ALEXEY DODSWORTH MAGNAVITA DE CARVALHO SKYWARD Ethics and Metaphysics of Transhumanism

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ALEXEY DODSWORTH MAGNAVITA DE CARVALHO SKYWARD Ethics and Metaphysics of Transhumanism ALEXEY DODSWORTH MAGNAVITA DE CARVALHO SKYWARD Ethics and Metaphysics of Transhumanism: a proposal This thesis is presented for the dual-title degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil) and Università Ca’ Foscari (Italy). Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Renato Janine Ribeiro (Brazil) and Prof. Dr. Fabrizio Turoldo (Italy). São Paulo, Brazil 2019 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. 2 ABSTRACT DODSWORTH-MAGNAVITA, A. Skyward – Ethics and Metaphysics of Transhumanism: a Proposal. Thesis (Doctorate, dual-title). Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo; Filosofia e Scienze della Formazione, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia. 2019. This thesis - of nomothetic nature - advocates in favour of a cosmically expanded humanity, as proposed by transhumanists in the first topic of their Declaration published in 1998: we envision the possibility of (…) overcoming (…) our confinement to planet Earth. In order to accomplish this purpose, two topics are considered: (1) ethics, in which the Hobbesian concept of summum malum is surpassed in order to agree with the Hans Jonas's statement: if we can say there is a supreme evil, it is the eventual extinction of the human species. Therefore, in order to avoid the Jonasian summum malum, this thesis proposes the biocosmic expansion as an imperative based on zoocentric bioethics; (2) metaphysics, in which an exercise of cosmogonic supposition – as proposed by Jonas - is taken into account, and the humankind is seen as a way that the cosmos found to understand itself not in a single scenario but in multiple universes. Keywords: summum malum; space colonisation; mass extinction; transhumanism; terraforming; many worlds interpretation; bioethics. 3 RESUMO DODSWORTH-MAGNAVITA, A. Rumo ao Céu – Ética e Metafísica do Transumanismo: uma Proposta. Tese (Doutorado, dupla titulação). Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo; Filosofia e Scienze della Formazione, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia. 2019. A presente tese, de natureza nomotética, advoga em prol de uma humanidade cosmicamente expandida, conforme proposto por transumanistas no primeiro tópico de sua Declaração publicada em 1998: nós vislumbramos a possibilidade de (...) superação (,,,) de nosso confinamento ao planeta Terra. De modo a cumprir este propósito, dois tópicos são considerados: (1) ética, no qual o conceito hobbesiano de summum malum é ultrapassado de modo a concordar com a declaração de Hans Jonas: se podemos dizer que existe um mal supremo, este é a eventual extinção da espécie humana. Logo, de modo a evitar o summum malum jonasiano, a presente tese propõe a expansão biocósmica como um imperativo baseado em uma ética zoocêntrica; (2) metafísica, no qual um exercício de suposição cosmogônica – conforme proposto por Jonas – é levado em consideração, e a humanidade é vista como um caminho que o cosmos encontrou para entender a si mesmo não em um único cenário, mas em múltiplos universos. Palavras-chave: summum malum; colonização espacial; extinção em massa; transumanismo; terraformação; interpretação dos muitos mundos; bioética. 4 DODSWORTH-MAGNAVITA, A. Rumo ao Céu – Ética e Metafísica do Transumanismo: uma Proposta. Tese (Doutorado, dupla titulação). Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo; Filosofia e Scienze della Formazione, Università Ca’ Foscari di Venezia. 2019. Aprovado em: Banca examinadora: Prof. Dr._____________________________ Instituição:_______________________ Julgamento:__________________________ Assinatura:______________________ Prof. Dr._____________________________ Instituição:_______________________ Julgamento:__________________________ Assinatura:______________________ Prof. Dr._____________________________ Instituição:_______________________ Julgamento:__________________________ Assinatura:______________________ Prof. Dr._____________________________ Instituição:_______________________ Julgamento:__________________________ Assinatura:______________________ 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Esta tese tomou uma direção diferente, melhor do que eu havia originalmente imaginado, graças aos conhecimentos, aulas e experiências acumuladas no Brasil e na Itália. A dupla titulação não teria sido possível sem a bolsa Erasmus Mundus concedida pela União Europeia, de modo que todo agradecimento será pouco. É preciso reconhecer também o apoio dado pela Agência Espacial Europeia, na pessoa da professora doutora Frances Westall, que acolheu minha participação no European Astrobiology Network Association em Atenas (2017), como único trabalho da área de Humanidades. Desta semente apresentada no EANA 2017, brotou a presente tese. Agradeço imensamente aos dois melhores orientadores que eu poderia ter tido: Renato Janine Ribeiro, do Brasil; e Fabrizio Turoldo, da Itália. A vocês, meu muito obrigado pelas aulas, sugestões, correções e incentivo. Não poderia deixar de agradecer o professor doutor Stefano Maso, que teve a sabedoria de me indicar Turoldo como orientador para minha tese na instituição italiana. Meu muito obrigado à professora doutora Emanuela Scribano por ter me convidado e incentivado a transformar meu doutorado em um regime de duplo título. Indispensável agradecer à professora e poeta Anna Toscano por ter elevado meu italiano ao nível C2. Agradeço também aos doutores Marcia Hoffmann e Amâncio Friaça, por terem composto a minha banca de qualificação, mostrando-me o caminho da luz. A Rodrigo Las Casas, por ter me apresentado à obra de David Deutsch, fundamental para a elaboração desta tese. Os agradecimentos se estendem a todas as nossas versões nos múltiplos universos. Por fim, mas não menos importante, meu muito obrigado a Denise Coelho, pessoa necessária neste mundo, por toda sua ajuda no inglês. Em algum universo, eu não escrevi esta tese. Lá, os agradecimentos serão por coisas outras. Talvez por lá eu pratique street dance. De uma forma ou de outra, sempre há a quem agradecer por algo. 6 DEDICATÓRIA Para minha tia Gina Magnavita Galeffi, que um dia me disse “vá”. E eu fui. Para meus padrinhos, os melhores que eu poderia ter tido, Pasqualino e Cledys Magnavita. Por todo o incentivo intelectual ao longo de minha infância e adolescência. Principalmente pela caixa de química. Eu adorava aquela caixa. Para minha mãe, Anna Maria Magnavita, e minha irmã, Karin Magnavita, por todo o estímulo e apoio, sobretudo no começo deste doutorado, quando tive de enfrentar um difícil tratamento oncológico. Para meu médico e amigo, André Lopes de Farias. Sem ele, esta tese só existiria como intenção. Em algum universo eu até posso ter morrido. Mas neste, André foi imbatível. Para meus ancestrais, inclusive os que jamais conheci. Vocês fizeram muito sexo, espero que tenha sido agradável. Eu sou o resultado de seu prazer. Vocês podem até ter passado, mas existem em mim. Para meus sobrinhos, Heitor Dodsworth e Giovanna Magnavita. E para minha afilhada, Livia Stroppiana. Vocês são futuro. Para Leonardo Chioda. Você é presente. Para meus personagens. Eu sei que vocês existem em outros universos. Vocês são ouroboros. Eu nunca vou me cansar de trazer você de volta, Julia: abracadabra. 7 INDEX (English version) Initial considerations p.9 1. The imperative of biocosmic expansion – an ethical proposal p.14 1.1. Transhumanists against the Jonasian summum malum p.14 1.2. Trasumanar – From Dante to Huxley p.21 1.3. Prometheus unbound p.30 1.4. Objections against transhumanism p.35 1.4.1. First objection: the “Ship of Theseus Paradox” p.35 1.4.2. Second objection: the rise of super-humans p.38 1.4.3. Third objection: genetic engineering p.41 1.5. The Starchild beyond anthropocentrism p.46 2. Metaphysics: the emergence of a cosmic awareness p.60 2.1. Transhumanism and metaphysics: initial considerations p.60 2.2. On systems and truths p.62 2.3. Life, sentience, and intelligence: is there a cosmic telos? p.65 2.4. Cosmic physical constants p.69 2.5. On the existence of multiple universes p.74 2.6. On wagers p.88 3. Conclusions p.96 Portuguese version p.98 Bibliography p.188 8 ÍNDICE (Versão em português) Considerações iniciais pg.98 1. O imperativo da expansão biocósmica – uma proposta ética pg.102 1.1. Transumanistas contra o summum malum jonasiano pg.102 1.2. Transumanar – De Dante a Huxley pg.110 1.3. Prometeu desacorrentado pg.118 1.4. Objeções contra o transumanismo pg.123 1.4.1. Primeira objeção: o “Paradoxo do Navio de Teseu” pg.123 1.4.2. Segunda objeção: a ascensão dos super-humanos pg.126 1.4.3. Terceira objeção: engenharia genética pg.128 1.5. A Criança-Estrela além do antropocentrismo pg.134 2. Metafísica – a emergência de uma consciência cósmica pg.148 2.1. Transumanismo e metafísica: considerações iniciais pg.148 2.2. Sistemas e verdades pg.151 2.3. Vida, senciência e inteligência: existe um telos cósmico? pg.154 2.4. Constantes físicas cósmicas pg.158 2.5. Sobre a existência de múltiplos universos pg.164 2.6. Sobre apostas p.178 3. Conclusões pg.186 Bibliografia pg. 188 9 Initial Considerations Tis true without lying, certain and most true. That which is below is like that which is above, And that which is above is like that which is below, To do the miracles of one only thing (…)1 The ontology of humankind is also the ontology of the skies. The ties that bind them together are inextricable to such a degree that changes in one incur in a profound transformation of the other as in a mutual reflection.
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