DOCSLIB.ORG

From Wittgenstein to Ontology Engineering

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Wittgenstein to Ontology Engineering FROM WITTGENSTEIN TO ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING A research framework for ontology-driven AI A framework for future research into Ontology-driven AI, based on analytical language philosophy and cognitive semantics Erik David Johnson www.erk.dk Abstract This thesis establishes how the field of natural language processing (NLP), which is related to artificial intelligence and linguistics, concerned with human-computer interaction, seems to have stagnated, in its strong preference towards statistical methods based on the lower levels of language analysis. As a possible solution, it proposes an alternative approach, which instead has the highest level of language analysis – world knowledge – as its outset. A strategy towards endowing NLP systems with world knowledge through ontology engineering, based on an analysis of the works of language philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein as related to Lakoff & Johnson’s cognitive semantic theory on the metaphorical systematicity of language, is suggested and tested in a proof-of-concept. The result is a theoretical framework for further research into the development of a top-level ontology for use in high-level NLP systems, based on the cognitive semantic and language philosophical premise established in this thesis, which also includes suggestions for a computational model in the form of artificial neural networks, contextual segmentation using Lakoff’s theory on Frames and metaphor deconstruction and representation using Fauconnier’s Mental Space and Blending Theory. Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Methodology............................................................................................................................................................ 2 2 A Short Introduction to Natural Language Processing .................................................................................................... 3 3 Levels of Natural Language Analysis.............................................................................................................................. 5 3.1 Morphological Analysis........................................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Grammatical and Syntactical Analysis .................................................................................................................... 6 3.3 Semantic Analysis.................................................................................................................................................... 8 3.4 Local Discourse Context and Pragmatic Analysis ................................................................................................... 9 3.5 World Knowledge and The Problem of Natural Language Understanding ........................................................... 10 4 Analytical Language Philosophy and World Knowledge.............................................................................................. 13 5 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus and NLP ..................................................................................................................... 14 5.1 The Basic Ontology of Tractatus ........................................................................................................................... 14 5.2 Wittgenstein’s Picture Theory of Language........................................................................................................... 15 5.3 The Application of Tractatus in NLP..................................................................................................................... 18 6 Philosophical Investigations and NLP ........................................................................................................................... 19 6.1 A different View of Language and Meaning ......................................................................................................... 20 6.2 Language-games: Meaning as Use......................................................................................................................... 21 6.3 Rule-following, life-form and the Acquisition of Language.................................................................................. 21 6.4 The Application of Philosophical Investigations in NLP....................................................................................... 23 7 Common Life-form as a Basis for Patterns of Meaning in NLP.................................................................................... 24 7.1 Wittgenstein's Shift according to Cognitive Theory .............................................................................................. 24 7.2 Embodied Cognition .............................................................................................................................................. 26 8 The Metaphorical Systematicity of Natural Language .................................................................................................. 28 8.1 Our Conceptual System as Metaphorical in Nature ............................................................................................... 28 8.2 Types of Metaphor................................................................................................................................................. 28 8.3 The Philosophy of Metaphor.................................................................................................................................. 30 9 World Knowledge through Ontology Engineering........................................................................................................ 32 9.1 World Knowledge as Ontology.............................................................................................................................. 32 9.2 An Example of Applied Ontology Engineering: Ankiro........................................................................................ 33 9.3 Achieving Generality: Top-level Ontologies ......................................................................................................... 35 9.4 Domain-specific vs. Top-level Ontologies............................................................................................................. 36 10 Proof-of-Concept for a Computational Model of Metaphor ........................................................................................ 38 10.1 Purpose and Limitations....................................................................................................................................... 38 10.2 Computational Model: Artificial Neural Networks.............................................................................................. 39 10.3 Design and Implementation ................................................................................................................................. 42 10.4 Training Data ....................................................................................................................................................... 45 10.5 Performance and Experiments ............................................................................................................................. 46 10.6 Evaluation and Discussion................................................................................................................................... 48 11 Building upon Metaphor: Multi-level Contextuality ................................................................................................... 52 11.1 The Problem of Natural Language Understanding – Revisited............................................................................ 52 11.2 Natural Language: More than Metaphor.............................................................................................................. 53 11.3 The Contextual Granularity of Wittgenstein’s Language Games ........................................................................ 56 11.4 Contextual Segmentation using Frames............................................................................................................... 57 11.5 Mental Space and Blending Theory..................................................................................................................... 59 12 A New Approach to Ontology Engineering and World Knowledge............................................................................ 62 12.1 Results and Suggested Areas for Further Research.............................................................................................. 62 12.2 Academic Validation and Verification................................................................................................................. 65 13 Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................... 66 References ........................................................................................................................................................................ 69 Appendices ......................................................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Strands of Wittgenstein's Normative Pragmatism
    Some Strands of Wittgenstein’s Normative Pragmatism, and Some Strains of his Semantic Nihilism ROBERT B. BRANDOM ABSTRACT WORK TYPE In this reflection I address one of the critical questions this monograph is Article about: How to justify proposing yet another semantic theory in the light of Wittgenstein’s strong warnings against it. I see two clear motives for ARTICLE HISTORY Wittgenstein’s semantic nihilism. The first one is the view that philosophical Received: problems arise from postulating hypothetical entities such as ‘meanings’. To 27–January–2018 dissolve the philosophical problems rather than create new ones, Wittgenstein Accepted: suggests substituting ‘meaning’ with ‘use’ and avoiding scientism in philosophy 3–March–2018 together with the urge to penetrate in one's investigation to unobservable depths. I believe this first motive constitutes only a weak motive for ARTICLE LANGUAGE Wittgenstein’s quietism, because there are substantial differences between English empirical theories in natural sciences and semantic theories in philosophy that KEYWORDS leave Wittgenstein’s assimilation of both open to criticism. But Wittgenstein is Meaning and Use right, on the second motive, that given the dynamic character of linguistic Hypothetical Entities practice, the classical project of semantic theory is a disease that can be Antiscientism removed or ameliorated only by heeding the advice to replace concern with Semantic Nihilism meaning by concern with use. On my view, this does not preclude, however, a Linguistic Dynamism different kind of theoretical approach to meaning that avoids the pitfalls of the Procrustean enterprise Wittgenstein complained about. © Studia Humanitatis – Universidad de Salamanca 2019 R. Brandom (✉) Disputatio. Philosophical Research Bulletin University of Pittsburgh, USA Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • A Data-Driven Framework for Assisting Geo-Ontology Engineering Using a Discrepancy Index
    University of California Santa Barbara A Data-Driven Framework for Assisting Geo-Ontology Engineering Using a Discrepancy Index A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Geography by Bo Yan Committee in charge: Professor Krzysztof Janowicz, Chair Professor Werner Kuhn Professor Emerita Helen Couclelis June 2016 The Thesis of Bo Yan is approved. Professor Werner Kuhn Professor Emerita Helen Couclelis Professor Krzysztof Janowicz, Committee Chair May 2016 A Data-Driven Framework for Assisting Geo-Ontology Engineering Using a Discrepancy Index Copyright c 2016 by Bo Yan iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the members of my committee for their guidance and patience in the face of obstacles over the course of my research. I would like to thank my advisor, Krzysztof Janowicz, for his invaluable input on my work. Without his help and encour- agement, I would not have been able to find the light at the end of the tunnel during the last stage of the work. Because he provided insight that helped me think out of the box. There is no better advisor. I would like to thank Yingjie Hu who has offered me numer- ous feedback, suggestions and inspirations on my thesis topic. I would like to thank all my other intelligent colleagues in the STKO lab and the Geography Department { those who have moved on and started anew, those who are still in the quagmire, and those who have just begun { for their support and friendship. Last, but most importantly, I would like to thank my parents for their unconditional love.
    [Show full text]
  • Semantic Analysis of the First Cities from a Deconstruction Perspective Doi: 10.23968/2500-0055-2020-5-3-43-48
    Mojtaba Valibeigi, Faezeh Ashuri— Pages 43–48 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST CITIES FROM A DECONSTRUCTION PERSPECTIVE DOI: 10.23968/2500-0055-2020-5-3-43-48 SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST CITIES FROM A DECONSTRUCTION PERSPECTIVE Mojtaba Valibeigi*, Faezeh Ashuri Buein Zahra Technical University Imam Khomeini Blvd, Buein Zahra, Qazvin, Iran *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Introduction: Deconstruction is looking for any meaning, semantics and concepts and then shows how all of them seem to lead to chaos, and are always on the border of meaning duality. Purpose of the study: The study is aimed to investigate urban identity from a deconstruction perspective. Since two important bases of deconstruction are text and meaning and their relationships, we chose the first cities on a symbolic level as a text and tried to analyze their meanings. Methods: The study used a deductive content analysis in three steps including preparation, organization and final report or conclusion. In the first step, we argued deconstruction philosophy based on Derrida’s views accordingly. Then we determined some common semantic features of the first cities. Finally, we presented some conclusions based on a semantic interpretation of the first cities’ identity.Results: It seems that all cities as texts tend to provoke a special imaginary meaning, while simultaneously promoting and emphasizing the opposite meaning of what they want to show. Keywords Deconstruction, text, meaning, urban semantics, the first cities. Introduction to have a specific meaning (Gualberto and Kress, 2019; Expressions are an act of recognizing or displaying Leone, 2019; Stojiljković and Ristić Trajković, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Matrix Decompositions and Latent Semantic Indexing
    Online edition (c)2009 Cambridge UP DRAFT! © April 1, 2009 Cambridge University Press. Feedback welcome. 403 Matrix decompositions and latent 18 semantic indexing On page 123 we introduced the notion of a term-document matrix: an M N matrix C, each of whose rows represents a term and each of whose column× s represents a document in the collection. Even for a collection of modest size, the term-document matrix C is likely to have several tens of thousands of rows and columns. In Section 18.1.1 we first develop a class of operations from linear algebra, known as matrix decomposition. In Section 18.2 we use a special form of matrix decomposition to construct a low-rank approximation to the term-document matrix. In Section 18.3 we examine the application of such low-rank approximations to indexing and retrieving documents, a technique referred to as latent semantic indexing. While latent semantic in- dexing has not been established as a significant force in scoring and ranking for information retrieval, it remains an intriguing approach to clustering in a number of domains including for collections of text documents (Section 16.6, page 372). Understanding its full potential remains an area of active research. Readers who do not require a refresher on linear algebra may skip Sec- tion 18.1, although Example 18.1 is especially recommended as it highlights a property of eigenvalues that we exploit later in the chapter. 18.1 Linear algebra review We briefly review some necessary background in linear algebra. Let C be an M N matrix with real-valued entries; for a term-document matrix, all × RANK entries are in fact non-negative.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Relativity Hyp
    THE LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS by Michele Nathan A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Social Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida December 1973 THE LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS by Michele Nathan This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate's thesis advisor, Dr. John D. Early, Department of Anthropology, and has been approved by the members of his supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of the College of Social Science and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: &~ rl7 IC?13 (date) 1 ii ABSTRACT Author: Michele Nathan Title: The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Institution: Florida Atlantic University Degree: Master of Arts Year: 1973 Although interest in the linguistic relativity hypothesis seems to have waned in recent years, this thesis attempts to assess the available evidence supporting it in order to show that further investigation of the hypothesis might be most profitable. Special attention is paid to the fact that anthropology has largely failed to substantiate any claims that correlations between culture and the semantics of language do exist. This has been due to the impressionistic nature of the studies in this area. The use of statistics and hypothesis testing to provide mor.e rigorous methodology is discussed in the hope that employing such paradigms would enable anthropology to contribute some sound evidence regarding t~~ hypothesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction • 1 CHAPTER I THE.HISTORY OF THE FORMULATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontology-Driven Automation of Iot-Based Human-Machine Interfaces Development?
    Ontology-Driven Automation of IoT-Based Human-Machine Interfaces Development? Konstantin Ryabinin1[0000−0002−8353−7641], Svetlana Chuprina1[0000−0002−2103−3771], and Konstantin Belousov1[0000−0003−4447−1288] Perm State University, Bukireva Str. 15, 614990, Perm, Russia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. The paper is devoted to the development of high-level tools to automate tangible human-machine interfaces creation bringing to- gether IoT technologies and ontology engineering methods. We propose using ontology-driven approach to enable automatic generation of firmware for the devices and middleware for the applications to design from scratch or transform the existing M2M ecosystem with respect to new human needs and, if necessary, to transform M2M systems into human-centric ones. Thanks to our previous research, we developed the firmware and middleware generator on top of SciVi scientific visualization system that was proven to be a handy tool to integrate different data sources, in- cluding software solvers and hardware data providers, for monitoring and steering purposes. The high-level graphical user SciVi interface en- ables to design human-machine communication in terms of data flow and ontological specifications. Thereby the SciVi platform capabilities are sufficient to automatically generate all the necessary components for IoT ecosystem software. We tested our approach tackling the real-world problems of creating hardware device turning human gestures into se- mantics of spatiotemporal deixis, which relates to the verbal behavior of people having different psychological types. The device firmware gener- ated by means of SciVi tools enables researchers to understand complex matters and helps them analyze the linguistic behavior of users of so- cial networks with different psychological characteristics, and identify patterns inherent in their communication in social networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns in Ontology Engineering: Classification of Ontology Patterns
    PATTERNS IN ONTOLOGY ENGINEERING: CLASSIFICATION OF ONTOLOGY PATTERNS Eva Blomqvist School of Engineering, Jonk¨ oping¨ University P.O. Box 1026, SE-551 11 Jonk¨ oping,¨ Sweden [email protected] Kurt Sandkuhl School of Engineering, Jonk¨ oping¨ University P.O. Box 1026, SE-551 11 Jonk¨ oping,¨ Sweden [email protected] Keywords: Ontology Engineering, Ontology Patterns, Pattern Classification. Abstract: In Software Engineering, patterns are an accepted way to facilitate and support reuse. This paper focuses on patterns in the field of Ontology Engineering and proposes a classification scheme for ontology patterns. The scheme divides ontology patterns into five levels: Application Patterns, Architecture Patterns, Design Patterns, Semantic Patterns, and Syntactic Patterns. Semantic and Syntactic Patterns are quite well-researched but the higher levels of pattern abstraction are so far almost unexplored. To illustrate the possibilities of patterns on these levels some examples are discussed, together with ideas of future work. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 ONTOLOGY PATTERNS TODAY Recent developments in the area of Ontology En- Ontology is a popular term today, used in many ar- gineering involve semi-automatic ontology construc- eas and defined in many different ways. In this paper tion to reduce time and effort of constructing an on- ontology is defined as: tology. In particular for small-scale application con- texts, reduction of effort and expert involvement is an An ontology is a hierarchically structured set of important requirement. concepts describing a specific domain of knowledge that can be used to create a knowledge base. An on- Ways of reducing this effort are to further facil- tology contains concepts, a subsumption hierarchy, itate semi-automatic construction of ontologies, but arbitrary relations between concepts, and axioms.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Ecommerce Framework for Online Shopping Using Semantic Web and Web 3.0
    ISSN (Online) 2278-1021 IJARCCE ISSN (Print) 2319 5940 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 5, Issue 3, March 2016 Building Ecommerce Framework for Online Shopping using Semantic Web and Web 3.0 Pranita Barpute1, Dhananjay Solankar2, Ravi Hanwate3, Puja Kurwade4, Kiran Avhad5 Student, Computer, SAOE, Pune, India1,2,3,4 Professor, Computer, SAOE, Pune, India5 Abstract: E-commerce is one of the popular areas. In Online Shopping we can perform add, remove, edit, and update the product as per dealers and end users requirement. With the use of semantic web and web 3.0 the system performance will increase. The system should have proper user interface. The customers who visit online shopping system, they will have easy implementation of search item. This will increase the participation of various dealers for their product to get them online. For each Dealer have separate login and they also insert product, tracking products delivery for their products. The proposed system will use semantic web and web 3.0 Therefore, for Customer and also for Dealer it is useful. For both Customer and Dealers it shows own interface. Keywords: Framework, Semantic Web, Ontologies, Web 3.0, Resources Description Framework (RDF), Owl, E- commerce. I. INTRODUCTION II. LITERATURE SURVEY It is becoming a research focus about how to capture or E-commerce [1] framework is used to buy or exchange find customer's behavior patterns and realize commerce relative information via web applications and electronics intelligence by use of Web Semantic technology. device is nothing but E-commerce. This information helps Recommendation system in electronic commerce [1] is to derive different application using online shopping and one of the successful applications that are based on such E-commerce.
    [Show full text]
  • A Methodology for Engineering Domain Ontology Using Entity Relationship Model
    (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 8, 2019 A Methodology for Engineering Domain Ontology using Entity Relationship Model Muhammad Ahsan Raza1, M. Rahmah2, Sehrish Raza3, A. Noraziah4, Roslina Abd. Hamid5 Faculty of Computer Systems and Software Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia1, 2, 4, 5 Institute of Computer Science and Information Technology, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan3 Abstract—Ontology engineering is an important aspect of The proposed procedure of ontology engineering (OE) is semantic web vision to attain the meaningful representation of novel in two aspects: (1) it is based on well know ER-schema data. Although various techniques exist for the creation of which is readily available for most of the database-based ontology, most of the methods involve the number of complex organizations or can be developed efficiently for any domain of phases, scenario-dependent ontology development, and poor interest with accuracy. (2) The method proposes instant and validation of ontology. This research work presents a lightweight cost-effective rules for ER to ontology translation while approach to build domain ontology using Entity Relationship maintaining all semantic checks. The ER-schema and (ER) model. Firstly, a detailed analysis of intended domain is translation model (viewing the two facets as simple and performed to develop the ER model. In the next phase, ER to portable) support the development of ontology for any ontology (EROnt) conversion rules are outlined, and finally the knowledge domain. Focusing on the discipline of information system prototype is developed to construct the ontology. The proposed approach investigates the domain of information technology where the learning material related to the technology curriculum for the successful interpretation of curriculum is highly unstructured, we have developed an OE concepts, attributes, relationships of concepts and constraints tool that captures semantics from the ER-schema and among the concepts of the ontology.
    [Show full text]
  • Philosophy of Language in the Twentieth Century Jason Stanley Rutgers University
    Philosophy of Language in the Twentieth Century Jason Stanley Rutgers University In the Twentieth Century, Logic and Philosophy of Language are two of the few areas of philosophy in which philosophers made indisputable progress. For example, even now many of the foremost living ethicists present their theories as somewhat more explicit versions of the ideas of Kant, Mill, or Aristotle. In contrast, it would be patently absurd for a contemporary philosopher of language or logician to think of herself as working in the shadow of any figure who died before the Twentieth Century began. Advances in these disciplines make even the most unaccomplished of its practitioners vastly more sophisticated than Kant. There were previous periods in which the problems of language and logic were studied extensively (e.g. the medieval period). But from the perspective of the progress made in the last 120 years, previous work is at most a source of interesting data or occasional insight. All systematic theorizing about content that meets contemporary standards of rigor has been done subsequently. The advances Philosophy of Language has made in the Twentieth Century are of course the result of the remarkable progress made in logic. Few other philosophical disciplines gained as much from the developments in logic as the Philosophy of Language. In the course of presenting the first formal system in the Begriffsscrift , Gottlob Frege developed a formal language. Subsequently, logicians provided rigorous semantics for formal languages, in order to define truth in a model, and thereby characterize logical consequence. Such rigor was required in order to enable logicians to carry out semantic proofs about formal systems in a formal system, thereby providing semantics with the same benefits as increased formalization had provided for other branches of mathematics.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Semantics Naming
    1/27 A history of semantics [in Nick Riemer (ed.) Routledge Handbook of Semantics] Naming [M]an “makes” his territory by naming the “things” in it. (Chatwin 1988: 301) Human beings name things in their environment. The name helps to distinguish and identify the denotatum (thing named) and is essential to communication with fellow humans about 1 such denotata. In Plato’s Cratylus (Plato 1997) c. 385 BCE, Socrates advances the hypothesis that the earliest name-giver (onomatourgos) selected a name that captures the essence of its denotatum, that is in some way iconic as with onomatopoeic bird names like cuckoo or whippoorwill. On this hypothesis the meaning of a word would be ‘natural’ because directly recognizable from the form of the word. Many of the Ancients sought to demonstrate that names are far more descriptive than the facts allow. For example Socrates in Cratylus 406c derives the name Dionusos (god of Bacchanalia) from didous ton oinon ‘giving wine’. In De lingua latina V: 101 (c. 45 BCE) Varro suggests that because the fox is fleet-footed, volpes ‘fox’ is a blend of volare ‘fly’ and pes ‘foot’ (Varro 1938). Isidore of Seville suggested c. 625 CE that oratio ‘utterance’ derives from oris ratio ‘the mouth’s reason’. None of these is correct and many such ‘etymologies’ are utterly absurd (see Allan 2010). Indeed, the implausibility of such accounts was recognized by Socrates in Cratylus (426b-427b, 434e- 435c), but a clear statement that names are symbols which denote by convention is first found some 25 years after Cratylus in Aristotle’s On Interpretation 16a3, 16a20 (Aristotle 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • Semom, a Semantic Middleware for Iot Healthcare Applications Rita Zgheib
    SeMoM, a semantic middleware for IoT healthcare applications Rita Zgheib To cite this version: Rita Zgheib. SeMoM, a semantic middleware for IoT healthcare applications. Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI]. Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2017. English. NNT : 2017TOU30250. tel-01925467 HAL Id: tel-01925467 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01925467 Submitted on 16 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THTHESEESE`` En vue de l’obtention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE´ DE TOULOUSE D´elivr´e par : l’Universit´eToulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Pr´esent´ee et soutenue le 12/12/2017 par : Rita ZGHEIB SeMoM: A semantic Middleware for IoT Healthcare Applications JURY Myriam LAMOLLE Professeure-Universit´ede Paris 8Rapporteur Norbert NOURY Professeur-Universit´ede LyonRapporteur Lynda TAMINE Professeure-Universit´edeToulouse3 Examinateur Ernesto EXPOSITO Professeur-Universit´ede PauExaminateur Remi´ BASTIDE Professeur-INU ChampollionDirecteur de th`ese Emmanuel CONCHON MCF-Universit´ede LimogesCodirecteur de th`ese Ecole´ doctorale et sp´ecialit´e : MITT : Domaine STIC : Intelligence Artificielle Unit´e de Recherche : Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse (UMR 5505) Directeur(s) de Th`ese : R´emiBASTIDE et Emmanuel CONCHON Rapporteurs : Myriam LAMOLLE et Norbert NOURY Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank the “Midi-Pyrenees Region" and the "CUFR Jean-François Champollion” for funding my PhD thesis.
    [Show full text]