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Gimnospermas” SPERMATOPHYTA “GIMNOSPERMAS” CYCADOPHYTA GINKGOPHYTA PINOPHYTA GNETOPHYTA ANGIOSPERMAS Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Loconte & Stevenson 1990 CLADOSPERMAE MESOSPERMAE CYCADOPHYTA GINKGOPHYTA PINOPHYTA GNETOPHYTA ANGIOSPERMAS Botânica/IBUSP de - gemas axilares - folhas simples - megastróbilo composto Departamento - dioicia - sementes platispérmicas - pólen monossulcado - formação do tubo polínico - óvulo unitegumentado ortótropo - sementes com sarcotesta e esclerotesta Loconte & Stevenson 1990 - embrião com 2 cotilédones Progymnospermophyta (fóssil) Pteridospermophyta (fóssil) Cycadeoidophyta (=Bennettitales) (fóssil) Gifford & Foster (1989) Botânica/IBUSP de Mauseth (1995) Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Departamento Pinophyta (=Coniferophyta) Gnetophyta CLASSIFICAÇÕES GIFFORD & FOSTER BRESINSKY et al. CHASE & REVEAL 1989 2012 2009 MAUSETH 1995 Classe Subdivisão Equisetopsida Filos Spermatophytina (=Embryopsida) Progymnospermophyta Pteridospermophyta Botânica/IBUSP de Cycadeoidophyta Cycadophyta Cl. Cycadopsida Subcl. Cydadidae Departamento Ginkgophyta Cl. Ginkgopsida Subcl. Gynkgooidae Pinophyta Subcl. Pinidae (=Coniferophyta) Cl. Coniferopsida Gnetophyta Subcl. Gnetidae PINOPHYTA viventes: PINALES 630 espécies Botânica/IBUSP de Triássico 200 m.a. Departamento Coníferas dominantes Atualmente – Floresta Boreal (Taiga) NOVIDADES EVOLUTIVAS (sinapormorfias de Mesospermae) germinação epígea Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Perry & Moton 1996 NOVIDADES EVOLUTIVAS sifonogamia gametas masculinos não flagelados (células espermáticas) Botânica/IBUSP de Tubo polínico em Pinus nigra Departamento Gifford & Foster 1989 CYCADOPHYTA - assifonogamia - óvulos com câmara polínica e câmara arquegonial -anterozóides multiflagelados Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Gameta masculino de Zamia Cronquist integrifolia (Gifford & Foster 1989). 1971 -Óvulo unitegumentado GINKGOPHYTA -Câmaras polínica e arquegonial (assifonogamia) gametas masculinos flagelados Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Arquegônio com oosfera Gifford & Foster 1989 Gametófito feminino Do óvulo à semente - Pinófitas ÓVULO Botânica/IBUSP de SEMENTE sifonogamia Departamento embrião ESPERMATÓFITAS Clado sifonogâmico CYCADOPHYTA GINKGOPHYTA PINOPHYTA GNETOPHYTA ANTHOPHYTA Botânica/IBUSP gameta masc. não de flagelado (sifonogamia) - gemas axilares Departamento - folhas simples - pólen monossulcado - formação do tubo polínico - óvulo unitegumentado - sementes Loconte & Stevenson 1990 - embrião com 2 cotilédones NOVIDADES EVOLUTIVAS Pinus Gifford & megastróbilo Foster 1989 composto = CONE (eixo com escamas ovulíferas e bracteais) Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento PINOPHYTA (=CONIFEROPHYTA) 3 ordens CORDAITALES - Carbonífero Superior ao Permiano Botânica/IBUSP VOLTZIALES – Carboníferode Superior ao Jurássico PINALES (=CONIFERALES) – Triássico ao Recente Departamento Cordaitales (PINOPHYTA) www.geocraft.com/ www.geocraft.com Cordaites Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Carbonífero 300 m.a. Megastróbilo composto (CONE): origem Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento A, B. Lebachia C. Ernestiodendron Gifford & Foster 1989 Voltziales PINOPHYTA extintas Megastróbilo composto (CONE): origem Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Cordaitales – PINOPHYTA extintas Mauseth1989 Escama bracteal = folha modificada Escama ovulífera = ramo fértil reduzido Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento PINALES Triássico 200 m.a. Coníferas dominantes PINALES POSSÍVEIS SINAPOMORFIAS nós unilacunares Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Gifford & Foster 1989 PINALES canais resiníferos SINAPOMORFIAS no lenho e folhas Juniperus communis Juniperus communis Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Corte transversal de folha de Pinus nigra (Chamberlain 1935) Lenho de Pinus PINALES proembrião multisseriado sinapomorfias Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Proembrião de Pinus (Gifford & Foster 1989) Sinapomorfia de Pinales PERDA de uma seqüência repetida invertida do DNA plastidial Mapa da molécula Botânica/IBUSP circular de DNA do de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) Departamento Olmstead & Palmer 1991, baseado em Shinozaki et al. 1986 PINALES CARACTERES DIAGNÓSTICOS - plantas lenhosas Pinus longaeva – árvore mais velha do mundo Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Araucaria angustifolia Cupressus sempervirens PINALES folhas escleromorfas, geralmente uninérveas Corte transversal de folha de Juniperus communis Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Corte transversal de folha de Pinus nigra (Chamberlain 1935) PINOPHYTA Araucariaceae Cephalotaxaceae Cupressaceae PINALES Pinaceae Botânica/IBUSP Podocarpaceaede Sciadopityaceae Taxaceae Departamento PINOPHYTA, PINALES Pinus (100 spp.) Abies (40) PINACEAE Picea (40) Família dos pinheiros Larix (10) 10 gêneros/220 spp. Tsuga (10) Pseudotsuga (5) - Limitadas ao Hemisfério Norte, clima temperado Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Distribuição geográfica do gênero Pinus (Krüssman 1995) PINACEAE CARACTERES DIAGNÓSTICOS - árvores ou raramente arbustos Botânica/IBUSP - ramos de verticilados ou opostos (raramente Departamento alternos) Kubitzki 1990 PINACEAE - folhas simples, lineares a aciculares (raramente estreito-ovadas), alternas (folhas agrupadas de 2-5 em Pinus) -canaisBotânica/IBUSP resiníferos de Departamento braquiblasto Chamberlain 1935 PINALES -Lenho com pouco parênquima Botânica/IBUSP Caráter de compartilhado com Departamento Ginkgófitas Contraste com CYCADOPHYTA - caule com muito parênquima Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Corte transversal de um caule de Zamia integrifolia (Norstog & Nicholls 1997) Corte transversal de caule de Zamia sp. (Gifford & Foster 1989) PINACEAE - monóicas Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento - microstróbilos com microsporofilos espiralados PINACEAE Botânica/IBUSP de pólen com 2 sacos aéreos Departamento - microsporofilos com 2 microsporângios - anemofilia PINACEAE - escama ovulífera com 2 óvulos Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento - semente alada PINACEAE Pinus óvulo Botânica/IBUSP de fecundação da oosfera Departamento Perry & Morton 1996 Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento PINACEAE Embrião com 2-18 cotilédones Perry & Morton 1996 PINACEAE Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Plântulas de Pinus edulis (Gifford & Foster 1989) Perry & Morton 1996 Etapas da reprodução - Pinus Dispersão das sementes – final do verão ou outono 1974 Maturação das sementes Término do desenvolvimento Micro e megagametófito Primavera 1974 Período dormente Iniciação doBotânica/IBUSP megastróbilo de Iniciação do microstróbilo Período dormente Verão 1972 Departamento Fecundação – final da primavera Polinização - Primavera 1973 ou inicio do verão 1974 Meiose - Primavera 1973 Início do desenvolvimento Embriogênese (continuação) Micro e megagametófito Primavera 1973 Embriogênese – Verão 1974 Embriogênese (continuação) modificado, Gifford & Foster 1989 PINACEAE - importância econômica: -madeiras úteis (Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Picea, Tsuga, Larix e Abies) -celulose - muito cultivadas como ornamentais Larix sp. Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Cedrus libanii PINACEAE importância econômica Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Pinus coleta de resina PINOPHYTA, PINALES CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus (50 spp.) Família dos Callitris (15) ciprestes e das Cupressus (13) sequóias Chamaecyparis (8) Thuja (5) 29 gêneros/130 spp. Taxodium (3) Sequoia (1) Botânica/IBUSP Sequoiadendronde (1) Departamento Cupressus sempervirens - Família de climas quentes a frios Sequoiadendron giganteum CARACTERES DIAGNÓSTICOS – CUPRESSACEAE - árvores ou arbustos; madeira e folhagens geralmente aromáticos - folhas alternas, opostas ou verticiladas, escamiformes ou linearesº - plantas monóicas (dióicas em Juniperus) Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Espécies de Juniperus e Callitris (Kubitzki 1990) Chamaecyparis lawsoniana CUPRESSACEAE -microstróbilos: 2-10 microsporângios na face abaxial Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Botânica/IBUSP de Sequoiadendron giganteum Departamento Sequoia sempervirens CUPRESSACEAE PINALES, PINOPHYTA Plantas mais altas e compactas da Terra J.G.Rando Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Taxodium distichum CUPRESSACEAE Cone com escamas fundidas CUPRESSACEAE Cupressus Botânica/IBUSP Chamaecyparis de -escama ovulífera com 1-20 óvulos Departamento Cunninghamia Gifford & Foster 1989 CUPRESSACEAE Juniperus -Importância econômica: Botânica/IBUSP - ornamentais: de Cupressus, Juniperus, Thuja Departamento - madeira valiosa (Cryptomeria, Juniperus, Sequoia, Taxodium, Thuja) PINOPHYTA, PINALES PODOCARPACEAE Podocarpus (100 spp.) Dacrydium (20) 17 gêneros/170 spp. - Plantas tropicais e subtropicais, especialmente no Hemisfério Sul e no Velho Mundo Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Distribuição geográfica de Podocarpus (Krüssman 1995) PODOCARPACEAE CARACTERES DIAGNÓSTICOS - arbustos ou árvores; folhas simples, alternas, lineares a escamiformes - plantas dióicas (raramente monóicas) - microstróbilo Botânica/IBUSP cilíndrico de Departamento - madeira valiosa (Dacrydium e Podocarpus) A-D. Podocarpus macrophyllus; E. P. sellowii (Kubitzki 1990) PODOCARPACEAE pólen com 2 sacos aéreos Botânica/IBUSP de Podocarpus sellowii Departamento Podocarpus lambertii Barth 1962 Podocarpaceae S B R Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Cone maduro de Podocarpus Gifford & Foster 1989 -escama ovulífera com 1 óvulo Botânica/IBUSP de Tomlinson et al. 1991 Departamento PINOPHYTA, PINALES Araucaria ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis - Restritas ao Hemisfério Sul Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Distribuição geográfica do gênero Araucaria (Krüssman 1995) ARAUCARIACEAE Araucaria bidwillii Araucaria angustifolia Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento Araucaria columnaris PINOPHYTA, PINALES - ARAUCARIACEAE Araucaria angustifolia Botânica/IBUSP de Departamento ARAUCARIACEAE
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