Kärnkraft I Sovjetunionen

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Kärnkraft I Sovjetunionen UTLANDS FRÄN SVERIGES TEKNISKA ATTACHÉER SOVJETUNIONEN 9002 Kärnkraft i Sovjetunionen Måns Tosteberg Martin Widengren teknisk-vetenskapliga attachékontoret i Moskva SVERIGES TEKNISKA ATTACHÉER. UTLANDSRAPPORTER De teknisk-vetenskapliga attachékontoren skriver varje år ett antal rapporter med information och analys av teknikområden som attachéerna bedömer vara av speciellt intresse för svensk industri. Ett årligt abonnemang kan tecknas. Priset är 500 kronor per ämnesområde. Enstaka rapporter kostar 200 kronor. Sammanlagt utkommer ca 40 utlandsrapporter under ett år. Kontakta Åsa Ericson för prenumeration och/eller rapport- köp, tel 08-796 76 40. Ämnesområden: A Forskning och utveckling B Energi och naturresurser C Miljöteknik D Transportteknik E Informationsteknik F Bioteknik och biovetenskap G Processteknik och material *. Bygg- och anläggningsteknik Verkstadsteknik UTLANDSRAPPORTER utges av Sveriges Tekniska Attachéer Box 5282,102 46 Stockholm Tel 08-796 76 40 Sveriges Tekniska Attachéer 1990 Utlandsrapport SOVJETUNIONEN 9002 Kärnkraft i Sovjetunionen Olyckan i Tjernobyl och den nya öppna samhällsdebatten i Sovjetunionen !~ar tillsammans inneburit ett radikalt ändrat läge för kärnkraften i landet. Bland förändringarna kan nämnas ett ökat säkerhetsmedvetande och satsning- ar syftande till att öka säkerheten, en grundläggande omorganisation av ledning- en av kärnkraften, en kraftigt ökad insyn, en mängd nya internationella kontakter samt en kraftig och öppen opposition från allmänheten, som i flera fall också fått gehör för sina krav. Den tunga satsningen på kärnkraft ligger dock fast, men i modifierad form. Denna politik motiveras på flera sätt, bl a med miljöskäl, med att kraftverken kan lokaliseras där de behövs och med att kärnkraften anses billig. I ett läge med ytterligt ansträngd energiproduktion blir en omfattande omläggning av energi- politiken ännu mer betungande. Avsikten med rapporten är att ge en lättfattlig och heltäckande beskrivning av sovjetisk kärnkraft ur såväl energipolitisk som teknisk, ekonomisk och geogra- fisk synvinkel. En strävan har varit att både beskriva den utveckling som lett fram till dagens situation och den (något oklara) framtiden. Rapporten har sammanställts av Måns Tosteberg och Martin Widegren vid det teknisk-vetenskapliga attachékontoret i Moskva. Fig 1. Kontrollrummet till block 1 vid kärnkraftverket i Ignalina. Juni 1990 Utsändes till grupperna A och B ISSN 0280-1108 Innehållsförteckning 1. Sovjetunionens kärnkraftsprogram................. 1 1.1. Motiven för en utbyggnad av kärnkraften — 1 .1.2. Valet mellan WER och RBMK 1 1.3. Driftsstatistik..................~~........-.~~™-..................... 1.4. Den vidare utbyggnaden .—.............-....•.............................. 5 1.4.1. Regler för lokalisering av kärnkraftverk 5 1.4.2. Inskränkningar i planerna 6 1.4.3. Renoveringsarbeten 6 1.4.4. Utbyggnadsplaner 6 1.5. Attitydförändringar och opinionsbildning ...............7 1.5.1. Myndigheter och opinion 7 1.5.2. Reaktorinneslutningar 8 1.5.3. Andra säkerhetshöjande åtgärder 8 1.5.4. Träningscentra för personalen 9 i. «o« .a roDicm •••••»••••••»»»••••••»•••»•»•»••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••v«/ 1.6.1. Ledning och planering 9 1.6.2. Kvalitetsproblem 10 1.6.3. Personalproblem 10 1.6.4. Brister vid producerande verk 11 2. Grafitmodererade reaktorer 12 2.1. Utvecklingen av grafitmodererade reaktorer 12 2.1.1. Obninsk - det första kärnkraftverket 12 2.1.2. Nästa steg - Sibirskaja 13 2.1.3. Experimentreaktorerna i Belojarsk 15 2.1.4. Utvecklingen av större grafitreaktorer 16 2.2. Teknisk beskrivning av RBMK 17 2.2.1. Allmänt 17 2.2.2. Reaktorn 18 2.2.3. Säkerhetshöjande åtgärder 20 3. Vattenmodererade reaktorer ........—...23 3.1. Utvecklingen av vattenmodererade reaktorer. 23 3.1.1. De första reaktorerna i Novovoronezj 23 3.1.2. WER-440 23 3.1.3. WER-1000 25 3.1.4. Försök med kokarreaktorer 25 3.1.5. Ny tryckvattenreaktor 25 3.2. Teknisk beskrivning av WER-1000 25 3.2.1. Allmänt 25 3.2.2. Reaktorn 27 3.3. Säkerhetshöjande åtgärder på WER 29 4. Bridreaktorer 31 4.1. Utvecklingen av bridreaktorerna 31 4.1.1. Allmänt 31 4.1.2. De första experimentreaktorerna 31 4.1.3. BOR-60 31 4.1.4. BN-350 i Sjevtjenko 32 4.1.5. BN-600 - första reaktorn av pool-typ 34 4.1.6. Det fortsatta bridreaktorprogrammet 35 4.2. Teknisk beskrivning av BN-600 36 5. Reaktorer för värmeproduktion 40 5.1. Allmänt , 40 5.2. Översikt 40 5.3. Kärnkraftvärmeverk 42 5.3.1. Bilibino - det första kärnkraftvärmeverket 42 5.3.2. Större kärnkraftvärmeverk 42 5.4. Kärnvärmeverk 42 5.4.1. Verket i Gorkij 42 5.4.2. AST-500 43 5.4.3. Små kärnvärmeverk 48 5.5. Produktion av högvärdig värme 48 6. Fusionskraft 51 O* A* /VUlIiaIll«***«M*tM«*****««*M*»*Mt«M«M**M««MttM«tMM*«*»tt*t««*»**W*«****>*«*H«**O J. 6.2. Det sovjetiska fusionsprogrammet.................................. 51 6.2.1. Magnetisk inneslutning 51 6.2.2. Tröghetsinneslutning 54 3. T-15 ...... ... ... 54 6.4. Internationellt samarbete ..................................................57 7. Anrikning och kärnavfall 58 7.1. Anrikning 58 7.2. Kärnavfall........................................ 58 7.2.1. Låg- och medelaktivt avfall 58 7.2.2. Högaktivt avfall 59 8. Internationellt samarbete 61 8.1. Allmänt 61 8.2. Arbetsfördelning mellan SEV-länderna 63 8.3. MIR-nätet 64 8.4. Samarbete med andra länder 65 9. Myndigheter, industri och forskning ............67 9.1. Myndigheter 67 9.1.1. Minatomenergo i promysjlennosti 67 9.1.2. Minzdrav 68 9.1.3. Gospromatomnadzor 68 9.1.4. Goskomgidromet 68 '9.1.5. Goskompriroda 68 9.1.6. Rådet för information och förbindelser med allmänheten inomkärnenergiomradet 69 9.2. Forskningsinstitut 69 9.2.1. Vetenskapsakademien 69 9.2.1.1. Lebedevinstitutet för fysik i Moskva 69 9.2.1.2. Institutet för kärnforskning, Kiev 69 9.2.1.3. Institutet för kärnkraftsteknik, Minsk 70 9.2.2. GKAE 70 9.2.2.1. Kurtjatovinstitutet för atomenergi i Moskva 70 9.2.2.2. Institutet för teoretisk och experimentell fysik, Moskva 70 9.2.2.3. Institutet för fysik och energiteknik, Obninsk 70 9.2.2.4. Institutet för atomreaktorer, Dimitrovgrad 70 9.2.2.5. Institutet för kärnforskning, Dubna 70 9.2.2.6. Forskningsinstitutet för komplex kraftutrustning 71 9.2.3. Medicinska vetenskapsakademien 71 9.2.3.1 Institutet för radiologi, Kiev 71 9.2.4. Sovjetunionens atomenergi- och atomindustriministerium 71 9.2.4.1. VNIIAES 71 9.3. Kärnkraftsindustrin 72 9.3.1. Zjdanovfabriken i Izjorsk 72 9.3.2. Specialstålsfabriken i Kramatorsk 72 9.3.3. Kärnkraftsfabriken i Volgodonsk, P/O Atommasj 72 9.3.4. Leningrads metallfabrik LMZ 74 9.3.5. Charkovs turbinfabrik ChTZ 74 9.3.6. Turbinmotorfabriken i Ural UTMZ 74 9.3.7. Turbinskovelfabriken i Leningrad 74 9.3.8. Fabriken "Den röde pannskötaren" i Taganrog, TKZ 74 9.3.9. Maskinbyggnadsfabriken i Podolsk ZIO 75 9.3.10. Elektrosila 75 9.3.11. Atomenergoproekt, Moskva 75 9.3.12. Spetsatom 75 10. Sovjetiska kärnkraftverk................................. 76 10.1. Obninsk 76 10.2. Sibirien 77 10.3. Belojarsk 77 10.4. Novovoronezj .................. ~ 78 10.5. Dimitrovgrad ................ .. 79 10.6. Kola 80 10.7. Sjevtjenko 81 10.8. Leningrad 81 10.9. Bilibino .—...~~—._ ~. .. -..82 10.10. Armenien 82 10.11. Kursk 83 10.12. Tjernobyl 34 10.13. Rovno 85 10.14. Södra Ukraina .~.~......_......~.~.....~..................~.................86 10.15. Smolensk ................. ....... ........ .. 87 10.16. Ignalina 88 10.18. Zaporozje .................................91 10.19. Balakovo 91 10.21. Chmelnitskij........ .. 93 10.24. Tatarien 94 f AAF If »{•»• QE 10.26. Kostroma.... ........... .............. 96 10.27. Krasnodar. ......... 97 10.28. Georgien 97 10.29. Azerbajdqan 97 M VlOvi X^UCSSrH •lll(HIIII»M*l«HIIN*IIIHMII«HMIIMIIIIIIHIIHU»IHItlllllllllllilllllfMIIVU 10.31. Minsk. .......... 98 10.32. Volgograd ....... ... 99 10.33. Charkov.............. ......................... .. ........99 10.34. Voronezj 99 10.35. Södra Ural 99 10.36. Archangelsk 100 10.27. Vitebsk 100 10.38. Tjigirin 101 10.39. Brjansk 101 10.40. Jaroslavl 101 10.41. Framtida kärnkraftsorter 102 11.1. Förkortningslista 103 11.2. Sovjetiska kärnkraftsreaktorer (1 juli 1989) 105 11.3. Karta över de sovjetiska kärnkraftsreaktorerna 113 12. Källförteckning 114 12.1. Tidskrifter 114 12.2. Böcker 115 12.4. Besök 117 12.5. Övrigt 117 1. Sovjetunionens kärnkraftsprogram 1.1. Motiven för en utbyggnad av kärnkraften Från officiellt sovjetiskt håll pekar man först och främst på geografisk- ekonomiska skäl för en massiv utbyggnad av kärnkraften. En överväldi- ' gande del av de fossila bränslereserverna är belägna öster om Ural, medan huvuddelen av energikonsumenterna är koncentrerade till de europeiska delarna av landet. För närvarande åtgår 40% av Sovjetunionens transportkapacitet på järnväg till att frakta fossila bränslen från landets östra delar till de västra. En satsning på kärnkraften, som kan lokaliseras förhållandevis nära användarna, är ett sätt att mildra obalansen. I takt med att de lättillgängliga reserverna i den europeiska delen av landet minskar och utvinningen av gas och olja förläggs till alltmer ogästvänliga trakter, där utvinningskostnaderna rakar i höjden, stiger också kostnaderna för alternativen till kärnkraft. Detta ökar givetvis kärikraftens ekonomiska konkurrenskraft. I bjärt kontrast mot den sovjetiska allmänhetens uppfattning, framhäver de ansvariga för utbyggnaden gärna kärnkraftens miljövänlighet. Den accelererande nedsmutsningen av luft, mark och vatten, som sedan några år flitigt behandlas i massmedia, har medfört att man helt enkelt inte anser
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