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Iraq: Opposition to the Government in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI)
Country Policy and Information Note Iraq: Opposition to the government in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) Version 2.0 June 2021 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the Introduction section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis and assessment of COI and other evidence; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Assessment This section analyses the evidence relevant to this note – i.e. the COI section; refugee/human rights laws and policies; and applicable caselaw – by describing this and its inter-relationships, and provides an assessment of, in general, whether one or more of the following applies: • A person is reasonably likely to face a real risk of persecution or serious harm • The general humanitarian situation is so severe as to breach Article 15(b) of European Council Directive 2004/83/EC (the Qualification Directive) / Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights as transposed in paragraph 339C and 339CA(iii) of the Immigration Rules • The security situation presents a real risk to a civilian’s life or person such that it would breach Article 15(c) of the Qualification Directive as transposed in paragraph 339C and 339CA(iv) of the Immigration Rules • A person is able to obtain protection from the state (or quasi state bodies) • A person is reasonably able to relocate within a country or territory • A claim is likely to justify granting asylum, humanitarian protection or other form of leave, and • If a claim is refused, it is likely or unlikely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. -
Kuzey Suriye'deki Türkmen Yerleşimlerinin Çağdaş
AŞT I AR IRM AS A Y LA N R Ü I D 2019 / K EYLÜL - EKİM T ABDULHALİK BAKIR - SÜLEYMAN PEKİN R D Ü CİLT: 123 SAYI: 242 A T KUZEY SURİYE’DEKİ TÜRKMEN YERLEŞİMLERİ SAYFA: 89-130 Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Eylül - Ekim 2019 TDA Cilt: 123 Sayı: 242 Sayfa: 89-130 Makale Türü: Araştırma Geliş Tarihi: 15.07.2019 Kabul Tarihi: 16.09.2019 KUZEY SURİYE’DEKİ TÜRKMEN YERLEŞİMLERİNİN ÇAĞDAŞ TARİHİ VE STRATEJİK ALTYAPISI ÜZERİNE GENEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Prof. Dr. Abdulhalik BAKIR* - Süleyman PEKİN** Öz ‘Coğrafya kaderdir’ deniyor ve bu kader Ortadoğu’da sınırlarla birlikte sık sık değişiyor. 2011 yılından buna dahil olan Suriye’nin özellikle Kuzey kıs- mındaki dil, mezhep ve etnik çeşitlilik Küresel ve Bölgesel Güçlerin rekabetine payanda olmuş durumda. Suriye Devleti’nin resmî idarî yapısındaki 14 vilaye- tin Kuzey Suriye’yi oluşturan 5’inde (Halep, Haseki, Rakka, İdlip ve Lazkiye) bu güçlerin ve buna bağlı olarak farklı grupların mücadeleleri sürmektedir. Bu gruplardan biri ve tarihî açıdan en köklü olanlardan Türkmenlerin bölge üze- rinde yaygın bir yerleşimi söz konusudur. Modern zaman olarak son yüzyıllık periyot içerisinde Millî Mücadele ve Manda, Bağımsızlık ve Baas (Esadlar), İç Savaş ve Tükmenler dönemleriyle Kuzey Suriye’deki Türkmen yerleşim yerlerinin çağdaş tarihini bu makalede ana hatlarıyla incelemeye çalıştık. Yine aynı şekilde Türkmen yerleşimlerinin stratejik alt yapısını da Nüfus ve Nüfuz Etkinlikleri ile Toplumsal Arkaplan çer- çevesinde ele alarak genel bir değerlendirmede bulunduk. Sonuç olarak hem Kuzey Suriye’nin hem de Türkmenlerin Türkiye için önemi artarak sürmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Türkmen, Kuzey Suriye, İç Savaş, Esad, Sınırlar, Kimlik, Federasyon. A General Evaluation On The Contemporary History And Strategic Infrastructure Of Turkmen Settlements In North Syria Abstract It is called ‘geography is destiny’ and this fate changes frequently with the borders in the Middle East. -
17 M a Y S Y R I A
A B O U T I N T E G R I T Y U K Integrity UK is an organisation committed to preventing extremism through innovative approaches to promoting integration, cohesion and social reconciliation within the MENA region and the UK. W E E K L Y D I G E S T 11 M A Y – 17 M A Y S Y R I A Politics Growing Concerns Over SAA Offensive on Greater Idlib International responses to the Syrian Arab Army's (SAA) offensive in northern Hama are growing louder amidst sustained fighting in the region over the weekend. On Friday evening (10th May), 11 members of the United Nations Security Council including the United Kingdom, the United States, France and Belgium issued a statement expressing concern about the “potential humanitarian catastrophe” and called on the de-escalation agreement between Russia, Turkey and Iran to be observed. China and Russia opposed the statement, meaning that the UNSC statement was not officially ratified. On Wednesday evening (15th May), Belgium, Germany and Kuwait called for a new session of the United Nations Security Council to be held to discuss the developments in Idlib. The meeting is expected to be a follow-up to the earlier UNSC meeting and will discuss the possibility of the offensive in northern Hama turning into a full offensive across the whole of Greater Idlib. Turkey and Russia Discuss Ongoing Idlib Issues Meanwhile, Russia and Turkey increased their diplomatic efforts in a bid to reduce the fallout from the clashes in Idlib. On Monday evening (13th May), Turkish President, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, spoke over the phone with his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin. -
Algemeen Ambtsbericht Irak Januari 2004
Algemeen ambtsbericht Irak Januari 2004 Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken Directie Personenverkeer, Migratie en Vreemdelingenzaken Afdeling Asiel- en Migratiezaken 5 januari 2004 1 Inleiding 4 2 Landeninformatie 5 2.1 Basisgegevens 5 2.1.1 Land en volk 5 2.1.2 Geschiedenis 6 2.1.3 Staatsinrichting 6 2.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen 12 2.3 Veiligheidssituatie 16 2.4 Sociaal-economische situatie 30 3 Mensenrechten 33 3.1 Juridische context 33 3.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen 33 3.1.2 Nationale wetgeving 33 3.2 Toezicht 36 3.3 Naleving en schendingen 38 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting 38 3.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering 40 3.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst en overtuiging 43 3.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid 50 3.3.5 Rechtsgang 57 3.3.6 Arrestaties en detenties 59 3.3.7 Mishandeling en foltering 61 3.3.8 Verdwijningen 61 3.3.9 Doodstraf 61 3.4 Positie van specifieke groepen 62 3.4.1 Koerden 62 3.4.2 Fayli-Koerden en Irakezen van Iraanse afkomst 64 3.4.3 Moeras-Arabieren 64 3.4.4 Turkmenen 64 3.4.5 Dienstplichtigen / militairen 65 3.4.6 Vrouwen 66 3.4.7 Baathpartij 67 4Migratie 70 4.1 Migratiestromen en –motieven 70 4.2 Opvang van binnenlands ontheemden 73 4.3 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties 73 4.4 Beleid andere Europese landen 74 5 Samenvatting 77 Algemeen ambtsbericht Irak 5 januari 2004 Bijlage 1. Samenstelling IGC 79 Bijlage 2. Samenstelling kabinet 80 Bijlage 3. Politieke partijen 81 Bijlage 4. Landkaart 85 Bijlage 5. -
Kurdish Islamists in Iraq 5
5 Kurdish Islamists in Iraq from the MuslimBrotherhood to the So-Called Islamic State: Shaban 1436 June 2015 Continuity or Departure? Mohammed Shareef Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter Kurdish Islamists in Iraq from the Muslim Brotherhood to the So-Called Islamic State: Continuity or Departure? Mohammed Shareef Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter العدد - )اﻷول( 4 No. 5 June 2015 © King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies, 2015 King Fahd National Library Catalging-In-Publication Data King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies Dirasat: Kurdish Islamists in Iraq from the Muslim Brotherhood to the So-Called Islamic State: Continuity or Departure? / King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies - Riyadh, 2015 p 44; 16.5x23cm (Dirasat; 5) ISBN: 978-603-8032-65-7 1- Kurds - Iraq - Politics and government - History I- Title 956 dc 1436/6051 L.D. no. 1436/7051 ISBN: 978-603-8032-65-7 Designer: Azhari Elneiri Disclaimer: This paper and its contents reflect the author’s analyses and opinions. Views and opinions contained herein are the author’s and should not be attributed to any officials affiliated with the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies or any Saudi Arabian national. The author is solely responsible for any errors that remain in the document. Table of Contents Abstract 5 Introduction 7 Kurdish Islamist Parties and the So-Called Islamic State 10 The Muslim Brotherhood and the Beginnings of Islamism in Kurdistan 13 The Emergence of Indigenous Kurdish Islamist Groups 19 The Islamic Movement of Kurdistan and Ansar al-Islam after 1991 27 Kurds in the So-Called Islamic State 35 Bibliography 39 Author Biography 40 3 4 No. -
Games Without Frontiers: Renegotiating the Boundaries of Power in Iraqi Kurdistan
GAMES WITHOUT FRONTIERS: RENEGOTIATING THE BOUNDARIES OF POWER IN IRAQI KURDISTAN THE MIDDLE EAST INSTITUTE MIKE FLEET AND MEGAN CONNELLY JUNE 2021 WWW.MEI.EDU Photo above: Kurdistan parliament speaker Rewaz Faiq (top C), leads a parliament session in Erbil, the capital of Iraq’s northern autonomous Kurdish region, on May 25, 2021. Photo by SAFIN HAMED/AFP via Getty Images. Introduction Over the past year, intensifying political and economic conflicts between the Kurdistan Region’s two hegemonic parties, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of The parties’ efforts Kurdistan (PUK), have challenged the legal and institutional order to renegotiate their in which the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) operates. While financial entitlements power has always been concentrated in an exclusive coalition of and the scope of their partisan elites, the KDP and PUK had each tacitly acknowledged administrative control the other’s de facto autonomy over the territories they governed have so far produced independently from the civil war of the 1990s until the reunification no consensus. of the KRG. But a new generation of leadership within the parties, a fraught relationship with the federal government, and a prolonged economic crisis exacerbated by collapsing oil prices and the global pandemic have strained the KDP-PUK relationship to its breaking point. While the KDP has claimed a majoritarian mandate to govern on a reform platform that eliminates consociational entitlements, the PUK has issued an ultimatum: respect local autonomy and 2 A new generation of leadership, a fraught relationship with [Baghdad], and a prolonged economic crisis exacerbated by collapsing oil prices and the global pandemic have strained the KDP-PUK relationship to its breaking point.” restore an equitable division of power within the KRG or it will in consumer demand during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, withdraw from the governing coalition. -
The Weekly Report for the First Week of July from Kurdistan Region of Iraq
The weekly report for the first week of July from Kurdistan Region of Iraq Political Kurdistan Parliament Speaker: we will solve our problems by democratic means KNNC TV (1st of July, 2015) Erbil: The speaker of Kurdistan parliament, Yusuf Mohamed said that the region is currently undergoing a sensitive stage, especially because of the issue of Kurdistan presidency, stressing that the parliament is seeking to resolve the political problems through democratic means. Yousif stated that during a meeting with Camilo Vekara, the Italian consul. It is further to mentioned that all the political parties in Kurdistan region are now in intensive talks to find out a solution for the Kurdistan presidency. Kurdistan PM says what happened in parliament was a violation of the principle of political consensus Krg.org (1st of July, 2015) Erbil: Regarding the Kurdistan Parliament’s meeting which held on 23 of June 2015 to discuss amendments of the Law of Kurdistan region presidency, Kurdistan PM Barzani said that this move created unease situation among the people in the region and it was a violation of the principle of consensus, while the session of parliament was held without consulting other parties and not taking into account the current difficulties which Kurdistan region is facing. However, he added, exerting efforts to reach a common understanding among the leaders of political parties continues. He said, meanwhile, the Kurdistan Parliament move should not reflect in the government work, which as a broad-base government has been conducting its affairs in harmony and unity of ranks. Sudan’s Consul General begins mission in Kurdistan DFR.GOV.KRD (1st of July, 2015) Erbil: Sudan’s Ambassador to Iraq Mr. -
Islamists of Kurdistan: Contradictions Between Identity and Freedom by Khaled Sulaiman
MENU Policy Analysis / Fikra Forum Islamists of Kurdistan: Contradictions Between Identity and Freedom by Khaled Sulaiman Dec 8, 2016 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Khaled Sulaiman Khaled Sulaiman is a writer and journalist based in Canada and originally from Kurdistan, Iraq. Brief Analysis Kurdish Islamist factions may be able to participate more fully in political life, but they must first take a clear stance on religious and social freedoms. D ecember 8, 2016 During the last week of July, the top leaders from major Kurdish Islamist political parties, including the Kurdistan Islamic Union (KIU), the Kurdistan Islamic Group (KIG), and the Kurdistan Islamic Movement (KIM), convened at the house of Salaheddine Bahaaeddin -- the secretary-general of the KIU -- in Sulaymaniyah. The meeting sought to establish the right conditions to create a shared Islamic front between the three parties, which together have 17 of 111 seats in the Kurdistan parliament. These steps toward rapprochement among Kurdish Islamists came at a time when the geography of Islamist movements started undergoing fundamental changes not only in Kurdistan but in the entire Islamic world. This reorganization has been particularly pronounced by the failure of the moderate Islamist model offered by the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and Tunisia. Meanwhile, the Turkish Islamist model has turned semi-totalitarian and the Syrian variant has devolved into a political and humanitarian disaster. Because the alliance between the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and the Movement for Change transformed into a political agreement, and the strategic pact between the PUK and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) has virtually fallen apart, new political alignments are forming locally. -
Kurds Prize ‘Real Partnership’ in Iraq’S Next Gov’T, Masoud Barzani Tells US Envoy
INSTITUT KURD E DE PARIS Information and liaison bulletin N° 401 AUGUST 2018 The publication of this Bulletin enjoys a subsidy from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Ministry of Culture This bulletin is issued in French and English Price per issue : France: 6 € — Abroad : 7,5 € Annual subscribtion (12 issues) France : 60 € — Elsewhere : 75 € Monthly review Directeur de la publication : Mohamad HASSAN Misen en page et maquette : Ṣerefettin ISBN 0761 1285 INSTITUT KURDE, 106, rue La Fayette - 75010 PARIS Tel. : 01-48 24 64 64 - Fax : 01-48 24 64 66 www.fikp.org E-mail: bulletin@fikp.org Information and liaison bulletin Kurdish Institute of Paris Bulletin N° 401 August 2018 • ROJAVA: NEW PROOFS OF TURKISH ABUSES AT AFRIN, ROJAVA-DAMASCUS DISCUSSIONS ARE CONTINUING • TURKEY: ERDOGAN’S POLICY INCREASES STILL FURTHER THE COUNTRY’S ISOLATION • IRAQ: CONFIRMATION OF THE ELECTION RESULTS; POST-ELECTION BARGAINING STILL CONTINUING — AS IS ARABISATION… • IRAN: MILITARY TENSIONS AND UNCEASING REPRESSION IN KURDISTAN • SCIENCE AND CULTURE: A KURDISH REFUGEE FROM IRAN RECEIVES THE HIGHEST DISTINC - TION IN MATHEMATICS ROJAVA: NEW PROOFS OF TURKISH ABUSES AT AFRIN, ROJAVA-DAMASCUS DISCUSSIONS ARE CONTINUING While the Turkish ing Turkey in a report, issued on distinct enquiry of its own, the troops and their Syrian 2nd August, denouncing the intol - Syrian Centre for Human Rights auxiliaries still occupy erable situation created by the (SCHR) report about 1,000 people W the Afrin region and occupation forces for the inhabi - arrested by various groups of several international tants of Afrin. The latter “suffer rebels since the invasion. Basing agencies and organisations contin - many repeated attacks on their themselves on dozens of witnesses ue to denounce the violations of Human Rights committed by the 2 reports draw a picture of a Human Rights that the occupiers Syrian groups armed and situation of anarchy and impunity. -
Amir Reaffirms Qatar's Stance on Gulf Crisis
BUSINESS | 03 SPORT | 07 Pakistan keen to Curry, source more LNG Thompson help from Qatar: Warriors beat Asad Umar Kings Sunday 16 December 2018 | 9 Rabia II 1440 www.thepeninsula.qa Volume 23 | Number 7742 | 2 Riyals Amir patronises Lusail Stadium design unveiling ceremony Amir H H Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani giving the inaugural speech at the 18th Doha Forum yesterday. Amir reaffirms Qatar’s stance on Gulf crisis Amir H H Amir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani; H H Sheikh Jassim bin Hamad Al Thani, the Personal Representative of H H the Amir; The crises of our region will not aggravate and and other dignitaries during the unveiling of the design for Lusail Stadium, yesterday. multiply, if the commitment to QNA & THE PENINSULA of Ecuador, Lenin Moreno also attended by the Prime Min- during the tournament, which international conventions, values of dialogue, coexistence, DOHA Garces; United Nations Sec- ister and Interior Minister H E will kick off on November 21, human rights and mutual respect, do not diminish. As well the retary-General, Antonio Sheikh Abdullah bin Nasser bin 2022 and be the first to take challenges of migration, asylum, poverty, development and Amir H H Sheikh Tamim bin Guterres; President of the Khalifa Al Thani and the Shura place in the Arab world. terrorism facing our world will not increase. #Doha Forum Hamad Al Thani yesterday United Nations General Council Speaker According to details released by patronised the ceremony of Assembly, Maria Fernanda H E Ahmed bin Abdullah bin the Supreme Committee for revealing the design for Lusail Espinosa, and Prime Minister of Zaid Al Mahmoud along with a Delivery and Legacy (SC), THE PENINSULA “Dialogue is what Stadium, the venue at which the the Federal Republic of Somalia, number of Their Excellences Min- renowned British firm Foster + DOHA bridges the gap opening and final matches of the Hassan Ali Khairi. -
Post-ISIS States by Dr
Background Report VII: September 5, 2017 - April 30, 2018 Post-ISIS States By Dr. Gina Lennox Kurdish Lobby Australia Email: [email protected] Website: www.kurdishlobbyaustralia.com ©2018 Kurdish Lobby Australia You are welcome to share this report but please do not make changes without permission from Kurdish Lobby Australia. 1 Table of Contents Table of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 3 Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 5 Why what is happening in the Middle East is relevant to Australia .......................... 9 What the Australian Government Can Do ........................................................................... 9 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 10 ISIS................................................................................................................................................... 10 Cost of War ................................................................................................................................... 11 Reconciliation and Reconstruction ..................................................................................... 14 -
Syria's War Within the War Expected to Continue Despite Downing Of
Issue 174, Year 4 September 23, 2018 UK £2 www.thearabweekly.com EU €2.50 Interview Saudi writer Tripoli Ahmed al-Duwaihi spinning on prospects out of control of modernity Page 22 Page 10 Syria’s war within the war expected to continue despite downing of Russian plane ► Israel says its F-16 fighter jets attacked a facility in northern Syria to prevent “systems to manufacture accurate and lethal weapons” from being “transferred on behalf of Iran to Hezbollah in Lebanon.” Thomas Seibert Russia said Syrian air-defence sys- tems shot the plane down shortly after Israeli jets hit the area and Istanbul accused Israel of creating the dan- gerous conditions by failing to srael could face some limits give sufficient notice. The Russian on its ability to strike Iranian Embassy in Tel Aviv spoke of “irre- targets in Syria following the sponsible and unfriendly actions” I downing of a Russian mili- by the Israeli Air Force. tary plane but is unlikely to suf- In 2015, the Kremlin put rela- fer a crippling setback for its war tions with Turkey into the deep within the war in the neighbour- freeze for a year after the Turkish ing country. Air Force shot down a Russian mil- To contain the political and mili- itary plane on the Syrian border. tary fallout from the September 17 Russia, however, shows no inten- incident over northern Syria, Isra- tion of doing the same with Israel el sent its air force chief, Amikam after the loss of the IL-20. Norkin, to Moscow. He briefed Israel says its F-16 fighter jets at- Russian officials on the initial Is- tacked a facility in northern Syria raeli investigation into the crash in to prevent “systems to manufac- which a Russian IL-20 surveillance ture accurate and lethal weapons” Clashes ahead.