..i-· • .· I ~·t/1 11 Extension Bulletin No. 413 ~Janua ry , .. I q -... • ·.. .. • -, ·- ( .. 4~B ~ EieCtrificO. tion I 1 .. FarI ~ m~- . 1,.. ~- _.. t ...... ~ • • II
t1 .I .i:' .~ • '• \,, - ll ...... I' f . ~ • ~ .. ~ • ,J •' . I ... j ~, !. - -· .. Published in cooperation with Washington Farm Electrification Committee and Department of Agricultural Engineering The State College of Washington 4-H FARM ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT
LESSON NO. 1
BUILDING A TOOL CHEST
This small wooden tool chest is your first project so you will have a place to keep the tools needed for your future electrification projects. Tools and sup- plies . other than those suggested in Fig. 3 may be added when needed.
BILL OF MATERIAL
1 piece of 1" x 10" x 18" for top 1 piece of 1" x 8" x 16 ~ for bottom 2 pieces 1" x 6" x 18" (front & back) 2 pieces 1" x 6" x 8" for two ends 2 small hinges with wood screws 2 small handles with ·wood screws 1 small hasp with wood screws 1 small chain 10" to 12" long No. 6 penny finishing nails
HOW TO CONSTRUCT TOOL CHEST Fig. 1 Tool Chest Parts
1. Secure the lumber and cut into the
lengths as shown. In case 1"
lumber cannot be obtained, you
can use 3/4" plywood or other
similar lumber.
2. Lay the pieces out as shown in
Fig. 1, and then start construe-
tion. Fig. 2 Completed Tool Chest - 2 -
3. Set up the two ends and nail on the bottom section. Then set up the front and
back and nail to the ends and along the bottom.
4. Lay the top in place and attach the hinges to the back side about two inches
from each end.
5. Attach one part of the hasp to the top and the other to the front board. Then
fasten the handles to each end as shown in Fig. 2.
6 . The completed chest as shown in Fig. 2 can be painted with the colors of
your club. In addition. your name and the name of your club should be placed
on top.
PLIERS 3 . SLIP JOtN 'f PLIERS
Fig. 3 First Year Tools - 3 -
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CLUB MEMBER
(Here is what you are to do in Lesson No. l to receive project credit). l. Obtain the lumber and materials listed under "Bill of Materials."
2. Build a good strong tool chest as shown in Figures l and 2.
3. Obtain the tools shown in Fig. 3 so you will have them to use in your future
farm electrification projects.
4. Make a list of your tools and tack it to the inside top of the tool chest. When
you add new tools , add them to your list.
5. Display your tool chest and tools at a Fair.
SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEADER
{This is what to do in meeting No. l) l. Bring some carpenter tools and have the club members bring their lumber and start them building their tool chests.
OR:
2. Demonstrate , and have members practice cutting wire, removing insulation and making loop eyes. This will require scrap wire. pliers, and jack-knife. For instructions, you can refer to lesson No. 2. - 4 -
4-H CLUB FARM ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT
LESSON NO.2
SPLICES AND CONNECTIONS
One of the important steps in keeping the farm and house electrical wiring in good repair is to make suitable splices and connections. Fig. 1 shows some of the most popular splices and connections that are used in electrical wiring.
Some good rules in splicing are:
1. Make the connections and splices as strong as the original wire.
2. Solder the connections to make them secure and have good electrical
contact.*
3. The insulation should be replaced equal to that of the original insulation prior
to splicing.*
Forming Eyes for Terminal Screw Connections: In fastening a wire to a switch or receptacle, it is desirable to make an eye on the end of the wire so that there will be ample electrical contact surface between the wire, screw and base.
In making eyes for electrical connection, use the following procedure:
(Also see Fig. 4 and 5).
1. Remove 1/2" to 3/4" of insulation. Pee 1 the insulation in the same manner
as you would sharpen a pencil. Be careful and not damage the wire. If
linemen's pliers are available, the wire can be inserted through the handle
~(Instruction in soldering and taping will be given in a future lesson. - 5 -
WIRES FOR RAT-TAIL SPLICE STEPS IN MAkiNG AN EYE STEP NO ·- 1 :r--- tli
RAT- TAIL SPLICE STEP NO. 2 ,_ ; --- ~ •JlJ----~------·
COMMON SPLICE FINISHED EYE
• : ---- ~.. r
CENTER TAP END TAP
Fig. 4 This is the type of dis play panel t o make -6 -
side of the pliers next to the jaw. Pressing on the handles of the pliers will
then break the insulation without damaging the wires.
2. Clean the wire by scraping with a knife.
3. Make a right angle bend in the wire and, by using long nose pliers, draw the
end around (as in Fig. 5) to form the eye.
Fig. 5 Method of Forming Eyes
Common Splice (Western Union Splice): The common splice is used
·where it is des:lred to splice two wires to form one straight continuous wire. It will take a great deal. of pull without breaking if properly made.
Procedure in making a common splice:
1. Remove about 3., of insulation from the ends of each wire.
2. Clean the wires by scraping with a knife.
3. Using pliers, make a right angle bend on each wire.
4. Hold the wires together tightly with a pair of pliers at the joint. Then with a
second pair of pliers wrap the loose ends to form a finished splice as shown
in Fig. 6. r
- 7 -
A
Fig. 6 Method of Making Common Splice
Center Tap: This splice is used largely where you have a continuous wire
onto which is desired to tap an additional wire.
Procedure:
1. Remove about 1-1/4" of insulation on the main wire.
2. Remove about 1-1/2" of insulation from the wire to be attached.
3. Clean both wires by scraping with a knife.
4. Splice wires as shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 Center Tap - 8 -
"Rat-tail" Splice: This splice is used in outlet boxes- or other places ·
where there is. no pull on the wires .
. Procedure:
1. Remove about 1-1/2" of insulation from the ends of the wires to be spliced.
2. Clean wires by scraping with a knife.
3. Using linemen's pliers, twist wires together as shown in Fig. 8,
A B
Fig. 8 Method of Making "Rat-tail" Splice
End Tap: This splice may be used where it is desired to take a small
feeder wire from a larger wire. It is very hard to make a rat-tail splice when
the two wires are of different sizes. A convenient splice to use would be the end
, tap. See Fig. 9. - 9 -
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Fig. 9 End Tap
Procedure in making end taps:
l. Remove 1-1/4, of the insulation from the end of the larger wire.
2. Remove about 2" of the insulation from the smaller wire.
3. Clean the wire by scraping with a knife.
4. Starting from the insulated end of the large wire, wrap smaller wire as shown
in Fig. 9, then clamp the larger wire over the twisted small wire as shown. - 10 -
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CLUB MEMBER
(Here is what you are to do in Lesson No.2 to receive project credit).
1. Carefully read the material in lesson No. 2.
2. Make the splices and connections described in the lesson.
3. Make a display panel using the splices and connections made in this lesson.
A convenient size for the panel would be a 24., x 24" piece of wood or card-
board. Use small staples to attach the wires to the board. Label each splice
as shown in Fig. 4.
4. Display this panel at a fair. s·. Answer the following questions:
Questions
1. Name three good rules that are important in splicing wires.
2. Where should eye-loops be used?
3. Will a common splice endure severe pull if properly made?
4. Describe the steps in making a rat tail splice.
5. Describe the steps in making an end tap.
SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEADER
(This is what to do in meeting No. 2).
1. Demonstrate to your class how to make the splices and connections shown in this lesson. 2. This lesson will require a supply of No. 12 wire, and the tools suggested in lesson No. 1. - 11 -
4-H FARM ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT
LESSON NO.3
BASIC ELECTRICAL TERMS AND UNDERWRITER'S KNOT
Electricity can light our lamps, cook our food, run our motors, operate our radio, and do many other useful tasks. To better understand electricity, a few simple electrical definitions are listed in this lesson. Study them carefully.
Volt: This is a unit of measure of electrical force. It may be compared to pressure of water in a pipe. The volt is the pressure required to push electricity through a wire just like the pressure that is necessary to push water through a pipe.
Ampere: This is a unit of measuring the rate of flow of electricity through the wires. Compare it to the flow of water in pipes such as gallons of water per minute.
Watt: This is the unit used to measure electric power. It is equal to the product of volts times the amperes of current flowing. This is a small unit and generally in commercial applications 1,000 watts are grouped in one unit and called a "kilowatt."
Kilowatt-hour (KvVH): It is the name of the unit given to measure quantities of electrical energy. It is equal to 1,000 watts used for one hour.
Electrical Horsepower (HP): One HP is equal to 746 watts. - 12 -
illl .~:~.~.·=·=~ •.=. :•.=... =~_.=1 _:;··=·=··.·=. =·:=·· =·.=._~:= =•. .~ ..... =•.~ ·....=·.; ···=·=...== A B Fig. 10 Steps in Tying an Underwriter's Knot
Tyi ng Underwriter's knots and attaching cords to plug caps: There are two ways t o attach cords to plug caps. Either method is acceptable; however, if cord is to have a n y s evere pull on it, the underwriter's knot is recommended.
(a) T i e a n underwriter's knot (See Fig. 10), if there is space in the cap for it. Or: (b) T ie a simple overhand knot before you bring the loose ends of the wires
b ack of and around the contact post as shown in Fig. 11-B.
B Fig. 11 Steps in Attaching Cord to Plug Cap - 13 -
The initial step in either method is to bring the cord through the cap (shown in Fig. 11-A) about 5 ", then remove 3" of the outside primary insulation from the end of the cord, being careful not to cut the small wires. Next, remove about
1/2" of the secondary insulation from each wire. At this point you can either tie the underwriter's knot as shown in Fig. 10, or the single overhand knot.
Fig. 12
When the knot has been tied, push the knot into the plug and bring the loose ends of the wires back of and around the contact posts as shown in Fig.
11-B. Now fasten the wires securely under the binding screws, using an eye loop similar to that made in lesson 2. Remember to have the eye loop twisting in the same direction as the binding screws tighten. (See Fig. 12). - 14 -
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CLUB MEMBER
Here is what you are to do in lesson No. 3 to receive project credit:
1. Read and study the material in lesson No. 3.
2. Make the knots and attach cords to plug caps as described in the lesson.
3. Answer the following questions:
Questions
1. Define (a) volt, (b) ampere, (c) watt, (d) kilowatt-hour (c) power.
2. How many kilowatt-hours would be used if a heater used 10 amperes at
120 volts for one hour?
SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEADER
(This is what to do in meeting No. 3).
1. Demonstrate to the class how to make the underwriter's and simple over hand knot. Show how to attach an electric cord to a plug cap using both methods mentioned in the lesson.
2. This lesson will require a supply of scrap electrical cord (2-Wire No. 14), plug caps and tools suggested in lesson No. 1. - 15 -
4-H FARM ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT
LESSON NO.4
THE SAFE USE OF ELECTRICITY
Electricity is safe if you handle it properly. When this is done it will do all kinds of work and in addition, will give you heat and light. But it will also burn, shock, or may even kill you if used without care. Electrical safety may be classified under two headings. They are "Safety Devices" and "Do-Nots."
SAFETY DEVICES --Fuses--
The fuse is the safety valve of the electric system. When current flows through a wire, it creates a certain amount of heat. The greater the amperage, the greater the heat ere- ated. Therefore, to keep a wire Fig. 13 Types of Fuses from getting too hot and causing a fire, a fuse is placed in the line. It will "blow out" and open the circuit if too much current (load} is placed on the line. Fig. 13 shows various types of fuses in general use, and
Fig. 14 shows how fuses are used in an electrical circuit. Fig. 14 How Fuses Are Used - 16 -
DO-NOTS
If the two wires of an appliance cord or other electrical circuit are allowed to come together, they cause a short circuit. This causes a large amount of current to flow and will immediately "blow" the fuse. To prevent this from happening, here are some things you should not do:
l. Do not place appliance cords in door
jams or under rugs where the insula
tion may be worn off.
2. Do not use worn out appliance cords.
3. Do not leave heating appliances
turned on when-not in use - they
may overheat.
4. Do not overfuse a circuit or place
a penny in the fuse socket - it is
dangerous, and you will start a
fire.
5. Do not remove an electric cord by
jerking or pulling on it, pull on the
plug itself. - 17 -
6. Do not allow electricity to pass
through your body - it is most
dangerous. For example, if it
passes from your hands to the
ground through your legs and feet.
7. Do not turn on or work with elec
trical appliances if your hands are
wet or while standing in water.
Water is a good conductor of elec
tricity and will cause a circuit
through you to the ground.
8. Do not place appliance cords over
stoves, heaters, steam pipes or
water pipes. The insulation will
melt or rot in time.
9. Do not try to repair a cord or
electrical circuit without
pulling the switch. Be sure the
line is "dead."
10. Do not fly kites near electric
power lines. The kite string may
cause a short circuit between the
line and the ground. - 18 -
INSTRUCTIONS TO CLUB MEMBER
(Here is what to do in Lesson No. 4 to receive project credit).
1. Read lesson 4 very carefully.
2. Check the electrical extension cords and appliances on your farm and
remove any hazards that you find.
3. Answer the following questions:
Questions
1. Make a list of safety rules to follow in handling electricity.
2. Why do we use a fuse in an electric circuit?
3. What happens to an electric wire when a large current is allowed to travel
through it?
4. What is a short circuit?
5. Is water a good conductor of electricity?
6. What would happen if someone should foolishly place a penny in a fuse sockE
7. Why is a short circuit through your body dangerous?
SUGGESTIONS TO THE LEADER
(This is what to do in meeting No. 4).
l. Demonstrate how fuses will "blow" with a large electrical load. Let the club members "blow" several fuses. Explain the purpose of fuses and the dangers without them. (This will re quire a small fuse box, several small (2 to 5 amp) fuses, some extension cord with plugs, a knife switch, and an electrical load such as a l 000 watt heater or a bank of 100 watt lamps). Fig. 15 Demonstration Set-Up 4-H FARM ELECTRIFICATION PROJECT
LESSON NO. 5
HOW TO ASSEMBLE A BRASS SHELL SOCKET, MAKE A TEST LAMP AND EXTENSION CORD
Shell Socket The common Brass Shell socket (key or pull chain) is used on
some extension cords and on some electrical fixtures. The socket will come apart at the band just above the key. You can separate the two sections by
grasping the socket in your hand, then with your thumb near the word "press",
squeeze the shell and lift off the cap. You can now remove the inner mechanism.
Be sure that you note how the parts fit together so you can assemble them
properly. As a guide to you in this assignment, look at the illustrations in Fig. 16.
Practice taking the socket apart and putting it together properly.
Fig. 16 How to Assemble a Brass Shell Socket
Now you are ready to attach the cord. Here are the steps you should follow:
1. Be sure that you first place the cap over the cord. Otherwise the cord will
be attached to the body and the cap cannot be fastened. (Remember the cord
is usually in -a fixture).
2. Tie an underwriter's know, leaving about 11" of the wire to run to the binding
screws. - 20 -
3. Strip the insulation from the wires. This type of socket is usually connected
to a lamp cord of stranded wire.
4. Twist the loose strands of each wire and place the ends under the binding
screws. Be sure to bend the eye loops under the binding screws in the
proper direction. (A drop of solder on the loose ends will hold the strands
together.:.:~
5. Replace the fiber shell over the socket.
6. Attach the socket body to the cap and the job is complete.
Test Lamp You will find a test lamp very useful in testing circuits, locating
blown fuses, short circ~its, and open circuits. It is easy to make and the cost is
small. To make the test lamp you will need a weather proof socket with two
lengths of No. 12 rubber covered wire attached, a roll of electricians rubber tape
- and a roll of friction tape.
Here are the steps to follow:
l. Screw a 25 watt, 120 volt bulb into the weather proof socket.
2. Remove the insulation from the ends of the wire leads. You will want about
1" of bare wire exposed.
3. Bend the leads back over the light
bulb as shown. 4. Tape the wires to the socket using VL·· first rubber tape and then cover 0 with friction tape.
Fig. 17 shows you how the finished Fig. 17 The Test Lamp
test lamp should look. ):~Instruction in soldering will be given in a future lesson - 21 -
Safety Rule: Be sure to be careful in using the test lamp to keep your hands and
fingers on the insulated section of the socket and wire. Do not touch the exposed
ends of the leads. You can check any 120 volt circuit with this test lamp to make
certain the circuit is "hot."
Extension cord: Every farm with electricity can use several extension cords
about the house and farmstead. We suggest that the cord be about 20 feet long
and made from a good grade rubber covered, two wire, No. 14 flexible cord.
We recommend that you use the flexible stranded wire. This type of cord
will withstand bending and twisting and will be easier to use about the house or
shop.
The extension cord should be equipped with a heavy duty
plug cap and heavy duty connect
or body, each with cord grip.
This cord grip secures the cord to the plug and will withstand lots
of rough use. The complete exten Fig. 18 The Extension Cord sion cord is shown in Fig. 18.
Trouble Light: A trouble light is also a very useful item for you to make. The cord should be about 20 feet long and made from a good grade rubber covered two-wire No. 14 flexible cord. - 22 -
You will need a rubber handle portable lamp guard and cord grip plug cap. Fig. 19 shows you the complete trouble lamp.
INSTRUCTIONS TO CLUB MEMBER
(Here is what to do in Lesson No. 5 to receive project credit) Fig. 1 9 The Trouble Lamp
1. Take apart and reassemble
properly a brass -shell key or pull-chain socket.
2. Attach a lamp cord to a brass-shell key or pull-chain socket.
3. Make a test lamp using a weather proof socket.
4. Make either an extension cord or trouble lamp.
5. Make a display of the brass -shell key socket, the test lamp and extension
cord or trouble lamp and exhibit them at a fair.
SUGGESTION TO THE LEADER
(This is what to do in meeting No. 5)
1. Secure several brass -shell key or pull-chain sockets and have club members practice taking them apart and putting them together again properly. Make a game or contest out of this practice.
2. Review the underwriter's knot and explain a simple knot may be used instead, if there is not room in the cap for the underwriter's knot.
3. Show club members how to make a test lamp and how to use it to test for open circuit by inserting the leads in the outlets.
4. Encourage each club member to start a display panel of the key socket, test lamp and extension cord or trouble lamp. The key socket could be taken completely apart to show how it is assembled. !
'i
Published and distributed in furtherance of the Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, by The State College of Washington Extension Service, E. V. Ellington, Director, and U. S. Department of Agriculture coop . erating . - ( 2m-150)
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