Phosphate Rock Formation and Marine Phosphorus Geochemistry: the Deep Time Perspective ⇑ Gabriel M
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Phosphate Rock in Wyoming
Phosphate Rock in Wyoming Jacob D. Carnes Report of Investigations No. 68 • 2015 WYOMING STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas A. Drean, Director and State Geologist Director and State Geologist Thomas A. Drean Editing by: Sarah R. Garlick Design and layout by: James R. Rodgers Photomicrograph of phosphate rock from the Poison Creek trench in Lincoln County, Wyo., showing the concentric structure of ap- atite grains commonly found in phosphorites of the Phosphoria Formation. Photomicrograph by Jacob Carnes, 2015. Cover photo: Outcrop of the Meade Peak Member of the Phosphoria Formation along U.S. Hwy 26, approximately 3 miles southwest of Hoback Junction, in Teton County, Wyo. Photo by Jacob Carnes, 2015. Phosphate Rock in Wyoming Wyoming State Geological Survey (WSGS) Report of Investigations No. 68, 2015 Suggested citation: Carnes, J.D., 2015, Phosphate rock in Wyoming: Wyoming State Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 68, 34 p. The WSGS encourages fair use of its material. We request that credit be expressly given to the “Wyoming State Geological Survey” when citing information from this publication. Please contact the WSGS at 307- 766-2286, ext. 224, or by email at [email protected], if you have any questions about citing materials, preparing acknowledgments, or extensive use of this material. We appreciate your cooperation. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement or approval by the State of Wyoming or the WSGS. Individuals with disabilities who require an alternate form of this publication should contact the WSGS. TTY relay operator 800-877-9975. -
Tulane Studies Tn Geology and Paleontology Pliocene
TULANE STUDIES TN GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY Volu me 22, Number 2 Sepl<'mber 20. l!J8~) PLIOCENE THREE-TOED HORSES FROM LOUISIANA. WITH COMMENTS ON THE CITRONELLE FORMATION EAHL M. MANNING MUSP.UM OF'GEOSCIF:NCE. LOUISJJ\NA STATE UNIVF:RSlTY. JJATO.\I ROI.JG/<. LOL'/S//\;\':1 and llRUCE J. MACFADDlrn DEJ>ARTM/<:NTOF NATUH/\LSCIENCES. F'LORJD/\ MUSf:UM Of<'NJ\TUIV\/, lllSTOUY UNIVERSITY OF FLOH!IJJ\. GJ\/NESVlU.E. Fl.OH/DA CONTENTS Page T. ABSTRACT 3.5 II INTRODUCTION :l5 Ill. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS :rn TV . ABBREVIATIONS :l7 V. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY ;37 VI. AGE OF THE TUNICA HILLS HIPPARIONINES 38 VIL STRATIGRAPHIC PROVENIENCE 38 Vlll. PLIOCENE TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES OF THE GULF AND ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN .JO IX. COMMENTS ON THE CITRONELLE FORMATION .JI X. AGE OF THE CITRONELLE 42 XL TH E CITRONELLE FORMATION IN nm TUNICA HILLS .t:1 XII. LITERATURE CITED l.J January of 1985, the senior author was L ABSTRACT shown a large collection of late Pleistocene Teeth and metacarpals of early Pliocene (Rancholabrean land-mammal agel ver (latest Hemphillian land-mammal age) tebrate fossils from the Tunica Hills of three-toed (hipparionine) horses are de Louisiana (Fig. I) by Dr. A. Bradley scribed from the Tunica Hills of West McPherson of Centenary College, Feliciana Parish in east-central Louisiana. Shreveport. McPherson and Mr. Bill Lee An upper molar perta ins to Nannippus of Balon Rouge had collected fossils from minor, known from the Hcmphillian of that area since about 1981. Among the Central and North America, and two teeth standard assemblage of Rancholabrean and two distal metacarpals pertain to a re taxa (e.g. -
URANIUM from PHOSPHATES in the UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC
URANIUM from PHOSPHATES in the UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC In response to a request from the UAR Govern Zabal) by the usual sulphuric acid process, with a ment, IAEA sent Professor B. V. Nevsky, a Soviet yieldof simple superphosphate (totalling up to 200 000 expert, to make an on-the-spot study of data on the tons a year), with a content of assimilated P90. of mining and processing of phosphates in the UAR and approximately 15-17 per cent. Imported pyrite is to examine the possibility of recovering uranium from the raw material used to produce sulphuric acid. the phosphate ores. In his report to the IAEA Director General, he has listed the following conclusions: Under the five year plan it is intended also to pro duce triple superphosphate, in quantities up to 100 000 1. The uranium content of run-of-the-mine phosphor tons by 1962-1963 (with a content of assimilated P2O5 ic ores in the United Arab Republic is very low and of approximately 45 - 48 per cent). This product will the recovery of uranium from them is therefore hardly be for export. The advantages of exporting triple likely to be an economic proposition. superphosphate are lower transport costs and the possibility of using lower-grade phosphorites. The 2. It is essential to press on with prospecting work method of producing triple superphosphate has not yet in order to discover richer uranic deposits and re been finally decided. If the "wet" method (with sul gions of phosphoritic ores. phuric acid) of producing the phosphoric acid needed to obtain triple superphosphate is used, the plant can 3. -
Phosphate Occurrence and Potential in the Region of Afghanistan, Including Parts of China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
Phosphate Occurrence and Potential in the Region of Afghanistan, Including Parts of China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan By G.J. Orris, Pamela Dunlap, and John C. Wallis With a section on geophysics by Jeff Wynn Open-File Report 2015–1121 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2015 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Suggested citation: Orris, G.J., Dunlap, Pamela, and Wallis, J.C., 2015, Phosphate occurrence and potential in the region of Afghanistan, including parts of China, Iran, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, with a section on geophysics by Jeff Wynn: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1121, 70 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151121. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Contents -
A New Machairodont from the Palmetto Fauna (Early Pliocene) of Florida, with Comments on the Origin of the Smilodontini (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)
A New Machairodont from the Palmetto Fauna (Early Pliocene) of Florida, with Comments on the Origin of the Smilodontini (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) Steven C. Wallace1*, Richard C. Hulbert Jr.2 1 Department of Geosciences, Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America, 2 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America Abstract South-central Florida’s latest Hemphillian Palmetto Fauna includes two machairodontine felids, the lion-sized Machairodus coloradensis and a smaller, jaguar-sized species, initially referred to Megantereon hesperus based on a single, relatively incomplete mandible. This made the latter the oldest record of Megantereon, suggesting a New World origin of the genus. Subsequent workers variously accepted or rejected this identification and biogeographic scenario. Fortunately, new material, which preserves previously unknown characters, is now known for the smaller taxon. The most parsimonious results of a phylogenetic analysis using 37 cranio-mandibular characters from 13 taxa place it in the Smilodontini, like the original study; however, as the sister-taxon to Megantereon and Smilodon. Accordingly, we formally describe Rhizosmilodon fiteae gen. et sp. nov. Rhizosmilodon, Megantereon, and Smilodon ( = Smilodontini) share synapomorphies relative to their sister-taxon Machairodontini: serrations smaller and restricted to canines; offset of P3 with P4 and p4 with m1; complete verticalization of mandibular symphysis; m1 shortened and robust with widest point anterior to notch; and extreme posterior ‘‘lean’’ to p3/p4. Rhizosmilodon has small anterior and posterior accessory cusps on p4, a relatively large lower canine, and small, non-procumbent lower incisors; all more primitive states than in Megantereon and Smilodon. -
Some Aspects of Phosphorus in Precambrian Sedimentation
ARKIV FÖR MINERALOGI OCH GEOLOGI Band 3 nr 9 Read 14 February 1962 Some aspects of phosphorus in Precamhrian sedimentation By PER GEIJER ABSTRACT The first appearance of phosphorite in sediments, at the time transitional between the Precam brian and the Cambrian, coincided with the first appearance of animals with hard parts containing calcium phosphate. At the same geological time a great change took place with regard to the phosphorus content of sedimentary iron ores, those of the Phanerozoic systems carrying normally about ten times more of this element than the Precambrian ones. Before, all during the Precam brian, the only possible sources of phosphorus in non-detrital sediments were abiotic precipitation and processes connected with the decay of the soft tissues of animals and plants. Together these sources were not adequate to produce any phosphorite deposit, or even, with extremely few excep tions, to leave more than insignificant marks in iron ores formed in an environment favourable also for phosphate deposition. With regard to abiotic precipitation, conditions must have been essentially the same in Phanerozoic sedimentation as they were during the Precambrian. The conclusion that, in the latter case, this source was of but little importance, therefore appears to be on the whole applicable also to the Phanerozoic. In the case of soft organic tissues as a source of phosphatic sediments, a similar conclusion seems justified when considering such forms of Iife as were in existence already at the time when the phosphorus-poor sediments of the Precambrian were deposited, but it is doubtful whether it may be extended also higher up on the evolutionary scale. -
An Estimate of Uranium Recovery from Phosphorite Ores
AN ESTIMATE OF URANIUM RECOVERY FROM PHOSPHORITE ORES G. MASHKOVTSEV, G. AVDONIN All-Russian Scientific–Research Institute of Mineral Resources, Moscow, Russian Federation 1. INTRODUCTION The bulk of the unconventional uranium resources worldwide are associated with phosphorite ores. Despite the ongoing depression in the global uranium market, intense research activity is under way in various countries with the objective of developing cost effective ways of uranium recovery from non- conventional resources. Annual global production of phosphorous pentoxide (Р2О5) is about 50 Mt, including 9.5 Mt in North America, 9.4 Mt in Africa and 19.2 Mt in Asia. Up to 15 400 tU is contained in phosphorite ores mined worldwide each year, while practically no uranium production has been reported. The value of uranium produced as a minor by-product during phosphate fertilizer production is negligible when compared with value of the main product (phosphate fertilizer). Hence, the phosphate fertilizer market acts as a determining factor of how much uranium contained in the phosphate resources can be produced, and of its production cost parameters, which are closely tied to fertilizer production economics. 2. DESCRIPTION According to the traditional technology, uranium is recovered from wet process phosphoric acid using solvent extraction (SX) based flowcharts, with octylpyrophosphoric acid (OPPA), di(2- ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid coupled with trioctylphosphinic oxide (DHEPA–TOPO) and octylphenylphosphoric acid (OPAP) used as extractants. The preliminary reduction of U(VI) to U(IV) is traditionally performed by adding iron powder (specific consumption of the iron powder being 8 kg/m3 of the source solution). In 2009, Urtek LLC developed an alternative uranium recovery technology from phosphorites known as PhosEnergy and successively piloted it in Australia and the United States of America. -
Ediacaran Reorganization of the Marine Phosphorus Cycle
Ediacaran reorganization of the marine phosphorus cycle Thomas A. Laaksoa,1, Erik A. Sperlingb, David T. Johnstona, and Andrew H. Knollc,1 aDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 20138; bDepartment of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and cDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 20138 Contributed by Andrew H. Knoll, March 25, 2020 (sent for review September 26, 2019; reviewed by Kurt O. Konhauser and Lee R. Kump) The Ediacaran Period (635 to 541 Ma) marks the global transition of phosphorus into the oceans of the very earliest Ediacaran Period to a more productive biosphere, evidenced by increased availabil- (22). Phosphorus-based hypotheses for Ediacaran biosphere tran- ity of food and oxidants, the appearance of macroscopic animals, sition are attractive, but those articulated to date suffer from significant populations of eukaryotic phytoplankton, and the problems of transience and, possibly, magnitude. Increased weath- onset of massive phosphorite deposition. We propose this entire ering and erosion might, under favorable conditions, transiently suite of changes results from an increase in the size of the deep- increase P flux to the oceans by a factor of 2 or so, but we argue water marine phosphorus reservoir, associated with rising sulfate below that the sedimentary record of phosphorites (Fig. 1) likely concentrations and increased remineralization of organic P by indicates order-of-magnitude changes in P supply to phospho- sulfate-reducing bacteria. Simple mass balance calculations, con- genic environments. Increased erosional fluxes are also in- strained by modern anoxic basins, suggest that deep-water phos- herently limited in time; once the tectonic events under consideration phate concentrations may have increased by an order of magnitude end, the system will revert back to its antecedent state. -
Miocene Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Suwannee River Basin of North Florida and South Georgia
MIOCENE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SUWANNEE RIVER BASIN OF NORTH FLORIDA AND SOUTH GEORGIA SOUTHEASTERN GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Guidebook Number 30 October 7, 1989 MIOCENE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SUWANNEE RIVER BASIN OF NORTH FLORIDA AND SOUTH GEORGIA Compiled and edit e d by GARY S . MORGAN GUIDEBOOK NUMBER 30 A Guidebook for the Annual Field Trip of the Southeastern Geological Society October 7, 1989 Published by the Southeastern Geological Society P. 0 . Box 1634 Tallahassee, Florida 32303 TABLE OF CONTENTS Map of field trip area ...... ... ................................... 1 Road log . ....................................... ..... ..... ... .... 2 Preface . .................. ....................................... 4 The lithostratigraphy of the sediments exposed along the Suwannee River in the vicinity of White Springs by Thomas M. scott ........................................... 6 Fossil invertebrates from the banks of the Suwannee River at White Springs, Florida by Roger W. Portell ...... ......................... ......... 14 Miocene vertebrate faunas from the Suwannee River Basin of North Florida and South Georgia by Gary s. Morgan .................................. ........ 2 6 Fossil sirenians from the Suwannee River, Florida and Georgia by Daryl P. Damning . .................................... .... 54 1 HAMIL TON CO. MAP OF FIELD TRIP AREA 2 ROAD LOG Total Mileage from Reference Points Mileage Last Point 0.0 0.0 Begin at Holiday Inn, Lake City, intersection of I-75 and US 90. 7.3 7.3 Pass under I-10. 12 . 6 5.3 Turn right (east) on SR 136. 15.8 3 . 2 SR 136 Bridge over Suwannee River. 16.0 0.2 Turn left (west) on us 41. 19 . 5 3 . 5 Turn right (northeast) on CR 137. 23.1 3.6 On right-main office of Occidental Chemical Corporation. -
The First Fossil Sea Turtles (Testudines: Cheloniidae)
The first fossil sea turtles (Testudines: Cheloniidae) from the Cenozoic of Australia ERICH M. G. FITZGERALD and LESLEY KOOL FITZGERALD, E.M.G. & KOOL, L., XX.XX.2015. The first fossil sea turtles (Testudines: Cheloniidae) from the Cenozoic of Australia. Alcheringa 39, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518 An isolated dentary and costal identified as cf. Pacifichelys and Cheloniidae indet., respectively, are described from the upper Miocene–lower Plio- cene Black Rock Sandstone of Beaumaris, Victoria, Australia. These remains represent the first fossil evidence of sea turtles from the Cenozoic of Australia. Neither of the fossils can be referred to living genera, indicating that extinct cheloniids occurred in southeast Australian coastal waters for at least part of the late Neogene. Thus, the taxonomic composition of the current sea turtle fauna of Australia was apparently established within the last five to six million years. Erich M. G. Fitzgerald [efi[email protected]] and Lesley Kool [[email protected]], Geosciences, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia. Received 26.6.2014; revised 9.8.2014; accepted 14.8.2014. Key words: Pacifichelys, Neogene, Miocene, Pliocene, Victoria, marine, vertebrate. AUSTRALIAN seas are inhabited by six of the seven liv- 2012), sirenians (Fitzgerald et al. 2013), phocid seals ing sea turtle species of the families Cheloniidae and (Fordyce & Flannery 1983), baleen whales (Fitzgerald Dermochelyidae, including one endemic species 2004, 2012), odontocetes (Chapman 1912, 1917) and (Márquez 1990). Cretaceous marine basins of northern rare remains of terrestrial dromornithid birds (Park & Australia have additionally produced an abundance of sea Fitzgerald 2012b) and marsupials (Piper et al. -
Paleotectonic, Biostratigraphic, and Economic Significance of Osagean to Early Meramecian Starved Basin in Utah
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Paleotectonic, Biostratigraphic, and Economic Significance of Osagean to Early Meramecian Starved Basin in Utah A talk presented at the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America, November 9, 1976, and updated for presentation to the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, Denver* Colorado, February 11, 1977 By Charles A. Sandberg and Raymond C. Gutschick Open-File Report 77-121 1977 This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey standards and nomenclature. PALEOTECTONIC, BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC, AND ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF OSAGEAN TO EARLY MERAMECIAN STARVED BASIN IN UTAH By Charles A. Sandberg and Raymond C. Gutschick A thin, 10- to 20-m-thick, phosphatic shale -unit has received only scant attention, possibly because of its thinness and poor exposures, in many reports on Mississippian stratigraphy and phosphate occurrences in "Utah written during the past half-century. (See Gutschick, 1976, p. 10-11, for a tabulation of reported occurrences.) Because of conflicting age assignments resulting from studies of diverse fossil groups, most workers have been uncertain whether all the phosphate occurrences represented one or several levels within the thick Mississippian sequence. Now, my coauthor and I have become firmly convinced from detailed stratigraphic and conodont sequences at several localities, shown i graphically by Gutschick (1976), that the Mississippian phosphatic unit represents a single genetic unit that was deposited slowly in a starved basin during most of Osagean and part of early Herameciati time (Sandberg and Gutschick, 1976). These new data have helped provide the basis for a major revision of Mississippian stratigraphy in northeastern Utah and eastern Idaho (Sando and others, 1976). -
New Sea Turtle from the Miocene of Peru and the Iterative Evolution of Feeding Ecomorphologies Since the Cretaceous
J. Paleont., 84(2), 2010, pp. 231–247 Copyright ’ 2010, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/10/0084-0231$03.00 NEW SEA TURTLE FROM THE MIOCENE OF PERU AND THE ITERATIVE EVOLUTION OF FEEDING ECOMORPHOLOGIES SINCE THE CRETACEOUS JAMES F. PARHAM1,2 AND NICHOLAS D. PYENSON3–5 1Biodiversity Synthesis Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA, ,[email protected].; 2Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Concourse Drive, San Francisco 94118, USA, ,[email protected].; 3Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, #2370-6270 University Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; 4Departments of Mammalogy and Paleontology, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; and 5Current address: Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 121, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012, USA ABSTRACT—The seven species of extant sea turtles show a diversity of diets and feeding specializations. Some of these species represent distinctive ecomorphs that can be recognized by osteological characters and therefore can be identified in fossil taxa. Specifically, modifications to the feeding apparatus for shearing or crushing (durophagy) are easily recognizable in the cranium and jaw. New sea turtle fossils from the Miocene of Peru, described as a new genus and species (Pacifichelys urbinai n. gen. and n. sp.), correspond to the durophagous ecomorph. This new taxon is closely related to a recently described sea turtle from the middle Miocene of California, USA (Pacifichelys hutchisoni n. comb.), providing additional information on the osteological characters of this lineage.