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A Wasp Species in a Rolling Gall at the Margin of the Leaflets of Protium

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A Wasp Species in a Rolling Gall at the Margin of the Leaflets of Protium Copyright© jan-fev 2015 do(s) autor(es). Publicado pela ESFA [on line] http://www.naturezaonline.com.br Merencio AFS, Dias,GB, Souza JPP, Silva AG (2015) A wasp species in a rolling gall at the margine of the leaflets of Protium icicariba: an inducer, a parasitoid or an inquiline? Natureza on line 13 (1): 12-19. Submetido em: 20/12/2014 Revisado em: 25/01/2015 Aceito em:12/02/2015 ISSN 1806–7409 A wasp species in a rolling gall at the margin of the leaflets ofProtium icicariba: an inducer, a parasitoid or an inquiline?§ Uma espécie de vespa em galhas de bordos enrolados nos folíolos de Protium icicariba: um indutor, um parasitoide ou um inquilino? André FS Merencio1,5, Germana B Dias2,5, Jayanne PP Souza1,5 e Ary G Silva3,4,5* § Undergraduate monography of the first author; 1. Bachelor in Biologcal Science; 2. Post-Doctoral Fellowship FAPES; 3. Full Professor; 4. Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas; 5. Universidade Vila Velha – UVV. Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil. CEP 29102-770. *Correpondent author: [email protected] Abstract Biological interactions involve several organisms in nature, são os indutores, elas são chamados de galhas entomógenas. Até and they are one of the key points in understanding biological agora, três morfotipos de galhas foram descritos para os folíolos de communities. Galls are one of those interactions that may be Protium icicariba (DC) Marchand (Burseraceae). Duas pesquisas characterized by changes in plant tissues induced by another diferentes atribuíram consensualmente o morfotipo verruga a uma organism. When insects cause them, galls are called entomogenous. espécie de inseto de Psyllidae. Um morfotipo de galha caracteriazado Until now, three gall morphotypes have been described in the leaflets pelo enrolametno marginal do folíolo foi relatado para os folíolos of Protium icicariba (DC) Marchand (Burseraceae). Two different de P. icicariba como sendo induzido por uma espécie de inseto researches had consensually assigned the wart-like morphotype cecidomyiídeo (Bregonci et al. 2010). No entanto, Ramalho e Silva to a Psyllidae insect species. A marginal rolled gall morphotype (2014) encontraram uma espécie de inseto cecidomyiídeo num was reported to the leaflets of P. icicariba as being induced by novo morfotipo de galha em forma de turbina. Este artigo descreve a cecidomyiid insect species (Bregonci et al. 2010). However, um tipo de galha enrolada e falciforme que é constituído pelo Ramalho and Silva (2014) had found a cecidomyiid insect species enrolamento abaxial da margem de folíolo. O inseto galhador induziu in a new turbine-like gall morphotype. This paper describes a kind alterações na organização tecidos do folíolo. No mesofilo, as células of falciform rolling gall that is originated by abaxial rolling of the dos parênquimas paliçádico e lacunoso foram transformadas em leaflet margin. The galling insect had induced changes in the leaflet esclereídes poliédricos, tornando as paredes da galha mais resistentes tissues organization. In the mesophyll, the cells of palisade and à compressão ou perfuração, protengendo assim os insetos spongy parenchymas were transformed into polyhedral sclereids, galhadores até sua eclosão. Todos os estágios de desenvolvimento making gall walls more resistant to compression or perforation, and encontrados no interior da galha perteciam a uma espécie da família protecting the galling insect until its ripping. All the developmental Eulophidade, subfamília Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). stages found inside the gall belonged to a wasp of the family Eulophidae, subfamily Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Palavras-chaves: cecidogênese, interação inseto-planta, restinga, Tetrastichinae, Eulophidae, Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera. Keywords: cecidogenesis, plant-insect interaction, sandbank, Tetrastichinae, Eulophidae, Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera. Resumo As interações biológicas envolvem diversos organismos Introduction na natureza, e são um dos pontos chaves na compreensão de comunidades biológicas. As galhas representam um tipo dessas There are several kinds of interactions in nature involving interações que podem ser caracterizadas por alterações nos tecidos organisms in a broad range of reciprocal benefits and damages. The das plantas induzidas por um outro organismo. Quando os insectos galling process is one of these relationships between plants and Merencio et al. 13 A Hymenoptera galling leaflets of Protium icicariba ISSN 1806–7409 - http://www.naturezaonline.com.br insects that has been drawing considerable attention of ecologists and evolutionary biologists because it contains very different characteristics from other interactions (Herrera and Pellmyr 2002). Galls derive from changes in plant organs, usually hyperplasia or hypertrophy of certain cells or tissues. They that can be caused by several organisms, including viruses, fungi, nematodes, and insects Fernandes and Negreiros 2006). They are of distinct shapes and sizes, can be found in many plant species and different plant organs, such as branches, flowers, and leaves. The morphology of galls vary in hardness, thickness, color, air chambers and surface texture characteristics and variation of these influences predation and parasitism of galls (Inbar et al. 2004). When insects are the inducers of galling process, with an intimate effect on gall morphology, the result is an entomogenous gall (Stone and Schönrogge 2003). Galling insects had found in plants a habitat, protection against environmental weather, refuge from predators and natural enemies, and overcome the difficulty in obtaining food. Therefore, they are considered specialized herbivores (Araujo and Santos 2009). Among the Neotropical galling insects, the family Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) is the largest taxon (Fernandes and Negreiros 2006), with near 500 described species classified into 170 genera. However, the species richness of cecidomyiid is highly underestimated. A recent study estimated the global wealth Figure 1 Localization of the Environmental Protection Area of Setiba - EPA- galling in about 120,000 species (Espírito Santo-and Fernandes Setiba, and of the Paulo César Vinha State Park - PEPCV, at the municipality 2007), making knowledge of this essential group for ecological of Guarapari, Espírito Santo State, Brasil. Source: CEPEMAR 2007. research. Another important to galling insect taxon is the family the vegetation on sandbanks at Setiba, municipality of Guarapari, Psyllidae (Hemiptera)in which a group of species belonging to the Espírito Santo State (Ramalho and Silva 2014) suborder Sternorrhyncha, feeds the phloem sap. They have reduced A marginally rolling gall morphotype was reported to the size, measuring from 1 to 10 mm long in adults (Burckhradt and leaflets of P. icicariba as being induced by a cecidomyiid insect Queiroz 2012). Psyllids are insects that require a very particular site species (Bregonci et al. 2010, Maia 2013). It was also found at the for their larval development. Due to this fact, they are widely used Environmental Protection Area of Setiba – EPA-Setiba. Thus, the aim to study coevolution or cospeciation with plants and herbivores. of this study was to investigate ontogenesis of the gall inducer insect About 4000 species of Psyllidae are described in all biogeographic and the changes in plant tissue during the galling process. regions of the world with about 1000 species distributed in Brazil (Burckhradt and Queiroz 2012). On the genus Protium L. (Burseraceae), galls are found in leaflets and fruits, and some of the newly described species Methods of galling insects receive the epithet of the plant species (Maia 2013). There is an expectative of four gall morphotypes (Maia The studied area 2013) for the leaflets of Protium icicariba (DC) Marchand, The botanical material was collected in specimens growing considering the current descriptions (Bregonci et al. 2010, Maia in the Environmental Protection Area of Setiba - EPA-Setiba, at 2013, Ramalho and Silva 2014). A consensus was settled about a UTM Coordinates 24K 342,000 up to 362,000; and UTM 7.715,200 so-called epidermic or wart-like one that is induced by a psyllid up to 7.735,250 (Figure 1). Local populations of P. icicariba insect species (Bregonci et al. 2010, Maia 2013, Ramalho and occurs at a not-flooded open shrubland vegetation, with plant Silva 2014). However, the turbine-like morphotype described by height up to 10 m. The presence of exposed white sand among the Ramalho and Silva (2014) seemed to be a still not described one, bushes of vegetation of different sizes and shapes, interspersed and was induced by an apparent still not described cecidomyiid with areas where vegetation is sparse, was as remarkable feature insect species. However, two gall morphotypes assumed to P. in the studied area (Figure 2). It characterized this vegetation icicariba occurring in southeastern Brasil, the conic and the physiognomy as a typical restinga-like not-flooded open spheric ones (Bregonci et al. 2010, Maia 2013), were not found in shrubland vegetation (Pereira 2003). Merencio et al. 14 A Hymenoptera galling leaflets of Protium icicariba ISSN 1806–7409 - http://www.naturezaonline.com.br Figure 2 Non-flooded open shrubland vegtationf the Environmental Protection Area of Setiba - APA-Setiba, at the municipality of Guarapari, Espírito Santo State, Brasil. Selection, collection and analysis of gall The taxonomic identification of plant species in natural populations was carried out by Dr. Ary
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