DOCSLIB.ORG

Phytoplankton Morphology Controls on Marine Snow Sinking Velocity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phytoplankton Morphology Controls on Marine Snow Sinking Velocity Vol. 520: 35–56, 2015 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published February 3 doi: 10.3354/meps11116 Mar Ecol Prog Ser FREEREE ACCESSCCESS Phytoplankton morphology controls on marine snow sinking velocity Emmanuel C. Laurenceau-Cornec1,2,3,*, Thomas W. Trull2,3, Diana M. Davies2, Christina L. De La Rocha4, Stéphane Blain5,6 1Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia 2Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 80, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia 3Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia 4CNRS, UMR 6539, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d’Urville, Plouzané 29280, France 5CNRS and 6UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 7621, LOMIC, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls-sur-Mer 66650, France ABSTRACT: During the second KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study (KEOPS2) in October−November 2011, marine snow was formed in roller tanks by physical aggregation of phytoplankton assemblages sampled at 6 stations over and downstream of the Kerguelen Plateau. Sinking velocities, morphology, bulk composition (transparent exopolymer particles, biogenic sil- ica, particulate organic carbon), and phytoplankton contents were measured individually on 66 aggregates to identify controls on sinking velocities. Equivalent spherical diameters (ESD) ranged from 1 to 12 mm, and the particle aspect ratios, Corey shape factors, and fractal dimensions (DF1 = 1.5, DF2 = 1.8) were close to those of smaller natural aggregates (0.2 to 1.5 mm) collected in poly- acrylamide gel-filled sediment traps (DF1 = 1.2, DF2 = 1.9). Sinking velocities ranged between 13 and 260 m d−1, and were correlated with aggregate size only when considering individually the experiments conducted at each station, suggesting that a site-dependent control prevailed over the general influence of size. Variation in dominant diatom morphologies among the sites (classi- fied as small spine-forming or chain without spines) appeared to be a determinant parameter influencing the sinking velocity (SV [m d−1] = 168 − 1.48 × (% small spine-forming cells), r 2 = 0.98), possibly via a control on species-specific coagulation efficiency affecting particle structure and excess density. Our results emphasize the importance of ecological considerations over that of simple compositional perspectives in the control of particle formation, and in accurate parameter- izations of marine snow sinking velocities that are essential to predictions of biological carbon sequestration. KEY WORDS: Sinking velocity · Marine snow · Aggregation · Phytoplankton · Porosity Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION dioxide, and has become known as the ‘oceanic bio- logical carbon pump’ (Volk & Hoffert 1985). Substan- In the ocean, the rain of large biogenic particles is tial production of particulate organic matter (POM) in a major pathway for the export of carbon from the the euphotic zone is essential but not sufficient to surface to the interior (Suess 1980, Fowler & Knauer obtain high carbon export (Buesseler 1998). The 1986, Asper et al. 1992). This mechanism contributes speed at which particles settle is also a critical para - significantly to the drawdown of atmospheric carbon meter since it determines the duration of their expo- *Corresponding author: [email protected] © Inter-Research 2015 · www.int-res.com 36 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 520: 35–56, 2015 sure to extensive physical and biological transforma- parameters, the shape (McNown & Malaika 1950, tions (Karl et al. 1988, Boyd et al. 1999) responsible Alldredge & Got schalk 1988), porosity or compact- for the observed attenuation of the particle flux with ness (Kajihara 1971, Iversen & Ploug 2010), perme- depth (Martin et al. 1987, Silver & Gowing 1991). ability (Matsumoto & Suganuma 1977), fractal struc- In the Southern Ocean, a region known to play a ture (Johnson et al. 1996, Engel et al. 2009), content leading role in global climate and carbon systems of high density minerals (Armstrong et al. 2001, (Sigman & Boyle 2000), primary productivity is low Klaas & Archer 2002, Passow & De La Rocha 2006) due to phytoplankton growth restriction by a combi- or low density particulate polysaccharides (Engel & nation of iron and light limitation (Martin 1990, de Schartau 1999, Azetsu-Scott & Passow 2004), phyto- Baar et al. 1995). These waters are described as plankton species (Passow 1991, Padisák et al. 2003) ‘high nutrient, low chlorophyll’ (HNLC), and contain and their physiological state (Bienfang et al. 1982, a large amount of unused surface macro nutrients Waite et al. 1992, Muggli et al. 1996) or individual capable of fuelling the production of high quantities organism size (Boyd & Newton 1995, Waite et al. of organic carbon and potentially its se questration. 1997a) have been proposed as potential controls of Against this background, like oases in deserts, some particle sinking velocity. Due to this high complexity areas in the Southern Ocean are fertilized by a and the absence of clear controlling factors provided natural supply of iron and display remarkable sea- by empirical research, most biogeochemical models sonal biomass increases (Sullivan et al. 1993), offer- have no other alternative than simple sinking velocity ing a great opportunity to investigate the controls parameterization (e.g. constant or size-dependent). on carbon export efficiencies in the context of iron Several modelling studies have focused on the sen- fertilization. sitivity to sinking velocity para meterization, testify- This study focuses on the bloom that occurs each ing to the awareness that improvements are needed year between October and February over and down- and that more complexity needs to be added to the stream of the Kerguelen Plateau in the Indian sector models (Gehlen et al. 2006, Kriest & Oschlies 2008, of the Southern Ocean (Blain et al. 2007). In Janu- 2013, Losch et al. 2014). Here, we investigate a ary−February 2005, the first KErguelen Ocean and comprehensive set of morphological and composi- Plateau compared Study (KEOPS1) demonstrated tional parameters in a single study to identify poten- that the downward flux of carbon was elevated by a tial influences on particle sinking velo city and to de - factor of 2 to 3 in comparison to the surrounding velop a possible explanation for the in consistencies HNLC waters (Savoye et al. 2008). Particle size spec- often observed between sinking velo city and parti- tra from an in situ camera demonstrated that more cle size, offering a potential alternative for biogeo- and larger particles were present beneath the bloom chemical model parameterization. (to 400 m depth) than in surrounding HNLC waters, although a comparison to size spectra of particles col- lected in gel-filled sediment traps showed slower Theory sinking velocities (Jouandet et al. 2011), suggesting that sinking velocity was not a simple monotonic We refer the reader to the classic textbook on fluid function of particle size. dynamics from Batchelor (1967) for further details on According to theory and empirical studies, size is the theory of particle sinking velocity. known to exert a major control on particle sinking For a sphere settling in a fluid, the immersed velocity (Dietrich 1982, Gibbs 1985), but discrepan- weight (Wi) is the difference between the force of cies in the size−sinking velocity relationship are gravity acting downward and the buoyancy force often reported, and other parameters (e.g. particle acting upward, and is given by (e.g. Komar & composition or structure) can prevail over size in the Reimers 1978): control of the sinking velocity, as previously noted π (Diercks & Asper 1997, Engel & Schartau 1999, WD= 3()ρ−ρ g (1) i 6 sf Iversen & Ploug 2010). While extensive study of these parameters has verified their importance, it where D is the diameter of the sphere, ρs and ρf are has also turned out to be difficult to define a limited the sphere and fluid densities, respectively, and g number of parameters suitable to predict carbon (9.81 m s−2) is the acceleration due to gravity. The export accurately — something that would be of Reynolds number (Re; Reynolds 1883) is the para - considerable use in computationally expensive mod- meter that determines a flow field for boundaries of a els of ocean biogeochemical cycling. Among these given form and is given by: Laurenceau-Cornec et al.: Phytoplankton controls on sinking velocity 37 UD by Stokes, Eqs. (5) & (6) are only valid at small Re = s (2) ν Reynolds number, empirically found to apply to Re where Us is the sphere sinking velocity and ν is the < 0.5 (Graf & Acaroglu 1966, White 1974, Komar & kinematic viscosity of the fluid. Reimers 1978). Particles termed ‘marine snow’ are large aggre- By comparing the general model (Eq. 4) to its par- gates (>0.5 mm) formed by physical aggregation of ticular case represented by the Stokes’ expression phytoplankton and miscellaneous debris: mostly (Eq. 6), one can notice that the settling velocity has a fecal pellets, inorganic particles and zooplankton weaker dependence on size in the general model feeding structures (Alldredge & Silver 1988, All- since the diameter is raised to the power of 0.5, rather dredge & Gotschalk 1990). Because of their large size than 2 as in the Stokes’ law. and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Methane Cold Seeps As Biological Oases in the High‐
    LIMNOLOGY and Limnol. Oceanogr. 00, 2017, 00–00 VC 2017 The Authors Limnology and Oceanography published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. OCEANOGRAPHY on behalf of Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography doi: 10.1002/lno.10732 Methane cold seeps as biological oases in the high-Arctic deep sea Emmelie K. L. A˚ strom€ ,1* Michael L. Carroll,1,2 William G. Ambrose, Jr.,1,2,3,4 Arunima Sen,1 Anna Silyakova,1 JoLynn Carroll1,2 1CAGE - Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway 2Akvaplan-niva, FRAM – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway 3Division of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 4Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, Maine Abstract Cold seeps can support unique faunal communities via chemosynthetic interactions fueled by seabed emissions of hydrocarbons. Additionally, cold seeps can enhance habitat complexity at the deep seafloor through the accretion of methane derived authigenic carbonates (MDAC). We examined infaunal and mega- faunal community structure at high-Arctic cold seeps through analyses of benthic samples and seafloor pho- tographs from pockmarks exhibiting highly elevated methane concentrations in sediments and the water column at Vestnesa Ridge (VR), Svalbard (798 N). Infaunal biomass and abundance were five times higher, species richness was 2.5 times higher and diversity was 1.5 times higher at methane-rich Vestnesa compared to a nearby control region. Seabed photos reveal different faunal associations inside, at the edge, and outside Vestnesa pockmarks. Brittle stars were the most common megafauna occurring on the soft bottom plains out- side pockmarks.
    [Show full text]
  • Brochure.Pdf
    Two Little Fishies Two Little Fishies Inc. 4016 El Prado Blvd., Coconut Grove, Florida 33133 U.S.A. Tel (+01) 305 661.7742 Fax (+01) 305 661.0611 eMail: [email protected] ww w. t w o l i t t l e f i s h i e s . c o m © 2004 Two Little Fishies Inc. Two Little Fishies is a registered trademark of Two Little Fishies Inc.. All illustrations, photos and specifications contained in this broc h u r e are based on the latest pr oduct information available at the time of publication. Two Little Fishies Inc. res e r ves the right to make changes at any time, without notice. Printed in USA V.4 _ 2 0 0 4 Simple, Elegant, Practical,Solutions Useful... Two Little Fishies Two Little Fishies, Inc. was founded in 1991 to pr omote the reef aquarium hobby with its in t ro d u c t o r y video and books about ree f aquariums. The company now publishes and distributes the most popular reef aquarium ref e r ence books and identification guides in English, German French and Italian, under the d.b.a. Ricordea Publishing. Since its small beginning, Two Little Fishies has also grown to become a manufacturer and im p o r ter of the highest quality products for aquariums and water gardens, with interna t i o n a l distribution in the pet, aquaculture, and water ga r den industries. Two Little Fishies’ prod u c t line includes trace element supplements, calcium supplements and buffers, phosphate- fr ee activated carbon, granular iron - b a s e d phosphate adsorption media, underwa t e r bonding compounds, and specialty foods for fish and invertebrates.
    [Show full text]
  • Ch. 9: Ocean Biogeochemistry
    6/3/13 Ch. 9: Ocean Biogeochemistry NOAA photo gallery Overview • The Big Picture • Ocean Circulation • Seawater Composition • Marine NPP • Particle Flux: The Biological Pump • Carbon Cycling • Nutrient Cycling • Time Pemitting: Hydrothermal venting, Sulfur cycling, Sedimentary record, El Niño • Putting It All Together Slides borrowed from Aradhna Tripati 1 6/3/13 Ocean Circulation • Upper Ocean is wind-driven and well mixed • Surface Currents deflected towards the poles by land. • Coriolis force deflects currents away from the wind, forming mid-ocean gyres • Circulation moves heat poleward • River influx is to surface ocean • Atmospheric equilibrium is with surface ocean • Primary productivity is in the surface ocean Surface Currents 2 6/3/13 Deep Ocean Circulation • Deep and Surface Oceans separated by density gradient caused by differences in Temperature and Salinity • This drives thermohaline deep circulation: * Ice forms in the N. Atlantic and Southern Ocean, leaving behind cold, saline water which sinks * Oldest water is in N. Pacific * Distribution of dissolved gases and nutrients: N, P, CO2 Seawater Composition • Salinity is defined as grams of salt/kg seawater, or parts per thousand: %o • Major ions are in approximately constant concentrations everywhere in the oceans • Salts enter in river water, and are removed by porewater burial, sea spray and evaporites (Na, Cl). • Calcium and Sulfate are removed in biogenic sediments • Magnesium is consumed in hydrothermal vents, in ionic exchange for Ca in rock. • Potassium adsorbs in clays. 3 6/3/13 Major Ions in Seawater The Two-Box Model of the Ocean Precipitation Evaporation River Flow Upwelling Downwelling Particle Flux Sedimentation 4 6/3/13 Residence time vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Primary Production
    Learning Ocean Science through Ocean Exploration Section 6 Ocean Primary Production Photosynthesis very ecosystem requires an input of energy. The Esource varies with the system. In the majority of ocean ecosystems the source of energy is sunlight that drives photosynthesis done by micro- (phytoplankton) or macro- (seaweeds) algae, green plants, or photosynthetic blue-green or purple bacteria. These organisms produce ecosystem food that supports the food chain, hence they are referred to as primary producers. The balanced equation for photosynthesis that is correct, but seldom used, is 6CO2 + 12H2O = C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2. Water appears on both sides of the equation because the water molecule is split, and new water molecules are made in the process. When the correct equation for photosynthe- sis is used, it is easier to see the similarities with chemo- synthesis in which water is also a product. Systems Lacking There are some ecosystems that depend on primary Primary Producers production from other ecosystems. Many streams have few primary producers and are dependent on the leaves from surrounding forests as a source of food that supports the stream food chain. Snow fields in the high mountains and sand dunes in the desert depend on food blown in from areas that support primary production. The oceans below the photic zone are a vast space, largely dependent on food from photosynthetic primary producers living in the sunlit waters above. Food sinks to the bottom in the form of dead organisms and bacteria. It is as small as marine snow—tiny clumps of bacteria and decomposing microalgae—and as large as an occasional bonanza—a dead whale.
    [Show full text]
  • Eukaryotic Microbes, Principally Fungi and Labyrinthulomycetes, Dominate Biomass on Bathypelagic Marine Snow
    The ISME Journal (2017) 11, 362–373 © 2017 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/17 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Eukaryotic microbes, principally fungi and labyrinthulomycetes, dominate biomass on bathypelagic marine snow Alexander B Bochdansky1, Melissa A Clouse1 and Gerhard J Herndl2 1Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA and 2Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Division of Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria In the bathypelagic realm of the ocean, the role of marine snow as a carbon and energy source for the deep-sea biota and as a potential hotspot of microbial diversity and activity has not received adequate attention. Here, we collected bathypelagic marine snow by gentle gravity filtration of sea water onto 30 μm filters from ~ 1000 to 3900 m to investigate the relative distribution of eukaryotic microbes. Compared with sediment traps that select for fast-sinking particles, this method collects particles unbiased by settling velocity. While prokaryotes numerically exceeded eukaryotes on marine snow, eukaryotic microbes belonging to two very distant branches of the eukaryote tree, the fungi and the labyrinthulomycetes, dominated overall biomass. Being tolerant to cold temperature and high hydrostatic pressure, these saprotrophic organisms have the potential to significantly contribute to the degradation of organic matter in the deep sea. Our results demonstrate that the community composition on bathypelagic marine snow differs greatly from that in the ambient water leading to wide ecological niche separation between the two environments. The ISME Journal (2017) 11, 362–373; doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.113; published online 20 September 2016 Introduction or dense phytodetritus, but a large amount of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP, Alldredge Deep-sea life is greatly dependent on the particulate et al., 1993), which led us to conclude that they organic matter (POM) flux from the euphotic layer.
    [Show full text]
  • And Bathypelagic Fish Interactions with Seamounts and Mid-Ocean Ridges
    Meso- and bathypelagic fish interactions with seamounts and mid-ocean ridges Tracey T. Sutton1, Filipe M. Porteiro2, John K. Horne3 and Cairistiona I. H. Anderson3 1 Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 US Hwy. 1 N, Fort Pierce FL, 34946, USA (Current address: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, P.O.Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062-1346) 2 DOP, University of the Azores, Horta, Faial, the Azores 3 School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle WA, 98195, USA Contact e-mail (Sutton): [email protected]"[email protected] Tracey T. Sutton T. Tracey Abstract The World Ocean's midwaters contain the vast majority of Earth's vertebrates in the form of meso- and bathypelagic ('deep-pelagic,' in the combined sense) fishes. Understanding the ecology and variability of deep-pelagic ecosystems has increased substantially in the past few decades due to advances in sampling/observation technology. Researchers have discovered that the deep sea hosts a complex assemblage of organisms adapted to a “harsh” environment by terrestrial standards (i.e., dark, cold, high pressure). We have learned that despite the lack of physical barriers, the deep-sea realm is not a homogeneous ecosystem, but is spatially and temporally variable on multiple scales. While there is a well-documented reduction of biomass as a function of depth (and thus distance from the sun, ergo primary production) in the open ocean, recent surveys have shown that pelagic fish abundance and biomass can 'peak' deep in the water column in association with abrupt topographic features such as seamounts and mid-ocean ridges. We review the current knowledge on deep-pelagic fish interactions with these features, as well as effects of these interactions on ecosystem functioning.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Snow Tracking Stereo Imaging System Junsu Jang
    Marine Snow Tracking Stereo Imaging System by Junsu Jang B.Sc., Carnegie Mellon University (2018) Submitted to the Program in Media Arts and Sciences, School of Architecture and Planning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Media Arts and Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology September 2020 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2020. All rights reserved. Author.............................................................. Program in Media Arts and Sciences August 17th, 2020 Certified by. Joseph A. Paradiso Professor of Media Arts and Sciences Accepted by . Tod Machover Academic Head, Program in Media Arts and Sciences Marine Snow Tracking Stereo Imaging System by Junsu Jang Submitted to the Program in Media Arts and Sciences, School of Architecture and Planning on August 17th, 2020, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Media Arts and Sciences Abstract The transport of particles of organic carbon from the ocean’s surface to its bottom plays a key role in the global carbon cycle and carbon sequestration. Quantifying the rate of this Biological Carbon Pump – the size and velocity distribution of falling particles below the mixing layer, for example – is thus of considerable importance. The complexity of this Pump, however, together with systematic biases in available measurement methodologies and vast spatial and temporal undersampling, makes this quantification difficult. In this thesis I set out to design and build a low-cost underwater stereo-imaging system to remotely measure the flux of sinking particles in the mid-ocean. By record- ing time-lapsed images of marine snow falling through the imaging volume over day- to-week timescales, we can estimate both the particle size distributions and, via 3D particle tracking velocimetry, their velocity distributions too.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Snow, Zooplankton and Thin Layers: Indications of a Trophic Link from Small-Scale Sampling with the Video Plankton Recorder
    Vol. 468: 57–69, 2012 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published November 14 doi: 10.3354/meps09984 Mar Ecol Prog Ser OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Marine snow, zooplankton and thin layers: indications of a trophic link from small-scale sampling with the Video Plankton Recorder Klas O. Möller1,*, Michael St. John2,1, Axel Temming1, Jens Floeter1, Anne F. Sell3, Jens-Peter Herrmann1, Christian Möllmann1 1Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), KlimaCampus, University of Hamburg, Grosse Elbstrasse 133, 22767 Hamburg, Germany 2National Institute of Aquatic Resources at the Technical University of Denmark, Charlottenlund Castle, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark 3Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Institute of Sea Fisheries, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany ABSTRACT: Marine aggregates of biogenic origin, known as marine snow, are considered to play a major role in the ocean’s particle flux and may represent a concentrated food source for zoo- plankton. However, observing the marine snow−zooplankton interaction in the field is difficult since conventional net sampling does not collect marine snow quantitatively and cannot resolve so-called thin layers in which this interaction occurs. Hence, field evidence for the importance of the marine snow−zooplankton link is scarce. Here we employed a Video Plankton Recorder (VPR) to quantify small-scale (metres) vertical distribution patterns of fragile marine snow aggregates and zooplankton in the Baltic Sea during late spring 2002. By using this non-invasive optical sam- pling technique we recorded a peak in copepod abundance (ca. 18 ind. l−1) associated with a pro- nounced thin layer (50 to 55 m) of marine snow (maximum abundance of 28 particles l−1), a feature rarely resolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Zooplankton Fecal Pellets, Marine Snow and Sinking Phytoplankton Blooms
    AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Vol. 27: 57–102, 2002 Published February 18 Aquat Microb Ecol REVIEW Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow and sinking phytoplankton blooms Jefferson T. Turner* School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 706 South Rodney French Boulevard, New Bedford, Massachusetts 02744-1221, USA ABSTRACT: Zooplankton fecal pellets have long been thought to be a dominant component of the sedimentary flux in marine and freshwater ecosystems, but that view is changing. The last 2 decades have seen publication of >500 studies using sediment traps, which reveal that zooplankton fecal pellets often constitute only a minor or variable proportion of the sedimentary flux. Substantial pro- portions of this flux are from organic aggregates (‘marine snow’) of various origins, including phyto- plankton blooms, which sediment directly to the benthos. It now appears that mainly large fecal pel- lets of macrozooplankton and fish are involved in the sedimentary flux. Smaller fecal pellets of microzooplankton and small mesozooplankton are mostly recycled or repackaged in the water column by microbial decomposition and coprophagy, contributing more to processes in the water column than flux to the benthos. The relative contributions of fecal pellets, marine snow and sinking phytoplankton to the vertical flux and recycling of materials in the water column are highly variable, dependent upon multiple interacting factors. These include variations in productivity, biomass, size spectra and composition of communities
    [Show full text]
  • Deep-Sea Research II 129 (2016) 4–19
    Deep-Sea Research II 129 (2016) 4–19 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research II journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsr2 The Gulf of Mexico ecosystem, six years after the Macondo oil well blowout Samantha B. Joye a,n, Annalisa Bracco b, Tamay M. Özgökmen c, Jeffrey P. Chanton d, Martin Grosell c, Ian R. MacDonald d, Erik E. Cordes e, Joseph P. Montoya f, Uta Passow g a Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3636, USA b School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA c Rosensteil School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA d Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA e Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA f College of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA g Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA article info abstract Article history: The Gulf of Mexico ecosystem is a hotspot for biological diversity and supports a number of industries, Received 27 April 2016 from tourism to fishery production to oil and gas exploration, that serve as the economic backbone of Accepted 28 April 2016 Gulf coast states. The Gulf is a natural hydrocarbon basin, rich with stores of oil and gas that lie in Available online 12 May 2016 reservoirs deep beneath the seafloor. The natural seepage of hydrocarbons across the Gulf system is extensive and, thus, the system's biological components experience ephemeral, if not, frequent, hydro- carbon exposure.
    [Show full text]
  • Davidson Seamount Management Zone
    Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary Davidson Seamount Management Zone Management Plan Living Document June 2013 version 6.0 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 1 GOAL ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF SEAMOUNTS AND THE DAVIDSON SEAMOUNT MANAGEMENT ZONE ...................................... 1 NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DAVIDSON SEAMOUNT ................................................................................................. 3 POTENTIAL THREATS TO THE DAVIDSON SEAMOUNT ................................................................................................ 4 EXPANSION OF THE MBNMS TO INCLUDE DAVIDSON SEAMOUNT MANAGEMENT ZONE ......................................... 5 ACTION PLAN STATUS – STRATEGIES, ACTIVITIES, AND PARTNERS ................................................... 6 STRATEGY DS-1: CONDUCT SITE CHARACTERIZATION ............................................................................................. 6 STRATEGY DS-2: CONDUCT ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES INVESTIGATIONS ................................................................... 9 STRATEGY DS-3: DEVELOP
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrient Cycles in Marine Ecosystems
    Nutrient Cycles in Marine Ecosystems Chapter 4 Nitrogen, Carbon, Magnesium, Calcium, Phophorous Chapter 4 vocabulary 1. Nutrient 6. Assimilation 11.Leaching 2. Decomposer 7. Residence time 12.Marine snow 3. Reservoir 8. Sink 13.Dissociation 4. Run-off 9. Source 14.Diazotroph 5. Upwelling 10.Infiltration 15.Saprophytic Cycling of elements in the ecosystem Nutrient cycles move nutrients that are essential for life through the food chain through feeding. Nutrients: a chemical that provides what is needed for organisms to live and grow. When organisms die, decomposers break down the organic tissue and return it to inorganic forms. (inorganic forms could remain in ecosystem for millions of years before being synthesized into organic forms) Decomposer: bacteria and fungi that break down dead organic matter and release the nutrients back into the environment. The ocean is a reservoir for elements….. Reservoir: part of the abiotic phase of the nutrient cycle where nutrients can remain for long periods of time. Producers and microorganisms are able to fix inorganic molecules to organic substances. In this way… the abiotic part of the cycle can be moved into the biotic. (Fecal matter/dead organisms) Some are added to coral reefs and/or removed from the ocean altogether from harvesting. Molecules are added in through run-off and upwelling. Run-off: the flow of water from land caused by precipitation Upwelling: the movement of cold, nutrient rich water from deep in the ocean to the surface CONSUMERS BIOTIC PHASE PRIMARY DECOMPOSERS PRODUCERS ABIOTIC PHASE Nutrients found as inorganic ions and compounds in the atmosphere, dissolved in water, forming rocks and sediments Nutrient cycles Nutrients move from from the abiotic to the biotic when nutrients are absorbed and assimilated by producers Assimilation: the conversion of a nutrient into a usable form that can be incorporated into the tissues of an organism.
    [Show full text]