Volume 2 Volume NWU Education and Human Rights in Diversity Series in Diversity and Human Rights NWU Education educational institutions educational disciplinary practices in A scholarly inquiry into inquiry into A scholarly Connie B. Zulu, Izak J. Oosthuizen & Charl C. Wolhuter Connie B. Zulu, Izak J. Oosthuizen & Charl C. Wolhuter Edited by: Connie B. Zulu, A scholarly inquiry into disciplinary practices in educational institutions Izak J. Oosthuizen & Charl C. Wolhuter (eds.) NWU Education and Human Rights in Diversity Series Volume 2 A scholarly inquiry into disciplinary practices in educational institutions Published by AOSIS (Pty) Ltd, 15 Oxford Street, Durbanville 7550, Cape Town, South Africa Postnet Suite #110, Private Bag X19, Durbanville 7551, South Africa Tel: +27 21 975 2602 Fax: +27 21 975 4635 Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.aosis.co.za Copyright © Connie B. Zulu, Izak J. Oosthuizen & Charl C. Wolhuter (eds.). Licensee: AOSIS (Pty) Ltd. The moral right of the author has been asserted. Cover image: Original design created with the use of two images.The book https://pixabay. com/fr/photos/livre-lecture-litt%C3%A9rature-pages-1549589/ The mountains https:// pixabay.com/pt/photos/montanhas-c%C3%A9u-azul-natureza-4312789. Published in 2019 Impression: 1 ISBN: 978-1-928523-13-0 (print) ISBN: 978-1-928523-14-7 (epub) ISBN: 978-1-928523-15-4 (pdf) DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/aosis.2019.BK157 How to cite this work: Zulu, C.B., Oosthuizen, I.J. & Wolhuter, C.C. (eds.), 2019, ‘A scholarly inquiry into disciplinary practices in educational institutions’, in NWU Education and Human Rights in Diversity Series Volume 2, pp. i–326, AOSIS, Cape Town. NWU Education and Human Rights in Diversity Series ISSN: 2706-9125 Series Editor: Elda de Waal Printed and bound in South Africa. Listed in OAPEN (http://www.oapen.org), DOAB (http://www.doabooks.org/) and indexed by Google Scholar. Some rights reserved. This is an open access publication. Except where otherwise noted, this work is distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), a copy of which is available at https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. Enquiries outside the terms of the Creative Commons licence should be sent to the Rights Department, AOSIS, at the above address or to [email protected] The publisher accepts no responsibility for any statement made or opinion expressed in this publication. Consequently, the publishers and copyright holder will not be liable for any loss or damage sustained by any reader as a result of his or her action upon any statement or opinion in this work. Links by third-party websites are provided by AOSIS in good faith and for information only. AOSIS disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third-party website referenced in this work. Every effort has been made to protect the interest of copyright holders. Should any infringement have occurred inadvertently, the publisher apologises and undertakes to amend the omission in the event of a reprint. NWU Education and Human Rights in Diversity Series Volume 2 A scholarly inquiry into disciplinary practices in educational institutions Editors Connie B. Zulu Izak J. Oosthuizen Charl C. Wolhuter Social Sciences, Humanities, Education & Business Management Board domain editorial board at AOSIS Commissioning Editor: Scholarly Books Andries van Aarde, Post-Retirement Professor in the Dean’s Office, Faculty of Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa Board Members Jan Botha, Professor in the Centre for Research on Evaluation, Science and Technology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Joan Hambidge, Deputy Dean at the Faculty of Humanities for the University of Cape Town & Professor for the School of Languages and Literatures, South Africa Sakari Häkkinen, Dean of the Diocese of Kuopio, Finland Glenna Jackson, Associate Editor, Professor Chair, Department of Religion and Philosophy, Otterbein University, Westerville, OH, United States of America Gregory C. Jenkins, Dean-elect, St George’s College, Jerusalem, Israel Reina-Marie Loader, Director and Filmmaker, CinémaHumain, Vienna, Austria Babita Marthur-Helm, Senior Lecturer, Organisational Transformation & Development; Managing Diversity Gender Empowerment, University of Stellenbosch Business School, Stellenbosch, South Africa Christopher Mbazira, Professor of Law & Coordinator of the Public Interest Law Clinic, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda Piet Naudé, Professor, Ethics related to politics, economics and business & Director, University of Stellenbosch Business School, Stellenbosch, South Africa Charles Neill, Professor, Department of Business Administration, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk, Cairo Governorate, Egypt Cornelia Pop, Full professor at the Department of Business, Faculty of Business, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Michael Schratz, Professor, Institut für LehrerInnenbildung und Schulforschung, Dekan der School of Education, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria Johann Tempelhoff, Professor, Research Niche for Cultural Dynamics of Water (CuDyWat), School of Basic Sciences, Vaal Triangle Campus of North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa Anthony Turton, Professor, Centre for Environmental Management & Director, TouchStone Resources, University of the Free State, South Africa Willie L. van der Merwe, Professor & Chair Philosophy of Religion, Apologetics and Encyclopaedia of Theology & Professor Extraordinary, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Christi van der Westhuizen, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pretoria, South Africa Joke van Saane, Professor, Amsterdam Center for the Study of Lived Religion, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Paul van Tongeren, Professor, Department of Philosophy, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands Robert G. Varady, Deputy Director and Research Professor of Environmental Policy, Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America Anné H. Verhoef, Associate Editor, Professor, Faculty of Arts: School of Philosophy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Xiao Yun Zheng, Professor & Assistant President of Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences (YASS) and Director of International Center for Ecological Culture Studies (ICECS-YASS), Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences, Kunming City, China Peer review declaration The publisher (AOSIS) endorses the South African ‘National Scholarly Book Publishers Forum Best Practice for Peer Review of Scholarly Books’. The manuscript was subjected to a rigorous two- step peer review process prior to publication, with the identities of the reviewers not revealed to the author(s). The reviewers were independent of the publisher and/or authors in question. The reviewers commented positively on the scholarly merits of the manuscript and recommended that the manuscript should be published. Where the reviewers recommended revision and/or improvements to the manuscript, the authors responded adequately to such recommendations. Research Justification This book, A Scholarly Inquiry into Disciplinary Practices in Educational Institutions, is a collection of chapters based on original research dealing with issues of discipline and disciplinary practices in educational institutions. The aim of the book is to provide a scholarly and scientific perspective on the current state of discipline and disciplinary practices in schools and tertiary education settings. The issue of discipline is investigated from diverse paradigmatic and methodological perspectives presenting not only empirical but also philosophical research. The empirical perspective includes quantitative (positivistic), qualitative (interpretive) and mixed methods (pragmatic), designs and worldviews. This book offers a groundbreaking contribution to the field of learner or student discipline, as it offers insights into disciplinary practices and issues in educational institutions not hitherto researched, such as Technical Vocational Education and Training colleges and universities. This book contains original research that has not been previously published, and it does not contain any content plagiarised from any other publication. Where a chapter is based on research from a dissertation or thesis, pertinent information is clearly indicated in the chapter. The target audience of the book are specialists and scholars in the field of education as well as policymakers, teachers and students at different levels of the education system. Following a widely circulated call for papers, several manuscripts were submitted. The manuscripts were screened and suitable ones were retained. Thereafter, where applicable, each author had to confirm that ethical clearance procedures had been followed prior to the study. All manuscripts were subjected to iThenticate plagiarism detection, and the authors were requested to double-check their manuscripts and address areas where the similarity index might have been an issue. iThenticate reports were securely filed. Subsequently, revised manuscripts were subjected to an external, double-blind peer review process by a panel of national and international reviewers. After the external peer review, chapters were again returned to the authors for a final revision in accordance with the reviewers’ suggestions. The final revised