% and carbohydrate 72.59%. Three major

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This results were agreement with (Devshony et al., ranging from 10.834% for Saidy Galo kernel oil to 1992) who found the unsaponifiable matter (0.8), but 11.062% for Baidawykernel oil, lauric acid ranging from higher in acid value (1.04) and iodine value (49.5), and 9.444% for Deglakernel oil to 10.510% for Baidawykernel oil, stearic acid ranging from 4.265% for lower in saponification number (221). Besbes et al Saidy Galo kernel oil to 5.594% for Deglakernel oil. The (2004) reported that the iodine value of date seed oil rest of fatty acid found with trace amount below 2%. was in the range of 44-61g/100g oil and according to Saidy Galo cultivar kernel oil showed a higher Abdul Afiq et al (2013), it was 76.7g/100g. The seed oil unsaturated fatty acid content (60.825%) than Baidawy of Kalutahhad the highest peroxide value (16.598mg seed oil (58.944%) and Deglakernel oil (58.495%). All O2/1000g oil) and on average, the peroxide value of cultivars of date kernel oils contained higher amounts of linoleic and oleic acids and, in general, more Mazafati seed oil was 15mg O2/1000g oil. The average unsaturated fatty acids, which makes it more sensitive saponification value of the date seed oils was 228mg to oxidation. The degree of unsaturation of these date KOH/g oil. Abdalla et al., 2012 examined two Sudanese seed oils was lower than that of common vegetable oils, date seeds oil of two cultivars namely Albarakawi and since date seed fat had a much lower linoleic acid Alqundeila and they found that acid value 2.55 and content. In spite of this low level of unsaturation, date 2.47mg KOH/g oil, peroxide value 4.8 and 7.4mg seed oil may have interesting potential for different peroxide/kg oil, iodine value 71.12 and 83.31 gm uses. I2/100 gm fat, Table 3. Fatty acid composition of date kernel oils the iodine value (IV) of date seed oil is 76.7 g/100 g of (% of total fatty acid) oil, the saponification value (SV) is 191.3, the free fatty acid as oleic acid percentage is 0.6, the peroxide value (PV) is 3.6 meq O2/kg of oil (Nehdi et al., 2010). The study also found that the safety of this oil as an edible oil is supported by the low total oxidation value (totox) and acid value of the oil. However, Besbes et al. (2004b) found that the IV of another variety of date seed oil namely DegletNour and Allig seed oil are 44.1 g/100 g and 45.5 g/100 g of oil, respectively, which are lower than obtained by study mentioned previously (Nehdi et al., 2010). These could be due to the difference in oleic and linoleic acid content of the oils. Unsaponifiable matter represents substances which are insoluble or are incapable of forming soaps with alkali. In edible oils, it is present upto 1-2%. The crystals of unsaponifiable matter are observed for the presence of this steroid to Total SFA = total saturated fatty acid know the animal or plant origin of the oil. The oil of date Total USFA = total unsaturated fatty acid seed is edible but it is not competitive with other oil crops because of its low extraction rate (Boukouada and Saafi et al. (2008) reported that the most abundant fatty Yousfi, 2009; Al- Farsi and Lee, 2011). However, it acids of the date seed oil were mainly oleic acid contains natural antioxidants, carotenoids (β carotene), (47.66%) and lauric acid (17.39%), followed by linoleic and some phytochemicals which may consider as an acid (10.54%), palmitic acid (10.20%) and myristic acid essential oil (Habib et al., 2013).The analysis of the fatty (10.06%). Besbes et al. (2004a) showed that the date acid composition by gas chromatography (GC) shows seed oil contained 47.7% oleic acid, 21% linoleic acid the results fatty acid composition of the three studied and 5.8% lauric acid. Walid and Richard (2003) kernel oils illustrated in Table 3. In all eleven fatty acids reported that the highest percentage of unsaturated and were present four of which were unsaturated whereas saturated fatty acids among the seed oils of 14 date the others were saturated. The most abundant fatty cultivars were oleic acid and lauric acid with amounts of acids of date kerneloil were oleic (C18:1), linoleic 49.8% and 24.1% in Suqaey and Rabeaah varieties, (C18:2), palmitic (C16:0), myristic (C14:0), and lauric respectively. In the case of 5 date cultivars grown in the (C12:0) which together composed above 90% of the United Arab Emirates (Bushibal, Gash Gaafar, Gash total fatty acids. The major fatty acid found in those Habash, Luhu, Shahla), the fatty acid content of the oils cultivars was oleic acid, ranging from 43.616% for varied from 53.2-58.8% for oleic acid, 10.7-12.8% for Baidawykernel oil to 45.201% for Saidy Galo kernel oil, linoleic acid, 10.6-13.8% for palmitic acid, 6.3- 10.9% followed by linoleic acid ranging from 12.866% for for lauric acid, 5.2-7% for myristic acid, 1.4- 3.7% for Saidy Galo kernels oil to 12.866% for Deglakernel oi, stearic acid, 0.1-0.2% for linolenic acid, and 0.5-0.8% for palmitic acid ranging from 11.932% for Saidy Galo arachidic acid (Al-Hooti et al., 1998). Oleic acid kernel oil to 12.809% for Deglakernel oil, myristic acid (44.25%), lauric acid (17.35%), myristic acid (11.45),

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LCCA 1:2(2019)82- 88 palmitic acid (10.30), and linoleic acid (8.45%) were the Table (4) Mineral contents of three cultivars of date major fatty acids in the seed oil of Ruzeiz and Sifri date kernel (mg/100g kernel) varieties (Sawaya et al., 1984). Biglar et al. (2012) stated that Iranian date seed oils (Sayer, Khenizi, Majul, Shekar, Zahedi, Goftar, Khasuee) had more unsaturated than saturated fatty acids, but some minor differences were found in the fatty acid profile among them due to the genetic variation. According to Besbes et al. (2005), DegletNour seed oil had higher saturated fatty acid content (~ 44.3%) than Allig seed oil (~ 26.3%). It is reported that the seed oil of 24 date cultivars contained 41- 59% oleic acid. As shown in Table 3, the oleic, lauric, linoleic, and palmitic acids are the main fatty acids in date seed oil. Therefore, the date seed oil is a good source of oleic acid and the content of this fatty acid is almost similar to the oleic acid content found in rice bran oil and canola oil (Table 5) (Abdul Afiq et al., On the other hand, phosphorus concentrations in our 2013). It should be noted that the linoleic acid content study were lower than that of DegletNour and of date seed oil is low in compare to the commonly Alligcultivars which recorded 83.6 to 86.3 mg/100g consumed vegetable oils (Table 5) (Sawaya et al., 1984). respectively. On contrast, other studies recorded results However, date seed oil may be regarded as an oleic- discordance with our results, for example, Metoui et al., lauric oil (Devshony et al., 1992; Biglar et al., 2012;), 2019 reported that potassium concentration were while palm oil and palm kernel/ coconut oils are ranged between 204-300, phosphorus concentration palmitic-oleic and lauric-myristic oils, respectively. ranged between 68.33 to 124.0 mg/100g. While, sodium concentration were very close to our results which Minerals have many health benefits. They are generally ranged between 10.61 to 17.83. important as constituents of bones, teeth, soft tissues, muscle, blood and nerve cells. Conclusion Minerals are also vital to overall mental and physical Date seeds are waste products from date industry well-being (O’Dell and Sunde 1997; Sardesai 1998; especially in the countries where the production of date Habib and Ibrahim 2009). Date seeds are reported to is high as happen in south of Libya. In addition high contain many minerals such as sodium, potassium, quantity of the date kernel which considered as waste magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc, product especially in Ramadan month which can serve copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, lead and cadmium as a source of edible oil. Date seeds can be also used as a (Abdillah and Andriani, 2012; Abdul Afiq et al., 2013). functional food ingredient because they are a good The minerals contents of three varieties of date kernel source of dietary fiber, phenolic compounds and were shown in table (4). The contents of all minerals in antioxidant activity. In addition, date seeds contain a three cultivars of date kernels were dissimilarly. In our considerable amount of food ingredients such as protein study, potassium, magnesium, sodium and phosphorus and minerals. Therefore, the potential uses of date seed are there in higher concentrations in all date seed kernel in different industries are promising. Date seed presents cultivars (Al- Hooti et al., 1998; Devshony et al., 1992, a number of challenges. Besbes et al., 2004a). Zinc, copper, manganese, cadmium, lead iron are also found in lower References concentration among the microelement. Potassium was the highest concentrations among the rest of elements 1. Abdalla R.S.M., Albasheer A.A., El Hussein A.R.M., with percentage ranged between (284-251 mg/100g), GadkariemAbdillah, L. A. and Andriani, M. 2012. magnesium, sodium, calcium and phosphorus Friendly alternative healthy drinks through the use of concentration were below 50 (mg/100g), zinc, copper, date seeds as coffee powder. Paper presented at the manganese, cadmium, lead and iron concentrations Proceeding of ICEBM-Untar Jakarta. were 2.2 (mg/100g) in all date seed kernel. Saidy Galo cultivar recorded the highest content for all minerals. 2. Abdul Afiq, M. J., Abdul Rahman, R., Che Man, Y. B., Al- The levels of minerals in our study were close to other Kahtani, H. A. and Mansor, T. S. T. 2013. Date seed and studies, for example, Besbes et al., 2004a stated the date seed oil. International Food Research Journal 20: concentration of potassium, magnesium, sodium, 2035-2043. calcium and zinc in DegletNour and Allig cultivar were 3. Aldhaheri, A., Alhadrami, G., Aboalnaga, N., Wasfi, I. ranged between223 to 293, 51 to 58 10.2to10.4, 28 to38 and Elridi, M. 2004. Chemical composition of date pits and 0.6 to 2 mg/100 respectively. and reproductive hormonal status of rats fed date pits. Food Chemistry 86: 93-97.

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