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Lepidocaryum Tenue, Socratea Exorrhiza E Iriartea Deltoidea): Alternativas Para Su Manejo Sostenible En La Amazonia Colombiana

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Lepidocaryum Tenue, Socratea Exorrhiza E Iriartea Deltoidea): Alternativas Para Su Manejo Sostenible En La Amazonia Colombiana Dinámica poblacional de tres palmas utilizadas en construcción (Lepidocaryum tenue, Socratea exorrhiza e Iriartea deltoidea): alternativas para su manejo sostenible en la Amazonia colombiana Jaime Alberto Navarro López Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Área Curricular de Biología Bogotá, Colombia 2015 II Dinámica poblacional Lepidocaryum, Socratea e Iriartea Dinámica poblacional de tres palmas utilizadas en construcción (Lepidocaryum tenue, Socratea exorrhiza e Iriartea deltoidea): alternativas para su manejo sostenible en la Amazonia colombiana Jaime Alberto Navarro López Tesis de investigación presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Doctor en Ciencias-Biología Directora: Gloria Galeano, Ph.D Asesor: Rodrigo Bernal, Ph. D. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Grupo de Investigación en Palmas Silvestres Neotropicales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Área Curricular de Biología Bogotá, Colombia 2015 A mi mamá y mis maravillososhijos: Gabriel y Mariana A Liliana por su gran apoyo A mi padre, quien inconscientemente me inculcó el amor por las plantas Resumen y Abstract VII Agradecimientos Agradezco principalmente a Liliana y mis hijos Gabriel y Mariana, por su comprensión y paciencia durante todo este tiempo en el que no pude compartir con ellos el tiempo suficiente. Quiero agradecer especialmente a mi directora Gloria Galeano por su confianza y apoyo, a Rodrigo Bernal, por su soporte académico durante el desarrollo de la investigación, a Carlos Martorell por su ayuda incondicional durante el análisis de los datos. A Yisela por su constante ayuda en todos los trámites ante la Universidad. A mis compañeros María José, Martha Vallejo, Néstor García y especialmente a Caro por su amistad y apoyo, a la Corporación para el Desarrollo Sostenible del Sur de la Amazonia y a María Cristina Peñuela por facilitar el trabajo en las parcelas permanentes del CEA, también a María Cristina Peñuela por facilitar el trabajo en las parcelas permanentes de El Zafire, a Ángel Miguel, Ever Kuiru, Gladys Yucuna, Juan Carlos Andoke y Chuti por su valiosa asistencia de campo en Leticia; a Edil Guamanga, Manuel Mueses, Marleni Chindoy, Ricardo Agreda y Ricardo Cerón por su apoyo en campo. A Arturo Hermosa, Dagoberto Salcedo, Efigenia Yoje, Felipe Arteaga, Jorge Mora, Julio Yela, Nhora Solarte, Víctor Manuel Álvarez y Wilfredo Cruz, por su ayuda en la zona y por brindar información acerca de la cadena productiva de la chonta en Mocoa, También quiero agradecer a las instituciones que me apoyaron financieramente: Dirección de Investigaciones Sede Bogotá -DIB- de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Proyecto No. 14366), Unión Europea-Proyecto Palm Harvest Impacts in Tropical Forests-PALMS (FP7-ENB-2007-1; convenio de la Comisión Europea No. 212631) y programa Generación del Bicentenario de Formación Doctoral "Francisco José de Caldas" de Colciencias. VIII Dinámica poblacional Lepidocaryum, Socratea e Iriartea Resumen Las palmas Iriartea deltoidea (barrigona o bombona), Socratea exhorriza (zancona o rayadora) y Lepidocaryum tenue (caraná o puy) son empleadas intensivamente en construcción en la Amazonia Colombiana. Iriartea deltoidea y Socratea exhorriza se usan por sus tallos, en estructuras de casas, pisos o artesanías, mientras Lepidocaryum tenue se usa por sus hojas para techar. Iriartea presenta un importante mercado en la ciudad de Mocoa, desde donde se despacha material en bruto o manufacturado a otras partes del país e incluso al exterior. Por su parte, Socratea y Lepidocaryum se comercializan juntas para los techos de caraná, el principal techo tradicional de gran parte de la Amazonia colombiana; a pesar de la amplitud de su uso, el comercio de estas dos especies es exclusivamente local, aunque en poblaciones grandes, como la ciudad de Leticia, se ha incrementado su demanda debido al auge de la actividad turística. La actividad extractiva de las tres especies se puede ver amenazada por la destrucción de los bosques en el caso de Iriartea o por malas prácticas y sobre explotación en el caso de Lepidocaryum y Socratea. Con el fin de determinar la sostenibilidad ecológica de la cosecha de las tres palmas se llevaron a cabo estudios demográficos entre 2007 – 2011 para Lepidocaryum y entre 2009 – 2012 para Iriartea y Socratea. Con los datos recolectados se emplearon modelos integrales de proyección con iteraciones estocásticas y factores densodependientes para Iriartea y Socratea, y modelos matriciales con iteraciones estocásticas para Lepidocaryum. Con los modelos se determinaron cuáles fueron las tasas vitales y los tamaños que más incidieron en el crecimiento de la población. Además, se realizaron proyecciones donde se simuló la extracción de tallos para Iriartea y Socratea o se modificaron las tasas vitales más importantes en el caso de Lepidocaryum. Por otro lado, se realizaron encuestas entre los artesanos y comercializadores de los productos de las tres palmas para documentar el Contenido IX comercio y manejo de las tres especies con el fin de conocer las debilidades de la cadena de valor y proponer alternativas de manejo adecuadas. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la cosecha de Iriartea fue sostenible bajo las condiciones naturales observadas (sin modificar las tasas vitales); sin embargo, es necesario que se mantenga el bosque para que la regeneración sea efectiva, y las intensidades de cosecha no deben superar el 50 % de los individuos mayores o iguales a 20 m de alto, con turnos de cosecha cada 10 años. En el caso de Socratea las simulaciones de cosecha mostraron que cualquier extracción sobre las poblaciones observadas llevaría a la desaparición de la especie, debido a que los tamaños cosechables (≥ 15 m) son los que determinan el crecimiento poblacional; como alternativa para este inconveniente se recomienda realizar siembras o enriquecimientos del bosque con individuos juveniles, lo cual garantizaría el crecimiento de las poblaciones. Respecto a Lepidocaryum, se encontró que los tamaños determinantes del crecimiento fueron los juveniles, por lo que la cosecha se debería enfocar sobre los individuos adultos y se debería eliminar por completo la práctica de cortar todas las hojas o los tallos. En cualquier caso, siempre se deben dejar por lo menos tres hojas (sin incluir la hoja bandera) en la corona. La actividad extractiva de las tres especies puede ser sostenible si se cumplen las recomendaciones de manejo propuestas aquí. Este trabajo muestra la importancia de modelar la dinámica poblacional por más de un año, debido a que la variación ambiental puede tener efectos importantes sobre el crecimiento poblacional. Pero por otro lado, también es importante tener en cuenta factores densodependientes, cuando se sabe que pueden incidir en la regulación de las poblaciones. La inclusión de estas variables permite tener un panorama más realista del comportamiento de las poblaciones cosechadas que al mismo tiempo son afectadas por factores ambientales y poblacionales. Palabras clave: densodependencia, estocasticidad, productos forestales no maderables, silvicultura, sostenibilidad. X Dinámica poblacional Lepidocaryum, Socratea e Iriartea Population dynamic of three palms used for building (Lepidocaryum tenue, Socratea exorrhiza and Iriartea deltoidea): Alternatives to their sustainable management in Colombian Amazon Abstract The palms Iriartea deltoidea (barrigona or bombona), Socratea exhorriza (zancona or rayadora) and Lepidocaryum tenue (caraná or puy) are intensively used for building in the Colombian Amazon. The stems of Iriartea deltoidea and Socratea exhorriza are used in house structures, floors and handicrafts, while leaves of Lepidocaryun tenue are used for roofing. Iriartea has an important market in Mocoa city, from where raw material is traded. On the other hand, Socratea and Lepidocaryum are traded together in the caraná roofs, the most important and traditional roof in most of Colombian Amazon; despite its wide use, the trade of this species is exclusively local, although in Leticia the trade of roofs tends to increase due the rise of tourism. The extractive activity of three species could be jeopardize by deforestation (for Iriartea) or by overexploitation (for Lepidocaryum and Socratea). In order to determine the ecological sustainability of the harvest of the three palms, demographic studies were conducted between 2007 - 2011 for Lepidocaryum and between 2009 – 2012 for Iriartea and Socratea. The data collected was used to construct Integral Projection Models (IPM) with stochastic iterations and density-dependence factors (for Iriartea y Socratea), and matrix models with stochastic iterations (for Lepidocaryum). The models were used to establish the most important vital rates and sizes that affect the population growth rate. In addition, simulations of stems crop (Iriartea and Socratea) and simulations where vital rates was changed (Lepidocaryum) are made. Furthermore, in order to know the trade, management and value chain of the three Contenido XI species, surveys among craftsmen and marketers were made, this to propose alternative management options. The outcomes showed that the harvest of stems of Iriartea was sustainable under natural conditions (without changing vital rates); however, the presence of forest is necessary to natural regeneration survival, and harvest intensities must not exceed 50% of individuals greater than or equal to 20 m high, with turn harvest every 10 years. For Socratea the harvest simulations showed that any extraction on observed populations
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