Machadodorp Tot En Met Dorpstigting in 1904

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Machadodorp Tot En Met Dorpstigting in 1904 MACHADODORP TOT EN MET DORPSTIGTING IN 1904 deur CECILIA PETRONELLA JOOSTE Voorgelê ter vervulling van die vereistes vir die graad MAGISTER HEREDITATIS CULTURAEQUE SCIENTIAE (GESKIEDENIS) in die Fakulteit Geesteswetenskappe Universiteit van Pretoria Pretoria 2008 Leier : Prof. K.L. Harris Medeleier : Prof. J.S. Bergh © University of Pretoria Hierdie verhandeling word opgedra aan my ouers, wyle Stoffel en Stephansiena Janse van Rensburg wat altyd in my geglo het, en aan my kleinkinders wat die hoop vir die toekoms is. INHOUD Bladsy DANKBETUIGING OPSOMMING SUMMARY LYS VAN KAARTE, TABELLE, SKETSE, FOTO'S EN AFDRUKKE LYS VAN AFKORTINGS VOORWOORD i 1 PLAASLIKE GESKIEDENIS AS GENRE: ’N HISTORIOGRAFIESE OORSIG 1 Plaaslike geskiedenis as studieveld Die begrip plaaslike geskiedenis Plaaslike geskiedskrywing in die Weste Plaaslike en streeksgeskiedenis in Suid-Afrika Machadodorp en omliggende dorpe Slot 2 GEOGRAFIESE LIGGING, KLIMAAT EN BODEMGESTELDHEID 49 Geografiese ligging en fisiese gesteldheid van Machadodorp Slot 3 VOORGESKIEDENIS 58 Voorgeskiedenis: Vroeë swart nedersetters Voorgeskiedenis: Aanvanklike wit nedersetting Slot 4 DIE BOU VAN DIE OOSTERLIJN 'N BEPALENDE FAKTOR 98 Agtergrond Joaquim José Machado Oprigting van die Nederlandsche Zuid-Afrikaansche- Spoorweg-Maatschappij (NZASM) Die bou en ontwikkeling van die Oosterlijn tot 1899 Die Takspoorlyne na Ermelo en Lydenburg Slot 5 MACHADODORP EN DIE LYDENBURG-CAROLINA-GRENSKWESSIE 137 Agtergrond Die invloed van die Lydenburg-Carolina-grenskwessie op Machadodorp Slot 6 MACHADODORP TYDENS DIE ANGLO-BOEREOORLOG 1899-1902 150 Machadodorp burgers as lede van die Lydenburg- en Carolina-kommando’s Machadodorp: halfwegstasie - ammunisiemagasyn en provianddepot Machadodorp as tydelike regeringsetel Machadodorp en omgewing as gevegsterrein Britse besetting van Machadodorp tot die einde van die oorlog Slot 7 MACHADODORP WORD TOT DORP GEPROKLAMEER, 1904 198 Pogings tot en met 1899 om Machadodorp tot dorp te proklameer Proklamasie 1902 -1904 Slotsom BRONNE 213 DANKBETUIGING Onder die bekwame leiding van professore K.L. Harris en J.S. Bergh is ek in staat gestel om hierdie verhandeling op 'n spesifieke wyse aan te pak en te voltooi. Hulle terugvoering was altyd positief en sinvol en het met aanmoediging en empatie gepaard gegaan. My opregte dank aan hulle, sowel as die ander lede van die Departement Historiese en Erfenisstudies van die Universiteit van Pretoria wat te alle tye behulpsaam, vriendelik en belangstellend was. Sonder die bystand wat ek van die personeel van die Nasionale Argief in Pretoria en die Spoorweg Museum in Johannesburg gekry het, sou ek nooit in staat gewees het om my navorsing na behore af te handel nie. Aan hulle, die personeel van die Merensky biblioteek sowel as dié van die eertydse Vista Universiteitsbiblioteek 'n woord van dank en waardering vir hulle hulp met die beskikbaarstelling van bronnemateriaal. Graag wil ek Dr. Callie Eloff, Gerhard de Kamper, Joh Groenewald en Robert de Jong bedank vir spesifieke inligting wat hulle goedgunstiglik tot my beskikking gestel het. Daar is 'n aantal persone wat ek spesiaal wil vermeld. Eerstens wil ek Hennah Larkins en Lynette Smith wat die taalversorging gedoen het, bedank vir hulle deeglikheid. Melanda Blom en Dioné Prinsloo het sorgvuldig en geduldig die een hoofstuk na die ander geproeflees, sonder hulle hulp en bystand sou ek nooit die verhandeling kon voltooi het nie. Aan Rolien van Noordwyk 'n besondere woord van dank vir haar hulp met die finalisering van die verhandeling. Baie dankie aan Justus van Wyk vir die finale proeflees. Baie dankie aan kollegas Julie Pridmore, Russel Viljoen en Alex Mouton vir hulle volgehoue belangstelling en aanmoediging. Laastens alle eer aan my Hemelse Vader wat my met spesifieke talente en gawes toegerus het en my deur genade in staat gestel het om hierdie verhandeling te voltooi. Soli Deo Gloria OPSOMMING Die verhandeling begin met 'n beknopte oorsig oor die plek en aard van plaaslike geskiedenis in Westerse en Suid-Afrikaanse historiografie. Machadodorp se geografiese ligging, sowel as fisiese faktore soos geografie en klimaat was bepalend tydens die vroeë vestigingsgeskiedenis. Uit argeologiese navorsing wat in die groter streek gedoen is, is vasgestel dat Steentydperkmense, Ystertydperkmense en swart gemeenskappe soos die Koni, Pedi en Swazi van die vroegste inwoners van die gebied was. Gedurende die laaste helfte van die negentiende eeu het die eerste wit setlaars die gebied binnegekom. Die bou van die hoofspoorlyn, die Oosterlijn, na die Portugese hawe Delagoabaai was belangrik vir die behoud van die politieke en ekonomiese onafhanklikheid van die ZAR. Die geskiedenis van die opmeet, bou en ontwikkeling van hierdie spoorlyn en die ontstaansgeskiedenis van Machadodorp is nou verweef. Aanvanklik was albei nedersettings, Machadodorp en Carolina, deel van die Lydenburg- landdrosdistrik. Toe Carolina in 1893 tot onafhanklike landdrosdistrik geproklameer is, moes die ZAR-regering uitsluitsel gee tot watter distrik Machadodorp sou hoort. Die uiteindelike besluit dat dit deel van die Lydenburg-landdrosdistrik moes bly, sou vir Machadodorp en omgewing langdurende administratiewe gevolge inhou. Die Anglo-Boereoorlog was die mees ingrypende gebeurtenis in Machadodorp se geskiedenis voor 1904. Nadat Pretoria, die hoofstad van die ZAR, deur die Britse magte beset is, het Machadodorp die tydelike regeringsetel van die ZAR geword (5 Junie 1900 tot 27 Augustus 1900). Die Britse troepe het Machadodorp op 28 Augustus 1900 beset en op 1 September 1900 het lord Roberts, die opperbevelhebber van die Britse troepe in suider-Afrika, die Transvaal as deel van die Britse ryk geproklameer. Britse troepe was op die dorp tot na die vredesluiting in 1902. Die verhandeling word afgesluit met 'n bespreking van die administratiewe proses waarvolgens Machadodorp tot dorp geproklameer is. Hierdie proses, wat deur die uitbreek van die oorlog onderbreek is, is tydens die koloniale tydperk voltooi. Op 30 Desember 1904 is Machadodorp tot dorp geproklameer en het die eerste fase in die dorp se ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis tot 'n einde gekom. KERNWOORDE Plaaslike geskiedenis, Machadodorp, vestigingsgeskiedenis, Oosterlijn, Lydenburg-Carolina-grenskwessie, Anglo-Boereoorlog, Slag van Bergendal, dorpsproklamasie. SUMMARY The dissertation begins with a brief review of the nature and status of local history in Western and South African historiography. The geographic location of Machadodorp as well as physical factors, such as geology and climate, determined early settlement patterns. From archaeological research in the area it was determined that the earliest inhabitants of the greater Machadodorp area were Stone Age people, Iron Age people and black communities, such as the Koni, Pedi and Swazi. During the last half of the nineteenth century the first whites settled in the region of Machadodorp. To retain their political and economic independence the ZAR had to obtain a non- British route to the outside world. This idea could only be realized if a railway line, the Oosterlijn, was built to the Portuguese harbour of Delgoa Bay. There is a very close link between the surveying, planning, building and development of this railway line and the history of the establishment of Machadodorp. Initially, the two settlements, Machadodorp and Carolina were part of the Lydenburg magisterial district. When Carolina was proclaimed an independent magisterial district in 1893, the ZAR government had to make a decision regarding the district to which Machadodorp would belong. The eventual decision that Machadodorp should remain part of the Lydenburg magisterial district resulted in long term administrative consequences for the Machadodorp area. The Anglo Boer War was the most influential event in the history of Machadodorp prior to 1904. After Pretoria, the capital of the ZAR was occupied by the British forces Machadodorp became the temporary seat of the ZAR government (5 June 1900 – 27 August 1900). On 28 August 1900 the town was occupied by the British troops and on 1 September 1900 Lord Roberts, Commander-in-chief of the British troops in Southern Africa, proclaimed the Transvaal as part of the British Empire. The British troops remained in Machadodorp until after the peace negotiations in 1902. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of the process by which Machadodorp was proclaimed a town. This process which started before the outbreak of the war was disrupted by the war and was only completed after the war. On 30 December 1904 Machadodorp was proclaimed a town, whereby the first phase in Machadodorp’s developmental history was concluded. KEY WORDS Local history, Machadodorp, settlement history, Oosterlijn, Lydenburg- Carolina border issue, Anglo Boer War, Battle of Bergendal, town proclamation. LYS VAN KAARTE,TABELLE, SKETSE, FOTOS EN AFDRUKKE Bladsy Kaarte 1 RGN historiese streeksindeling 20 2 Machadodorp se ligging binne die groter munisipale gebied en streek 51 3 Steentydperk: Fisiografiese streke in Suider-Afrika 62 4 Steentydperk: Rotsgravures en rotskildering in die Machadodorp-omgewing 65 5 Latere Ystertydperk nedersettings in die Machadodorp-omgewing 69 6 Die Slag van Bergendal 188 Tabel 1 Afstand per pad vanaf Machadodorp na omliggende dorpe en stede 50 Sketse 1 Sketse van klipruïnes in die Machadodorp-omgewing 72 - 73 2 Sketsplan Machadodorpstasie 1901 118 Foto’s 1 Cornelis Potgieter 93 2 Generaal Joaquim José Machado 107 3 Ploegbaas met span arbeiders op Machadodorp 119 4 Regeringsetel gehuisves in treinwaens op Machadodorp
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