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Entomology and Insect Management Strategies for Vegetables

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Entomology and Insect Management Strategies for Vegetables Tom Kuhar Professor of Entomology Virginia Tech Insects/arthropods in Agriculture What immediately comes to mind? Pests - Anything that interferes with the human objective. - Generally, herbivores Insects are part of any Agroecosystem Ecological Importance of Insects Insects comprise 97% of all animals They are essential to most Food Webs: - main consumers of plants, - major role in consuming other insects - recycle large plant & animal matter into smaller organic matter. Soil aeration Pollination The vast majority of insects are beneficial! Hymenoptera • The 3 P’s Pollinators Hymenopteran predators Hymenopteran Parasitoids Ichneumonids and Braconids Trichogrammatids Bracon spp. attack noctuid larvae ~25% of Diamondback moth larvae Tachinids of larvae can parasitize up to 90% of aphid population • introduced for ECB • May parasitize ~25% of larvae Hymenoptera: Braconidae/Ichneumonidae Primary Prey: larvae and pupae of most insects Key Characters: aphid “mummies”, cocoons Vegetable crops: most can parasitize up to 80% of Diamondback moth larvae Lepidoptera (Moths & Butterflies) Complete metamorphosis Larvae (caterpillars) Chewing leaves and boring into fruits Corn earworm Imported Cabbageworm Lepidoptera: Pieridae (Butterfly) Overwinters as a chrysalis multiple generations/yr Adults are white butterflies Eggs deposited on leaves Armyworms (Spodoptera spp.) Fall Armyworm Beet Armyworm Armyworms (Spodoptera spp.) Southern Armyworm Yellowstriped Armyworm Hornworm Lepidoptera: Sphingidae Some lepidopteran larvae bore into plants European corn borer Snap bean Adults Potato Egg mass Corn Bell pepper Squash vine borer Lepidoptera: Sesiidae Beetles (Coleoptera) Complete metamorphosis Most abundant and diverse insects Chewing mouthparts Colorado potato beetle CUCUMBER BEETLES Striped cucumber beetle Spotted cucumber beetle Cucumber beetle aggregation Asaparagus beetles (Chrysomelidae) Flea beetles (many species) Beetles are also important predators of insects Ladybeetles (not ladybugs) Mexican bean beetle Subterranean: Wireworms & white grubs Other subterranean insects that damage seeds and roots Seedcorn maggot Delia platura (Anthomyiidae) • Below-ground insect that attacks the germinating seed • Typically a problem when germination is delayed in cool wet soils • Prefers high organic matter soils (manure applied) Cabbage maggot Delia radicum (Anthomyiidae) Onion maggot Delia antiqua (Anthomyiidae) Sucking insect pests of vegetables Aphids • Multiple species can attack vegetables • Most species feed on multiple host plants • Sap sucking feeders • Possess cornicles “tail pipes” • Winged adults • Asexual reproduction (parthenogenesis) • Produce honeydew Prefer undersides of leaves Green peach aphid Myzus persicae Alate (winged) adult Apterous (wingless) colony Prefer: spinach, peppers, brassicas Melon aphid • Aphis gossypii (AKA cotton aphid) Prefer: squash, pumpkin, okra Corn Leaf Aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) • Sucks sap from plants and deposits "honeydew," which can become moldy, giving the tops of the plants a black, sooty appearance • Attacks corn and small grains Potato aphid • Macrosiphum euphorbiae • Prefers tomato, and fall potato Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne brassicae Prefer: brassicas How can aphids hurt your crop? • Can attain very high densities on young plant tissue, causing water stress, wilting, and reduced plant growth. How can aphids hurt your crop? • Contamination of harvestable plant material with aphids • Contamination of vegetables by aphids sometimes presents quarantine problems How can aphids hurt your crop? • Produce sticky honey dew and sooty mold growth How can aphids hurt your crop? • Aphids are the major vectors of plant viruses • Both persistent viruses, which move through the feeding secretions of the aphid, and non-persistent viruses, which are only temporary contaminants of aphid mouthparts, are effectively transmitted. • > 100 viruses transmitted by aphids. Some of the particularly damaging diseases include potato leafroll virus and potato virus Y to Solanaceae, beet western yellows and beet yellows viruses to Chenopodiaceae, lettuce mosaic virus to Compositae, cauliflower mosaic and turnip mosaic viruses to Cruciferae, and cucumber mosaic and watermelon mosaic viruses to Cucurbitaceae. PVY CMV Important natural enemies Insecticidal soap • Potassium salts of fatty acids Chemical control: Thorough spray coverage beneath leaves is important when foliar sprays are used Potato Leafhopper Empoasca fabae Hemiptera: Cicadellidae Potato Leafhopper Hopperburn • Serious pest of potato, beans, eggplant • Effectively controlled by neonicotinoids and many other insecticides Stink bugs Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Brown stink bug Dusky stink bug 53 Harlequin bug Murgantia histrionica • Brassica specialist (southern pest) • Overwinters as adult in brassica fields Brown marmorated stink bug • Halyomorpha halys (Stål) • Probably introduced to the U.S. in the 1990’s from China on shipping cargo Orchard CropsVery wide host range Brown Marmorated Stink bug Life cycle of BMSB Many bugs are important predators of pest insects Major thrips species in Virginia • Eastern flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici - accounts for 90% of species in tomato - found in blossoms, injures fruit - does not vector TSWV • Tobacco thrips, F. fusca - primarily a leaf feeder - vectors TSWV Thrips larva Western flower thrips, F. occidentalis • Major greenhouse pest • Sporadic pest in the field • Very difficult to control – insecticide resistance Thrips injury Dimpling Gold flecking Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus TSWV T S Numerous other types of insects Pest Management Humans taking action to prevent pests from causing economic loss Pest Management Approaches Conventional Organic High agrichemical inputs No synthetic chemicals Maximize yield per acre Systems approach Reduce impact on environment Insecticides to control vegetable pests Pyrethroids • Lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior II, others) • Bifenthrin (Capture, Brigade, Sniper, Bifenture, other generics) • Esfenvalerate (Asana XL) • Permethrin (Ambush, Perm-up, etc..) • Beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid XL) • Cyfluthrin (Tombstone) • Fenpropathrin (Danitol) • Zeta cypermethrin (MustangMax) • Zeta cyper. + bifenthrin (Hero EC) Many pyrethroid resistant pests in vegetable systems Organic PEST MANAGEMENT Large-scale commercial organic agriculture still uses pesticides - Some are neurotoxins or other substances that may be broad spectrum (kill or harm beneficials arthropods) • Integrated - Select from list of appropriate tools: – Biological – Host plant resistance – Physical – Cultural – Regulatory – Chemical • Goal is management of insect pest problems Is there really a pest problem? Bean leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae) CUCURBIT PLANTS CAN OFTEN OUTGROW DEFOLIATION It is primarily young cucurbit plants that are vulnerable. In fact, older plants can tolerate as much as 25% defoliation due to beetle feeding with no reduction in yield (Hoffmann et al., 2002, 2003). Threshold = 1 beetle/plant on small plants 5 beetles per plant on large plants INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) Using multiple strategies for pest control Emphasizing the safest and most sensible and effective treatments Using ACTION pest thresholds to determine exactly when/if treatment is necessary “IPM” Integrated Pest Management (First Line of Defense) Selecting proper seed and varieties Disease tolerance Seed treatments Tomato Seeds - Mountain Glory VFFF/TSWV - Hybrid Bush Tomato Variety - 25 Seeds Bt transgenic sweet corn • Several hybrids commercially available (Syngenta Seeds, Monsanto among other companies) • Very effective – provide 80-90% control ear & stalk protection Bt sweet corn evaluations in VA (Kuhar, Taylor, Doughty, and Blevins) % marketable ears 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 Suffolk Painter Abingdon Whitethorne non-Bt Cry1Ab Cry1Ab + Vip3A Providence BC0805 Remedy Cultural or environmental control tactics Manipulation of environmental conditions to limit insect populations Cultural Control – crop rotation, planting dates Avoidance Trap cropping Cultivation Crop rotation: Colorado potato beetle Row covers & Reflective mulch for pest control Can reduce thrips and aphid numbers landing on plants Trap cropping Growing a more attractive crop in proximity to a cash crop will Divert herbivore feeding from cash crop Concentrates herbivores concentrate chemical management Trap crop mustard rows protect collards from harlequin bugs Augmentative Biological Control • Relatively few successes in the field for vegetable pest management (we’ll discuss a couple) • Greater success in greenhouse IPM systems Predatory mites Encarsia for whiteflies What are these? Braconid: Aphidiinae – aphid parasitoids • Wasp parasitoids of Aphids can parasitize up to 90% of aphid population Banker Plants • Provide a source population of aphid parasitoids Banker plants for aphid control in greenhouses • Parasitized bird cherry-oat aphids on barley • Aphidius colemani, rate of 500 wasps on eight barley plants • Parasitoids also attack green peach aphid and melon aphid Trichogramma parasitoids Easy to rear (sterilized grain moth eggs) Minute in size (very little space) Complete generation in about 2 weeks Biological Control - parasitoids Diadegma insulare Farmscapes PEST MANAGEMENT FOOD WEBS ARE COMPLEX! - Calling in more pests? - Providing a pest refuge? - Distracting predators? PEST MANAGEMENT FOOD WEBS ARE COMPLEX! Intra-guild predation Conservation Biological Control Avoid spraying insecticides that kill natural enemies Insecticides to control
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