2016 — 2017

Annual Report Carroll Bogert PRESIDENT

Bill Keller EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Neil Barsky FOUNDER AND BOARD CHAIR

BOARD OF DIRECTORS Fred Cummings Nicholas Goldberg Nicole Gordon Jeffrey Halis Laurie Hays James Leitner William L. McComb Jonathan Moses Ben Reiter Liz Simons William J. Snipes Anil Soni

ADVISORY BOARD Soffiyah Elijah Andrew Jarecki Marc Levin Joan Petersilia David Simon Bryan Stevenson

CREDITS Cover image from We Are Witnesses. Design by Photo and illustration credits, clockwise from top left: Alex Tatusian. ALEX TATUSIAN, ANDREW SPEAR, ANGIE WANG, ALLEN SCHABEN, DADU SHIN, MARK MAHANEY WHAT IS IMPACT? FROM THE BOARD CHAIR AND PRESIDENT

Journalists can be kittenish about impact. When they step to the podium to accept their Pulitzer prizes, of course, they love to recount how their stories launched investigations, got somebody prosecuted, stopped a human rights abuser dead in his tracks. But generally they’re more comfortable talking about impact after the fact.

Planning for a story to have impact can feel transgressive. We also think you deserve It appears to cross the bright line between journalism and a fair accounting of our advocacy, and suggests the journalist has gone out with impact. We know that many a notebook and a firm idea of what he or she is going to of our donors support our find in advance. It seems like the opposite of an open mind, work because you want and an open mind is essential to valuable journalism. to see a better criminal justice system, and you deserve to know whether we’re actually contributing to that end. Where does this leave The Marshall Project, a media organization that was founded on the belief that good We think we are. This annual report provides a basic journalism, focused unwaveringly on the criminal justice overview of our work from July 2016 through December system, can contribute to positive change? That our stories 2017, including information on how and where our can, indeed, have impact? That they should have impact? journalism actually made something happen. If you’re a regular subscriber, you may be familiar with some of these In 2017, we conducted a wide-ranging series of stories — we’re now producing a thrice-annual Impact conversations with our staff and board to parse collectively Report that lays out all the details. Get in touch with us the notion of impact. We believe that our journalism if you want to be on the distribution list. should seek to bring about positive change in the criminal justice system — making it more fair, humane, effective After a long staff conversation about impact, one of our and transparent — without imperilling our fundamental colleagues, Commentary Editor Donovan X. Ramsey, added commitment to impartiality. a final word. “Don’t forget to make room for the Holy Spirit,” he said. And we all laughed and knew what he meant. You, the readers, along with our peers in the media world, Embedded in the craft of journalism is sheer inspiration, can and should be the judges of whether our journalism the love of a good story. At the end of the day, we’re is fair. We suspect different audiences may have different journalists who spin yarns. We value the craft for its own views of our performance, but we’re open to your views. sake. And we hope you do, too.

NEIL BARSKY CARROLL BOGERT THE Two-tier justice → Money Los Angeles Times, we analyzed Justifiable → A small thousands of records in a first- DEVIL’S can buy a lot in the criminal percentage of homicides over justice system: release on bail, ever examination of people who the last few decades were ruled IN a rigorous defense, an easier have been able to upgrade their legally justifiable by police. jail experience — for a price — in THE outcome. In California, it can buy When a white person kills a black a better jail experience. In our the state’s two-tiered man, law enforcement agencies DATA ambitious investigation with the justice system. labeled the killing "justified"

HIGH-IMPACT JOURNALISM

Our journalism influences policy- makers, inspires other media, and provides essential oxygen to advocacy campaigns. Highlights from the past 18 months:

The shuttle bus from hell Every year, tens of thousands of Americans are packed into private vans and taken on circuitous, often harrowing, journeys to other states to face charges. Our reporters spent seven months investigating the industry’s on-board deaths, sexual assaults, accidents and escapes. Our story sparked an investigation by the federal Department of Justice under Attorney General Loretta Lynch. In a rare instance of cross- administration continuity, lawyers in the Jeff Sessions Justice Department opened an investigation in the summer of 2017 into allegations of abuse by the largest prison transport company we profiled. Our story also helped other reporters pursue their own investigations locally — like the one in Lewiston, Maine, whose work has gotten three district attorneys to forswear the use of private vans.

When solitary turns deadly What’s worse than being in solitary confinement? Being in a solitary cell with another person for 23 hours a day — with often violent results. Reporter Christie Thompson teamed up with National Public Radio to expose the abuse that inmates suffer when they refuse to accept a cellmate. Our story inspired a new alliance of 37 human rights organizations dedicated to improving conditions at a federal penitentiary we profiled.

Your kid goes jail. You get the bill. Nineteen states charge parents for the cost of their kids’ incarceration, even if that child is later proven innocent. Photo and illustration credits, top to bottom: Our March 2017 story, published on the front page of The LOGAN CYRUS, JOHN LEE, ALEX TATUSIAN, KARSTEN MORAN eight times as often. A Marshall circumstances of death, the organizations in states where the more than 750,000 views— Project story co-published with weapon used, or the relationship death penalty is still carried out, and nearly 2.6 million on The New York Times examined between killer and victim. to track and provide context for sites across the internet 400,000 homicides and showed each consecutive execution in the that have embedded that the racial disparities in how The Next to Die → Since United States. “The Next to Die: our project. killings are classified has persisted 2015, we have organized and led Watching Death Row” is one of the since the 1980s, no matter the a consortium of eight local media best-read sections of our site with

From “I Served 26 Years for Murder Even Though the Killer Confessed", by Alton Logan and Berl Falbaum CREDIT: CORNELIA LI

Washington Post, highlighted this cruel practice with a focus an in-depth look for a front page investigation at the New on Philadelphia. Hours after publication, Philadelphia York Times. Now there are signs reform may be coming. announced it was abandoning the policy, effective immediately. Months later, California followed suit. A trick of the mind Since 1989, more than 200 people have been freed from Redemption? prison after being cleared of a sex crime against a child, often In September, our gripping profile of Michelle Jones landed because the children recanted their testimony. In a stunning on the front page of The New York Times. Jones became feature, Maurice Chammah took us inside the lives of two an accomplished historian during her twenty years in children whose father went to prison for 19 years on their an Indiana prison for murdering her young son, and was word, exploring what it’s like to grow up in the shadow recruited by top graduate schools around the country. of a false conviction and what it’s like to try to rebuild. One But her admission to a PhD program at Harvard was of our most highly read stories of 2017, The Accusation ultimately overturned by college administrators. The story was published with Esquire, and reprinted by Elle, Good inspired op-eds and conversations about the nature of Housekeeping, Longreads, and The Oregonian. forgiveness and violent crime across the country, and led to heated debate among faculty and students at Harvard. The executive director of the Prison University Project Whodunnit? Who knows? wrote that it had propelled the prison higher education A gun goes off. Someone dies. But who should get the movement forward “by decades.” blame for pulling the trigger? In cases where multiple people are charged, prosecutors sometimes argue Hidden evidence contradictory theories of a crime in order to get the highest In 10 states, prosecutors aren’t required to turn over possible conviction for everyone. Courts remain split discovery — the evidence backing charges in a case — until on whether this is fair. In a story partnered with the print just before trial. Because the vast majority of cases end in edition of the New Yorker, reporter Ken Armstrong dug a plea deal, many defendants never learn what the state up dozens of instances where only one gun was fired, but has against them. In August 2017, Beth Schwartzapfel took more than one person was charged with firing it. A WIDER LENS FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

When Neil Barsky invited me, back in early 2014, to help him launch The Marshall Project, several things made the offer irresistible.

There was, of course, the excitement of building something The election of Donald Trump, the self-proclaimed “law and from scratch. But more important, there was the prospect order president,” and the appointment of Jeff Sessions as of doing something good. The grotesque state of the attorney general have challenged the bipartisan coalition criminal justice system was going underreported by in Washington. Where President Obama embraced criminal a financially beleaguered news media. Like Neil, I have justice reform in his second term, the new administration a lifelong conviction that honest journalism — fair and fact- has made a concerted effort to erase that legacy — based, not preachy or polemical — can make a difference. instructing prosecutors to seek maximum sentences, reviving the “war on drugs,” reducing federal oversight My faith on that last point was bolstered by a sense that, of troubled police departments, launching a law- at a time when the country was bitterly polarized, this was enforcement campaign to deport undocumented a subject where left and right, Republican and Democrat, immigrants. Tracking these reversals, and monitoring the had found some common ground. On the right was a loose uncertain fate of bipartisan alliance of libertarians who had begun to see police and legislative reforms in prisons as manifestations of an oppressive state, fiscal Congress, has become conservatives who had decided that law enforcement and the grim responsibility incarceration should not get a blank check, evangelical of journalistic watchdogs Christians who found our practice of justice incompatible — not least, those of us with Jesus’ preaching of mercy, and policy wonks who at The Marshall Project. recognized that a system with a roughly 70 percent recidivism rate was failing at its first purpose, keeping To that end, in 2017 we the public safe. Left and right still found much to disagree hired our first Washington about (guns, for example) but there was a genuinely JUSTIN GEORGE correspondent, Justin bipartisan alliance in favor of reducing draconian George, a street-savvy sentences, at least for nonviolent crime; investing Baltimore Sun police reporter with a mandate to fill the gaps in rehabilitation; seeing that people are not imprisoned left by conventional Washington reporting. In his first year merely for being poor; making prison and jail he has already found targets the mainstream beat reporters conditions more humane; treating drug addiction as have ignored — the attempt to mobilize evangelicals in a health problem rather than mainly a crime problem. support of more humane criminal justice policies, several CREDIT: KIRSTEN LUCE

"I have a lifelong conviction that honest reports on the cluelessness journalism — fair and fact-based, of the Bureau of Prisons, and updates on the not preachy or polemical — can make prospects for federal justice reform. a difference." We also amped up our coverage of immigration, which is a defining, base- The overwhelming majority of law enforcement, jurisprudence mobilizing issue for the Trump administration. From and incarceration takes place not in Washington but at the our beginning, we have state and local level, and there the bipartisan ferment seems recognized immigration undiminished. There, our role is even more important than enforcement as a kind at the federal level. By exposing dysfunction and abuse, by of parallel criminal identifying interesting success stories and experiments, and justice system, with its by sharing our work with influential news media partners, we own police, courts and supply ammunition — credible information — to advocates detention centers. For this and policymakers who have the power to make changes. White House and Justice Department, being tough on I think I can speak for my colleagues at The Marshall Project crime is inextricably tied to when I say that the first year of President Trump has left JOHN CARLOS FREY being tough on immigration. us not discouraged but energized, emboldened — and more We hired John Carlos Frey, necessary than ever. an LA-based Emmy-winner who brings, in addition to his experience covering immigration, a career pitching and producing television journalism. We enlisted as a contributor Julia Preston, who had just left The New York times after a decade as probably the nation’s foremost immigration reporter. Along with our staff in New York — notably Christie Thompson and Anna Flagg — they have set out to dispel myths, appraise policies, and put human faces on the people caught up in this alternative justice system. JULIA PRESTON Watch the videos at www.themarshallproject.org/witnesses

WE ARE WITNESSES “#WeAreWitnesses spotlights gross “These testimonials inevitably prompt injustices questions of culpability—as well as the & inefficiencies in our crime & uncomfortable realization that the ‘we’ in punishment system. We Are Witnesses may apply not only to v/ @MarshallProj” the individuals speaking here but to us all.” New Yorker staff writerJENNIFER GONNERMAN, in her introductory essay to We Are Witnesses MIA FARROW In October, The Marshall Project launched We Are Witnesses, a series of 19 short films capturing the huge and tragic toll that the criminal justice system takes on virtually everyone who comes in contact with it. Two years in the making, this ambitious project united us with Participant Media, The New Yorker, and Condé Nast Entertainment. The result is a rare 360-degree portrait of PUBLISHERS OF the state of crime and punishment in the United States. AWARD-WINNING WORK Since its launch, We are Witnesses has been incorporated into advocacy campaigns, educational initiatives and public programming. The series has run on multiple partners' sites including Now This, What We See, and Newsy, generating millions of views.

“Powerful look at the state of crime and punishment in the United States today by In 2017 we were awarded a pres- @MarshallProj & @NewYorker” tigious National Magazine Award for General Excel- lence in the Liter- KATIE COURIC ature, Science and Politics category. We received our first Peabody for “Anat- IVY WOOLF TURK omy of Doubt” with This American Life and ProPublica, and our second George “I am formerly incarcerated . . . Polk Award for our reporting with in the deluge of media and NPR that exposed the deadly conse- films over the past several quences of doubling up two prisoners in years since I returned home solitary confinement. Our work on crime from prison, “We are Witnesses” trends was honored is the most authentic, well with the Data Jour- nalism Award, and produced, directed and poignant “The Next To Die” received the inter- portrayal of the issues to date.” national Malofiej's first Human Rights special award. LOOKING AHEAD

From “Building Toward a Future", by Eli Hager CREDIT: ANDREW SPEAR

After a successful launch that made The Marshall Project the youngest news organization ever to win a Pulitzer Prize, in 2017 we took stock. Our board The Marshall Project has and staff engaged in intensive conversations about traditionally sought an the next three to five years at The Marshall Project. influential audience rather than a mass-market one. A summary of our strategic plan: By publishing major stories with partners, we have expanded our reach far Building the newsroom will increase diminishing our core commitment beyond that of a traditional media our overall output and create more to investigative journalism. Social start-up and reached millions of the impact we seek. Since most media demand visual journalism; the of readers. Now it’s time to expand criminal justice is dispensed locally few videos we’ve produced earned our own audience and reinforce and many reforms are currently substantial traffic. We will illustrate our brand. We hope to expand the underway at the state and local level, our written stories more fully with subscriber base for our daily newsletter we are adding coverage in locations still photography, video, illustration, while also developing a new weekly such as California and Chicago where animation, data visualization, and product that appeals to the more criminal justice is a hot issue, the interactive graphics; and also assign casually-interested consumer of possibility of impact is high, and local visual and interactive journalists criminal justice news. We’ll add to fundraising can cover expenses and to cover original stories that they the team focusing on traffic growth, possibly unlock new donors for our develop through their own reporting search engine optimization, and general budget. In future, we also — stories that are native to the online audience engagement strategies. hope to place reporters in “red-state” medium and engage users on any regions and diversify our partnerships device or platform through which they Through all of our efforts to expand with local media. discover it. We also hope to run visual The Marshall Project runs a common commentaries, including shorter or thread: to increase the diversity Creating visual journalism will excerpted versions of documentaries of our staff, board, and help us reach a wider audience without on criminal justice. editorial leadership. → DIVERSITY

The Marshall Project is committed to building and maintaining a diverse workforce, and not only because our name is a tribute to a hero of equal justice. We best serve our audience by bringing a variety of experiences and vantage points to bear on the issues we cover.

We regard diversity as integral to our overall responsibility, on the websites of the major black and Latino journalist which is to produce the best possible journalism about the associations. We promote The Marshall Project to journalism U.S. criminal justice system, with its disproportionate impacts students at historically black universities. We staff a career on communities of color. booth at the National Association of Black Journalists convention and lead workshops there on deep-dive What We’re Doing reporting; in 2018 we are attending the National Association We have created an active staff diversity committee to guide of Hispanic Journalists convention. our efforts. We have expanded opportunities at The Marshall Project by establishing three paid summer internships We will continue to put a premium on diversity as we recruit and two year-long fellowships; we have made a concerted and promote, including for leadership positions. We will effort to use these jobs as points of entry for talented young continue to seek out experienced journalists of color, but we journalists of color, including collaborating with the Chips will also do more to add to their ranks in the industry at large. Quinn Scholars Program for Diversity in Newsrooms to The Marshall Project is committed to building internships and identify top candidates. Over the past two years, we also fellowships for young journalists of color, and providing the have worked with the Knight CUNY program, which places training and mentoring they need for their talents to flourish. students from historically black colleges and universities All our job postings encourage formerly incarcerated people and schools with significant Latino populations in media to apply, and we have four currently incarcerated contributing internships. We make sure that job openings are posted writers on our masthead.

BY THE Race Gender NUMBERS White 59% Female 55%

A breakdown of race, Male 45% ethnicity and gender Black 14% at The Marshall Project as of November 2017. Asian 10% Additionally, our Board of Directors is 77% White, 15% African Two or more races 10% American, and 8% Asian; the gender breakdown is Hispanic/Latino 7% 77% male and 23% female. ENGAGING NEW AUDIENCES

SOCIAL MEMBERSHIP MEDIA REACHING The Marshall Project launched OUT a membership program in August The field of criminal justice In 2017, our 2017 to build a new revenue does not lack for passionate FACEBOOK opinions. Our Commentary following stream supporting our journalism, Editor DONOVAN X. RAMSEY sorts through grew by and to cultivate a community dozens of submissions every of dedicated readers committed week to publish the best and most provocative. Our new 28% to criminal justice reform. video series, "Viewfinder," gives voice to filmmakers and videographers who In 2017, our Within the first five months of offer visual commentary on TWITTER criminal justice issues. launching the program, we had following grown our donor base by 43%. grew by 46%

We are

THE MARSHALL starting to PROJECT cultivate GOES LIVE a visual presence on Over the last 18 months, we INSTAGRAM have ramped up our commitment to public programming. Our where reporters and editors have appeared on multiple panels The Marshall in New York, Chicago, San Francisco and spoken on issues Project's ranging from prison privatization to the role of prosecutors in following the rise of mass incarceration. Our Witnesses project — which grew by continues to be featured in events each month — premiered to A panel discussion at the premiere event for We Are a sold-out crowd at the main New Witnesses, at the Schomburg Center for Research in York Public Library in Harlem. Black Culture in Harlem. CREDIT: THE SCHOMBURG CENTER 367% CREATIVE PARTNERSHIPS

The Marshall Project publishes with media partners to maximize the impact and reach of our work. We estimate that every month we reach more than a million readers and listeners through our media collaborations. Over the past 18 months, innovative collaborations have connected us to new audiences:

America’s highest-circulation The Weather Channel worked with that’s already been viewed nearly half newspaper, USA Today, was our us on a video revealing the effects of a million times. partner in investigating the “vet-to- extreme temperatures from climate cop” pipeline and the complex issues change on one of the country’s Teen Vogue invited us to moderate that arise when these warriors return most vulnerable populations: people a panel with Sen. Cory Booker and home to patrol American streets. While behind bars. In “Cruel and Unusual?,” a group of formerly incarcerated veterans offer skills and discipline that a 20-minute documentary about the women, along with a daughter who are prized within law enforcement, deadly heat inside Texas prisons, our grew up with parents behind bars. some also bring PTSD, addiction and special correspondent John Carlos It was a revelatory conversation. other afflictions that can pose a threat Frey interviewed family members of Most important, together with Teen to the public. In addition its millions prisoners who’ve died from very high, Vogue we reached new and younger of print and online readers, USA Today 100-degree-plus temperatures, and the audiences with short, social media- also used a version of our story in the inmates and guards who are fighting friendly videos from our discussion. Sunday pages of more than twenty for livable conditions. Accompanied by These videos generated tens of local newspapers in their nationwide additional reporting from staff writer thousands of views on Facebook. Gannett network, reaching an Maurice Chammah, our story was also additional 1.6 million readers. adapted into a short video by AJ+

Cleveland.com Mashable San Francisco Chronicle The Paris Review OUR EDITORIAL Columbia Journalism Review Matter Slate The Takeaway PARTNERS: Corrections One Mic Smithsonian Magazine The Texas Observer Cosmopolitan Mother Jones Splinter News The Upshot Dallas News Muck Rack St. Louis Post-Dispatch The Verge ABA Journal Ebony MuckRock Teen Vogue The Voice of OC AL.com Elle Myhighplains.com Texas Public Radio The Washington Monthly AP Esquire NBCBLK Texas Tribune The Washington Post Albany Times-Union Essence NPR The Atlantic The Weather Channel All Things Considered Everyday Incarceration New Orleans Times-Picayune The Baltimore Sun TheNextWeb Alternet FiveThirtyEight New York Daily News The Chronicle of Higher This American Life Apple News Frontline New York Magazine Education Time Atlanta Journal-Constitution Fusion New York One Tampa Bay Times USA Today Bill Moyers Good Housekeeping Newsweek The Daily Beast Valleycentral.com Bright History News Network Nonprofit Quarterly The Frontier Vice Business Insider Houston Chronicle PBS NewsHour theGrio Virginian Pilot CNN Money Huffington Post Pacific Standard The Guardian Vox California Sunday Magazine JJIE Politico The Hill WBUR Capitol Weekly Kaiser Health News Prison Legal News The Influence WFYI Chalkbeat Latino USA ProPublica The Nation WNYC Christianity Today Lexington Herald Leader Refinery29 The New Republic WRAL City Bureau Longreads Religion News Service The New York Times Wired City Limits Los Angeles Times Reveal The New York World Wonkblog Civil Beat Marie Claire St. Louis Public Radio The New Yorker Yahoo FINANCIALS

Here is a breakdown of The Marshall Project's revenue and expenses for 2016 and 2017. Our detailed financial statements are available on our website.

2016 TOTAL BUDGET: $4.5 MILLION

EXPENSES REVENUE Newsroom: 75% Foundations: 55% Admin & Operations: 20% Individuals: 42% Fundraising: 5% Earned Income: 3%

2017 TOTAL BUDGET: $4.6 MILLION

EXPENSES REVENUE Newsroom: 73% Foundations: 59% Admin & Operations: 19% Individuals: 40% Fundraising: 8% Earned Income: 1% We are sincerely grateful to the SUPPORTERS many foundations, families, and individuals who provide the means for us to pursue our mission. The following supporters have contributed $5,000 or more from J.M. Kaplan Fund The Peter and Carmen Lucia July 2016 through the end of 2017. Joan Ganz Cooney and Holly Buck Foundation Peterson Foundation The Pinkerton Foundation John S. and James L. Knight Price Family Foundation Foundation The John D. and Catherine T. Propel Capital MacArthur Foundation Public Welfare Fund OUR SUPPORTERS: The Conjunction Fund of the Jonathan Moses Rifkind Family Foundation Cheryl C. and Blair Effron Joseph L. Faber Abrams Foundation Family Foundation Robert and Maurine Rothschild Kathleen Peratis Achieving America Family Dahnam Foundation Fund Foundation Laura Eisen David Keller Rockefeller Family Fund Alice & Ben Reiter Laura and John Arnold DeLaCour Family Foundation Amy Rao Foundation Roy and Patricia Disney Family The Elise P. van Buren Laura & Scott Malkin Foundation The Andrew and Marina Lewin Foundation Family Foundation Schumann Center for Media and Emerson Collective Laurie Hays Anne and Greg Avis Democracy Emily Kaiser and Gene Bulmash Libby and Lloyd Ann Charitable Anne Gilchrist Hall and John Fund of The Community The Seedworks Fund Hall Falconwood Foundation Foundation Serving Richmond and Central Virginia Shari Leinwand The Annie E. Casey Foundation The Fledgling Fund The Libra Foundation Anil Soni Fred & Misun Cummings The Shauna M. and Kevin B. Lili Lynton and Michael Ryan Flanigan Family Foundation Antoinette Delruelle and Joshua Future Justice Fund L. Steiner The Glades Foundation Little Big Fund at Rockefeller Silverleaf Foundation Family Fund The Atlantic Philanthropies Gruber Family Foundation The Statue Foundation Baskin Family Foundation, Judy Hassan and Rasha Elmasry Liz Cicchelli & Robert Buono Susan Karp and Paul Haar Wise Heising-Simons Foundation Marietta and Andrew Romay Benjamin and Dawn Shapiro Foundation Till Bechtolsheimer Horace W. Goldsmith The Bernard and Anne Spitzer Foundation The Margaret and Daniel Loeb – Timothy and Michele Barakett Charitable Trust Third Point Foundation Hyatt Bass and Josh Klausner Foundation Brown Foundation in memory of Maverick Capital Foundation Ivy Lewis The Tow Foundation Beatrice Kaplan Brown McComb Family Foundation The Jacob and Valeria Langeloth Brunswick Group Trellis Charitable Fund Foundation Michael D. and Chandra K. Rudd The California Endowment Weisman Discretionary Trust James Gates Mostyn Foundation Charles H. Revson Foundation James Gleick and Cynthia Nancy & Jeffrey Halis William B. Wiener, Jr. Foundation Philanthropic Fund Charles K. Edmonson, Jr. Crossen William J. Snipes Foundation James Leitner and Tracy Higgins Neil Barsky The Winston Foundation Clint Murray Jason Flom Open Society Foundation Colucci Family Foundation Yogen & Peggy Dalal Jeannie Blaustein and Peter Pascaline Servan-Schreiber and Conant Family Foundation Bokor Kevin Ryan Zients Family Foundation

ASSOCIATED PRESS his Department of Justice office in Washington 1965. CREDIT: Thurgood Marshall, solicitor general of the United States, conferring with aides in

The Marshall Project is a nonpartisan, nonprofit news organization dedicated to creating and sustaining a sense of national urgency about the U.S. criminal justice system. We seek to make an impact on the criminal justice system through our journalism, rendering it more fair, effective, transparent and humane.

The Marshall Project For more information 156 West 56th Street, Suite 701 New York, NY 10019 Amanda Wilson 212 • 803 • 5200 Director of Development [email protected] www.themarshallproject.org 212 • 803 • 5271