Asian Perspectives and Evidence on Health Promotion and Education Takashi Muto Toshitaka Nakahara Eun Woo Nam Editors

Asian Perspectives and Evidence on Health Promotion and Education

Editors Takashi Muto, M.D., Ph.D. Eun Woo Nam, Ph.D., M.P.H. Professor Professor Department of Public Health Healthy City Research Center Dokkyo Medical University Institute of Health and Welfare School of Medicine Yonsei University 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi 234 Maeji-ri, Heungup-myun Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan Wounju-si, Gangwon-do 220-710 [email protected] Republic of Korea [email protected]

Toshitaka Nakahara, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H. Professor Department of Public Health and International Health Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501, Japan [email protected]

ISBN 978-4-431-53888-2 e-ISBN 978-4-431-53889-9 DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-53889-9 Springer Tokyo Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface

This is a collection of papers written by eminent participants at the First Asia- Pacific Conference on Health Promotion and Education with the main theme “Asia- Pacific Perspectives and Evidence on Health Promotion and Education: Sharing Experiences, Efforts, and Evidence,” held in July 2009 in Chiba, Japan. This conference was organized by the Northern Part of the Western Pacific Region of the International Union of Health Promotion and Education (NPWP/IUHPE) and the Japanese Society of Health Education and Promotion. Approximately 1 000 people, mostly from Asian countries, participated in this conference, and about 500 papers were presented. Globalization, industrialization, and information technology, which have contributed to improve our health, have also caused many health problems from mental health issues to lifestyle-related disease among both younger and older people. To cope with these health issues, health promotion and health education are desper- ately needed. To convince policy decision makers to invest in health promotion and health education programs, it is necessary to show evidence for the effectiveness of such programs. This is in line with Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM), and health promotion and health education professionals are expected to construct evidence- based health promotion and education programs and practice based on these programs. Such evidence has been accumulated in recent years, but most has come from the United States and European countries. There are marked differences between Western and Asian countries with regard to the social, economic, and cultural envi- ronment. If we want to improve the health status of our region, we must apply programs specifically for Asian people. Therefore, we must generate and accumu- late our own evidence based on Asian perspectives. This book includes five parts. Part I deals with Asian ideas and activities on health promotion and education. Nine unique ideas or activities that originated from and are practiced in Asian countries are presented in this part. Part II is about Asian perspectives on health promotion and education. In this part, nine chapters deal with concepts or ideas that originated in Western countries from the standpoint of Asian researchers and practitioners. Part III, IV and V are on Asian practices and evidence on health promotion and education in terms of, respec- tively, settings: community, workplace, school and hospital; lifestyles: diet, exercise,

v vi Preface smoking, drinking, and stress management; and diseases: hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. To the best of our knowledge, this book is the first comprehensive work to deal with activities in Asian countries regarding health promotion and education. We believe that, by reading this book, Western as well as Asian readers will be able to gain Asian perspectives and evidence regarding health promotion and education.

Takashi Muto Toshitaka Nakahara Eun Woo Nam Acknowledgements

At the Board of Trustees Meeting of the International Union for Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE), held in Vancouver in 2006 on the occasion of the 19th World Congress of IUHPE, it was decided that the First Asia-Pacific Conference on Health Promotion and Education (APHPE) should take place in 2009 in Japan. The idea of publishing this book after the first APHPE, by collecting papers written by eminent participants of the conference, was born there. So this book could not have been published if there had been no First APHPE. In this regard, I would like to thank all organizations and people who contributed to the success of the conference. This conference was sponsored by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan; the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan; the Japan Medical Association; the Japan Dental Association; the Japanese Nursing Association; the Japan Dietetic Association; the Japan Family Planning Association; the Japan Association for Development of Community Medicine; the Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association; the Nihon Wellness Foundation; Chiba Prefecture; Chiba City; the Asahi Shimbun; and Dokkyo Medical Association. Numerous academic and scientific societies and associations also supported the conference: the Japan Mibyo System Association; the Japan Society for Occupational Health; the Japan Society of Health Promotion; the Japanese Society for Dental Health; the Japanese Society for Occupational Mental Health; the Japanese Society of Nutrition and Food Science; the Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine; the Japanese Society of Public Health; the Japanese Society of Shokuiku; the Japan Association of Job Stress Research; the Japan Diabetes Association; the Japanese Association for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Disease Control; the Japanese Association of School Health; the Japanese Society for Hygiene; the Japanese Society of Health and Human Ecology; and the Japanese Society of Nutrition and Dietetics. I would like to express my thanks to members of the advisory board, scientific committee, finance and fund-raising committee, public relations committee, and local administrative committee of the conference. The Chair of the respective com- mittees, Professor Masaki Moriyama, Professor Hiroshi Fukuda, Professor Toshiyuki Takizawa, and Professor Yasuo Haruyama, rendered invaluable assistance regarding the success of the conference.

vii viii Acknowledgements

I wish to express many thanks to the staff of the Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, and Dr Toshimi Sairenchi, Dr Midori Nishiyama, Dr Michiyo Hashimoto, Ms Etsuko Suzuki, Ms Yoko Imai, and Ms Hiroko Fujii for their assistance in the operation and administration of the conference; and also Ms Kyoko Onozawa for her invaluable secretarial assistance.

Takashi Muto, M.D., Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief Chair, The First Asia-Pacific Conference on Health Promotion and Education Professor, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine Contents

Part I Asian Ideas and Activities on Health Promotion and Education

Asian Ideas on Health Promotion and Education from Historical Perspectives of the Theory of Yojo as an Interface of Health, Self, and Society...... 3 Toshiyuki Takizawa

Developing the Curriculum and Instruction Model for Suicide Prevention and Life Education in Taiwan...... 13 Ya-Wen Huang, Po-San Wang, and Chia-Chia Lin

The Yogo Teacher, the Health Room, and Health Education at School in Japan...... 21 Kanako Okada

New Strategy on Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Lifestyle-Related Diseases Focusing on Metabolic Syndrome in Japan...... 31 Shunsaku Mizushima and Kazuyo Tsushita

Sensory Awakening as a New Approach to Health Promotion...... 40 Masaki Moriyama

Health Promotion and Education in Thailand in Comparison with the Japanese Health Care System and Health Informatics...... 50 Masami Matsuda, Khanitta Nuntaboot, Katsumasa Ota, and Shoichiro Hara

ix x Contents

Development of a Robot-Assisted Activity Program for Elderly People Incorporating Reading Aloud and Arithmetic Calculation...... 67 Yukio Oida, Masayoshi Kanoh, Masashi Inagaki, Yoko Konagaya, and Kenji Kimura

Health Promotion for Cancer Survivors: New Paradigm Beyond Prevention and Treatment...... 78 Miyako Takahashi

Alternative Medicine and Health Promotion...... 87 Shinko Ichinohe

Part II Asian Perspectives on Health Promotion and Education

Key Players in Health Promotion Policy in the Northern Part of the Western Pacific...... 101 Toshitaka Nakahara

Community-Based Participatory Research: A Promising Approach to Address Social Determinants of Health...... 106 Seunghyun Yoo

Toward Development of Intervention Methods for Strengthening the Sense of Coherence: Suggestions from Japan...... 118 Yoshihiko Yamazaki, Taisuke Togari, and Junko Sakano

Social Capital and Population Approach...... 133 Toshiyuki Ojima

Health Promotion and Healthy City Projects in Korea...... 141 Eun Woo Nam

A Network of Healthy Cities in Asia and the Pacific: The Alliance for Healthy Cities...... 155 Keiko Nakamura

Empowerment in Health and Community Settings...... 162 Tokie Anme and Mary E. McCall

Health Communication...... 173 Yoshiharu Fukuda and Ryoko Ebina

Cost-Benefit of Health Promotion: Will It Pay Off? Japan’s Venture Against Metabolic Syndrome...... 182 Etsuji Okamoto Contents xi

Part III Asian Activities and Evidence on Health Promotion and Education in Terms of Settings

Health Promotion Activity and Outcomes in the Community...... 199 Tanji Hoshi, Kumiko Fukumoto, Naoko Nakayama, and Chika Takagi

Japan’s Current Health Issues and Health Promotion in the Community Setting: Focus on Public Health Nurses’ Activities...... 207 Mikako Arakida

Outcomes of Lifestyle Improvement Programs in the Last Ten Years in Asia...... 214 Yasuo Haruyama

Health Promoting Schools in Taiwan: Present Status and Future Perspectives...... 223 Song-Yuan Huang

Workplace Health Promotion in Korea...... 241 Kang Sook Lee

Characteristics of Workplace Health Promotion in Japan...... 253 Takashi Muto

Tokyo Gas Health Promotion Program...... 261 Susumu S. Sawada

Part IV Asian Activities and Evidence on Health Promotion and Education in terms of Lifestyles

Evidence of Physical Activity for Disease Control and Health Promotion...... 275 Takashi Arao

Using Computer-Tailored Technology to Promote Physical Activity and Healthy Eating: A Review of the Literature and Asian-Pacific Evidence...... 287 Yukio Yamaguchi, Hideaki Nanba, and Noriko Takeda

Dietary Lifestyle Interventions of Energy Restriction for Weight Control and Salt Reduction for Prevention of Hypertensive Risk in Asian Adults...... 307 Hiroko Fujii xii Contents

Building Capacity in Smoking Cessation Counseling Among Health Care Professionals in China...... 317 Sophia S.C. Chan, Doris Y.P. Leung, Chaoqiang Jiang, Li Yang, Lie-zhen Deng, and Tai-hing Lam

Issues of Korean Alcohol Policy Perspectives...... 326 Sungsoo Chun, Michael E. Welch, and Mary Shin

Part V Asian Activities and Evidence on Health Promotion and Education in Terms of Disease

Current Status and Prevention of Obesity...... 343 Yumi Matsushita

Waist-to-Height Ratio Is the Best Anthropometric Index for Screening the Risk of Obesity-Related Disorders...... 358 Shiun Dong Hsieh and Takashi Muto

Health Promotion and Education Based on the Features of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia...... 366 Toshimi Sairenchi

Prevention and Psychological Intervention in Depression and Stress-Related Conditions...... 374 Mutsuhiro Nakao, Takeaki Takeuchi, Peisen He, Hirono Ishikawa, and Hiroaki Kumano

Principles and Activities of Oral Health Promotion in Asian Countries...... 389 Masayuki Ueno and Yoko Kawaguchi

New Development in Education to Prevent Sexual Transmitted Infections, Especially HIV/AIDS: Actual Practice of Sexuality Health Education by Means of Peer Counseling Approach...... 404 Hisako Takamura

School-Based Safety Promotion in Japan...... 416 Nobuki Nishioka

“Safe Community” in Asia: Safety Promotion Based on Injury Prevention...... 426 Yoko Shiraishi

Index...... 435 About the editors

Takashi Muto, M.D., Ph.D. is professor at the Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Japan. He was Chair of the First Asia-Pacific Conference on Health Promotion and Education held in 2009 at Makuhari, Japan. He was Chair of the 2004 Annual Conference of Japanese Society of Health Education and Promotion. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the International Union for Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE), Japanese Society of Health Education and Promotion, Japanese Society of Public Health, and Japanese Society of Safety Promotion; fellow of the Japan Society for Occupational Health and Japan Epidemiological Association; member of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, and the Society of Occupational Medicine (UK). His main research fields are evaluation research, health services research, health education and health promotion, occupational health, and workplace health promotion.

Toshitaka Nakahara, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H. is professor at the Department of Public Health and International Health, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan. He was President of the Northern Part of Western Pacific Region of the International Union for Health Promotion and Education (NPWP/IUHPE). He is Regional Vice President of NPWP and a member of the Board of Trustees of IUHPE; president of the 2010 Annual Conference of Japanese Society of Health Education and Promotion, Japanese Society for Health and Human Ecology; a coun- selor of the Japanese Association of Smoking Control Science, Japanese Society of Public Health; a member of the Japanese Society of Health and Welfare Policy, International Society for the Prevention of Tobacco Induced Diseases (ISPTID), International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), and American Public Health Association. His main research fields are health policy and administration, health services research, health education and health promotion, occupational health, and international health.

Eun Woo Nam, M.P.H., Ph.D. is professor at the Department of Health Administration, College of Health Sciences and Head of Healthy City Research Center of the Institute of Health and Welfare of Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the International Union for

xiii xiv About the editors

Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE), Vice-President of Korean Society of Health Education and Promotion, and member of the International Editorial Board of the Japanese Society for Hygiene. He was a visiting researcher for the School of Medical Sciences at the University of Tokyo, visiting researcher for the National Institute of Public Health in Japan. He was a visiting scholar for the department of Health Promotion at the University of Brighton, UK. He works with Western Pacific Regional Office of the World Health Organization as a technical officer and tempo- rary advisor. His main research areas are public health, health promotion, health education, healthy cities, and international health policies. Contributors

Tokie Anme International Community Care and Lifespan Development, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan Mikako Arakida School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Science at Odawara, International University of Health and Welfare, 1-2-25 Shiroyama, Odawara 250-8588, Japan Takashi Arao Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan Sophia S.C. Chan School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F William MW Mong Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Sungsoo Chun Korean Institute on Alcohol Problems, Sahmyook University, Room #108, Welfare Building, 26-21 Kongryeng 2-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea Lie-zhen Deng Guangzhou 12th Hospital, 1 Tianqiang Road, Huangbu Avenue West, Tianhe, Guangzhou, China Ryoko Ebina Global Health Communications, 4-2-18-601 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Osaka 537-0025, Japan Hiroko Fujii Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan

xv xvi Contributors

Yoshiharu Fukuda Department of Community Health and Medicine, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan Kumiko Fukumoto Kyushu University of Nursing and Social Welfare, Tamana, Kumamoto, Japan Shoichiro Hara Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Yasuo Haruyama Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-City, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan Peisen He Social Medicine Department of Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, 194 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, China Tanji Hoshi Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan Shiun Dong Hsieh Health Management Center, Toranomon Hospital, Toranomon Seiwa Building, 1-2-3 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan Song-Yuan Huang Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 E. Hoping Road, Sec. I, Taipei 106, Taiwan Ya-Wen Huang Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, No. 500, Liufeng Road, Wufeng Township, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, ROC Shinko Ichinohe Jobu University, 270-1 Shinmachi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1393, Japan Masashi Inagaki School of Information Science and Technology, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota 470-0393, Japan Hirono Ishikawa Department of Medicine & Culture, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu City, Shiga 520-2192, Japan Chaoqiang Jiang Guangzhou 12th Hospital, 1 Tianqiang Road, Huangbu Avenue West, Tianhe, Guangzhou, China Contributors xvii

Masayoshi Kanoh School of Information Science and Technology, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota 470-0393, Japan Yoko Kawaguchi Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan Kenji Kimura Business Design Laboratory Ltd, 3-18-1 Sakae, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460-0008, Japan Yoko Konagaya Department of Research, Obu Dementia Care and Training Center, 3-294 Hantsuki-cho, Obu 474-0037, Japan Hiroaki Kumano Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mika-jima, Tokorozawa-city, Saitama 359-1192, Japan Tai-hing Lam Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 5/F William MW Mong Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Kang Sook Lee Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo dong, Seocho gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea Doris Y.P. Leung School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, 4/F William MW Mong Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Chia-Chia Lin Department of Life Education and Health Promotion, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC Masami Matsuda Department of Health Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Sciences, Tokyo Kasei-gakuin University, Sanbancho 22, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Yumi Matsushita Department of Epidemiology and International Health, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan Mary E. McCall Psychology Department, Saint Mary’s College of California, 1928 Saint Mary’s Road, Moraga, CA 94556, USA xviii Contributors

Shunsaku Mizushima Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan Masaki Moriyama Department of Public Health, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka City 814-0180, Japan Takashi Muto Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Kita-kobayashi 880, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan Toshitaka Nakahara Kyoto University School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Keiko Nakamura International Health, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Secretariat of the Alliance for Healthy Cities, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan Mutsuhiro Nakao Department of Hygiene and Public Health & Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan Naoko Nakayama Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan Eun Woo Nam Healthy City Research Center Institute of Health and Welfare, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Republic of Korea Hideaki Nanba Faculty of Sports & Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma Jyonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan Nobuki Nishioka Graduate School of Education, Hyogo University of Teacher Education, 942-1 Shimokume, Kato-City, Hyogo 673-1494, Japan and Research Institute of Science and Technology for Society (RISTEX), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan Khanitta Nuntaboot Faculty of Nursing, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand Yukio Oida School of Information Science and Technology, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota 470-0393, Japan Contributors xix

Toshiyuki Ojima Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan Kanako Okada Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan Etsuji Okamoto National Institute of Public Health, 2-3-6 Minami, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-1097, Japan Katsumasa Ota Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Toshimi Sairenchi Department of Public Health, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kita-kobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan Junko Sakano Department of Welfare System and Health Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Soja, Japan Susumu S. Sawada Tokyo Gas Co. Ltd., Health Promotion Center, 1-5-20 Kaigan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8527, Japan Mary Shin Korean Institute on Alcohol Problems, Sahmyook University, Room #108, Welfare Building, 26-21 Kongryeng 2-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea Yoko Shiraishi Kinugasa Research Institute, Ritsumeikan University, 56-1 Toji-in Kitamachi, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8577, Japan and Mature Life Institute, 1-1-5-802 Uchihirano-cho, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-0037, Japan Chika Takagi Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan Miyako Takahashi Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan Hisako Takamura Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan xx Contributors

Noriko Takeda Faculty of Sports & Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma Jyonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan Takeaki Takeuchi Department of Hygiene and Public Health & Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan Toshiyuki Takizawa Department of Public Health, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan Taisuke Togari Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan Kazuyo Tsushita Comprehensive Health Science Center, Aichi Health Promotion Foundation, 1-1 Gengo-yama, Morioka, Toura-cho, Chita, Aichi 470-2101, Japan Masayuki Ueno Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan Po-San Wang Department of Life Education and Health Promotion, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC Michael E. Welch Korean Institute on Alcohol Problems, Sahmyook University, Room #108, Welfare Building, 26-21 Kongryeng 2-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea Yukio Yamaguchi Faculty of Sports & Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma Jyonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan Yoshihiko Yamazaki Department of Health Sociology and Health Education, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 3-1 Hongo 7-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Li Yang Guangzhou 12th Hospital, 1 Tianqiang Road, Huangbu Avenue West, Tianhe, Guangzhou, China Seunghyun Yoo Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Building 221, Room 318, Seoul 151-742, Korea