Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone ASMOSIA X Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference of ASMOSIA Association for the Study of Marble & Other Stones in Antiquity , 21-26 May 2012

P. P ENSABENE, E. GASPARINI (eds.)

«L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER INDEX

Presentation ...... XI

I VOLUME

1. APPLICATION TO SPECIFIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL QUESTIONS - USE OF MARBLE

Architecture with concave and convex rhythms and its decoration in Hadrian age: the Ma- ritime Theatre and the Southern pavilion of Piazza d’Oro in Hadrian’s Villa, B. Adembri, S. Di Tondo, F. Fantini ...... 3

Imported marbles found in three Roman cities of the territory of “Cinco Villas” (), north of Hispania Citerior, J. Andreu Pintado, H. Royo Plumed, P. Lapuente, M. Brilli ...... 13

Pentelic marble in the Severan Complex in (Tripolitania, Libya), F. Bianchi, M. Bruno, S. Pike ...... 23

The limestone quarries of Wadi Gadatza in the territory of Leptis Magna, M. Bruno, F. Bianchi ...... 35

Provenance and distribution of white marbles in the arches of Titus and Septimius Severus in Rome, M. Bruno, C. Gorgoni, P. Pallante ...... 43

The imitation of coloured marbles in a first style wall painting from the Etruscan-Roman town of Populonia (LI – Italy), F. Cavari, F. Droghini, M. Giamello, C. Mascione, A. Scala . 55

Small Euboean quarries. The local community markets, M. Chidiroglou ...... 63

Lumachella at Cosa: late Republican?, J. Collins-Clinton ...... 73

Ancientmarbles.org: an open community for sharing knowledge about ancient marble from different approaches, S. Costa, F. Marri ...... 81

The use of marble in Lusitania between Rome and Islam, M. Cruz Villalón ...... 85

“Marmora Ostiensa”. New results from the Ostia Marina Project, M. David, S. Succi, M. Turci ...... 93

A column shaft in ‘verde rana ondato’ from the archaeological excavations in Palazzo Al- temps, M. De Angelis d’Ossat, S. Violante, M. Gomez Serito ...... 103

The exploitation of coralline breccia of the Gargano in the Roman and late antique pe- riods, A. De Stefano ...... 113

Ships lapidariae and the wreck, with marmor numidicum, discovered in Camarina: hypo- thesis of route, G. Di Stefano ...... 119

V INDEX

The use of marble in the roman architecture of Lugdunum (Lyon, France), D. Fellague, H. Savay-Guerraz, F. Masino, G. Sobrà ...... 125

Marmora and other stones in the architectural decoration of early imperial Barcino (, ), A. Garrido, A. Àlvarez, A. Doménech, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., I. Rodà, H. Royo ...... 135

Provenance of the Roman marble sarcophagi of the San Pietro in Bevagna Wreck, M. T. Giannotta, G. Quarta, A. Alessio, A. Pennetta ...... 143

Thasian Exports Of Prefabricated Statuettes, J. J. Herrmann, Jr., D. Attanasio, A. van den Hoek ...... 155

Multimethod marble identification for figural sculpture in (Annaba, Algeria), J. J. Herrmann, Jr., R. H. Tykot, A. van den Hoek, P. Blanc ...... 163

Awaiting identity: Copenhagen’s “diskophoros” and its auxiliary support, M. B. Hollinshead 171

Provenance, distribution and trade of the local building materials in the Sarno river plain (Campania) from the 6th century BC to AD 79, P. Kastenmeier, G. Balassone, M. Boni, G. di Maio, M. Joachimski ...... 179

White and coloured marble on , T. Lappi ...... 185

Local stones and marbles found in the territory of “Alto Aragon” (Hispania), in Roman times, P. Lapuente, H. Royo, J.A. Cuchi, J. Justes, M. Preite-Martinez ...... 191

The Marmor Lesbium reconsidered and other stones of Lesbos, E. Leka, G. Zachos . . . . . 201

The marbles from the Villa of Trajan at Arcinazzo Romano (Roma), Z. Mari ...... 213

The introduction of marble in the cavea of the Theatre of Hierapolis: building process and patronage, F. Masino ...... 225

Shipwrecks with sarcophagi in the Eastern Adriatic, I. Mihajlovic´, I. Miholjek ...... 233

The marble decoration of the peristyle building in the SW quarter of Palmyra (Pal.M.A.I.S. Mission), S. Nava ...... 241

Stone materials in Lusitania reflecting the process of romanization, T. Nogales-Basarrate, P. Lapuente, H. Royo, M. Preite-Martinez ...... 253

A uotorum nuncupatio from Colonia Augusta Firma. An analytical approach, S. Ordóñez, R. Taylor, O. Rodríguez, E. Ontiveros, S. García-Dils, J. Beltrán, J. C. Saquete ...... 263

The Muses in the Prado Museum and the pentelic marble of the Odeon in Hadrian’s villa: workshops and statuary programmes. Preliminary report, A. Ottati ...... 269

Local workshops of the Roman imperial age. A contribution to the study of the produc- tion of Campanian Sarcophagi, A. Palmentieri ...... 283

Ceraunia and lapis obsianus in Pliny, L. Pedroni ...... 295

Marbles from the Domus of ‘Bestie ferite’ and from the Domus of ‘Tito Macro’ in Aquileia (UD), Italy, C. Previato, N. Mareso ...... 299

Production and distribution of Troad granite, both public and private, P. Pensabene, I. Rodà, J. Domingo ...... 311

The use of Almadén de la Plata marble in the public programs of Colonia Augusta Firma – Astigi (Écija, , Spain), O. Rodríguez, R. Taylor, J. Beltrán, S. García-Dils, E. On- tiveros, S. Ordóñez ...... 323

VI INDEX

Architectural elements of the Peristyle Building of the SW quarter of Palmyra (PAL.M.A.I.S. (PAL.M.A.I.S. Mission), G. Rossi ...... 339

Casa del Rilievo di Telefo and opus sectile at Herculaneum, A. Savalli, P. Pesaresi, L. Lazzarini ...... 349

The use of marble in Roman Pula, A. Starac ...... 363

Architectural decoration of the episcopal church of Rhodiapolis in Lycia, A. Tiryaki . . . . . 377

Byzantine carved marble slabs from Çanakkale Archaeology Museum, A. Turker ...... 385

First preliminary results on the marmora of the late roman villa of Noheda (Cuenca, Spain), M. A. Valero Tévar, A. Gutiérrez García-M., I. Rodà de Llanza ...... 393

Parian lychnites and the Badminton Sarcophagus in New York, F. Van Keuren, J. E. Cox, D. Attanasio, W. Prochaska, J. J. Herrmann, Jr., D. H. Abramitis ...... 403

The use of Estremoz marble in Late Antique Sculpture of Hispania: new data from the pe- trographic and cathodoluminescence analyses, S. Vidal, V. Garcia-Entero ...... 413

Montegrotto Terme (Padova) – Marble and other stone used in architectonic decoration of the Roman villa, P. Zanovello, C. Destro, M. Bressan ...... 421

2. PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION I: MARBLE

The monument landscape and associated geology at the sanctuary of Zeus on mt. Lykaion, I. Bald Romano, G. H. Davis, D. G. Romano ...... 429

Marbles of the Massif (Ossa-Morena zone, Spain): aspects of their exploitation and use in roman times, J. Beltrán Fortes, M. L. Loza Azuaga, E. Ontiveros Ortega, J. A. Pérez Macías, O. Rodríguez Gutiérrez, R. Taylor ...... 437

Isotopic analysis of marble from the Stoa of Attalos in the Athenian Agora and the Hel- lenistic quarries of Mount Pentelikon, S. Bernard, S. Pike ...... 451

An update on the use and distribution of white and black Göktepe marbles from the first century AD to Late Antiquity, M. Bruno, D. Attanasio, W. Prochaska, A.B. Yavuz ...... 461

The use of coloured marbles in the neapolitan Baroque: the work of Cosimo Fanzago (1591-1678), R. Bugini, L. Cinquegrana ...... 469

The imitation of coloured marbles in the Venetian Renaissance painting, R. Bugini, L. Folli 475

Stones and ancient marbles of the ‘Francesco Belli’ Collection: archaeological, art-histori- cal, antiquarian, geological - technical and petrographical aspects, R. Conte, A. D’Elia, E. Delluniversità, G. Fioretti, E. Florio, M. C. Navarra ...... 485

Provenance investigation of a marble sculptures from Lyon Museum, M.P. Darblade-Au- doin, D. Tambakopoulos, Y. Maniatis ...... 503

The limestone quarries of the Karaburum peninsula (southern Albania), A. De Stefano . . . 513

The main quarries of the central part of Dardania (present Kosova) during the Roman pe- riod: their usage in funerary and cult monuments, E. Dobruna-Salihu ...... 519

The use of marble in Hispanic Visigothic architectural decoration, J.A. Domingo Magaña . 527

Preliminary study of Los Bermejales, a new roman quarry discovered in the province of Cádiz, Southwestern Spain, S. Domínguez-Bella, M. Montañés, A. Ocaña, J. M. Carrascal, J. Martínez, A. Durante, J. Rendón Aragón, J. Rios ...... 537

VII INDEX

Marble pavements from the house of Jason Magnus in Cyrene, E. Gasparini, E. Gallocchio 545

The Portoro of Portovenere: notes about a limestone, S. Gazzoli, G. Tedeschi Grisanti . . . . 555

Saw cuts on marble sarcophagi: New York and Ostia, J. J. Herrmann, Jr., M. Bruno, A. van den Hoek ...... 559

The basalt of the sacred caves at Ajanta (India): characterization and conservation, F. Ma- riottini, M. Mariottini ...... 565

Marble and stones used in the central eastern Alpine area and in the northern area of Bena- cus: topographical reconstruction of trade routes and aspects of use in the Roman Era, A. Mosca ...... 575

Life of Nora (Province of - South Sardinia). Roman quarries and their organization in the rural landscape, C. Nervi ...... 585

Naxian or parian? Preliminary examination of the Sounion and Dipylon kouroi marble, O. Palagia, Y. Maniatis ...... 593

Analysis of the stony materials in the Arucci city, E. Pascual, J. Bermejo, J. M. Campos . . . . 601

Blocks and quarry marks in the Museum of Aquileia, P. Pensabene ...... 611

Archaeology and archaeometry of the marble sculptures found in the “Villa di Poppea” at Oplontis (Torre Annunziata, Naples), P. Pensabene, F. Antonelli, S. Cancelliere, L. Laz- zarini ...... 615

“Marmo di Cottanello” (Sabina, Italy): quarry survey and data on its distribution, P. Pensa- bene, E. Gasparini, E. Gallocchio, M. Brilli ...... 629

A quantitative and qualitative study on marble revetments of service area in the Villa del Casale at Piazza Armerina, P. Pensabene, L. Gonzalez De Andrés, J. Atienza Fuente ...... 641

Quarry-marks or masonry-marks at Palmyra: some comparisons with the Phoenician-Punic documentation, D. Piacentini ...... 651

Fine-grained dolomitic marble of high sculptural quality used in antiquity, W. Prochaska . . 661

Discriminating criteria of Pyrenean Arties marble (Aran Valley, Catalonia) from Saint-Béat marbles: evidence of Roman use, H. Royo, P. Lapuente, E. Ros, M. Preite-Martinez, J. A. Cuchí ...... 671

II VOLUME

3. PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION II: OTHER STONES

The stone architecture of Palmyra (Syria): from the quarry to the building, R. Bugini, L. Folli ...... 683

Quarries in rural landscapes of North Africa, M. De Vos Raaijmakers, R. Attoui ...... 689

Local and imported lithotypes in Roman times in the Southern part of the X Regio Au- gustea Venetia et Histria, L. Lazzarini, M. Van Molle ...... 699

Preliminary study of the stone tesserae of Albanian mosaics. Materials identification, E. Omari ...... 713

4. ADVANCES IN PROVENANCE TECHNIQUES METHODOLOGIES AND DATABASES

Provenance investigation of some funeral marble sculptures from ancient Vienna (France), V. Gaggadis-Robin, J.-L. Prisset, D. Tambakopoulos, Y. Maniatis ...... 725

VIII INDEX

Isotopic testing of marble for figural sculpture at , Algeria, J. J. Herrmann, Jr., R. H. Tykot, D. Attanasio, P. Blanc, A. van den Hoek ...... 739

5. QUARRIES AND GEOLOGY

Analysis and discrimination of Phrygian and other Pavonazzetto-like marbles, D. Atta- nasio, M. Bruno, W. Prochaska, A. B. Yavuz ...... 753

Roman stone-carvers and re-carving: ingenuity in recycling, S. J. Barker, C. A. Ward ...... 765

Can a fire broaden our understanding of a Roman quarry? The case of el Mèdol (, Spain), A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., S. Huelin, J. López Vilar, I. Rodà De Llanza ...... 779

The Roman marble quarries of Aliko Bay and of the islets of Rinia and Koulouri (Skyros, Greece), M. Karambinis, Lorenzo Lazzarini ...... 791

The splendor of Andesite. quarrying and constructing in Larisa (Buruncuk) Aeolis, T. Sa- ner, U. Almaç ...... 805

Carving a corinthian capital. New technical aspects regarding the carving process, N. Toma . 811

New evidence on ancient quarrying activity at the Mani Peninsula, M.P. Tsouli ...... 823

Ancient lithic naval cargos around Sicily, S. Tusa ...... 831

An unusual Roman stone cinerary urn from London, D.F. Williams, R. Hobbs ...... 843

Presenting and interpreting the processes of stone carving: The Art Of Making In Anti- quity Project, W. Wooton, B. Russell ...... 851

The Roman Mio-Pliocene underground quarries at Ksour Essaf (Tunisia), A. Younès, M. Gaied, W. Gallala ...... 861

6. STONES PROPERTIES, WEATHERING EFFECTS AND RESTORATION

A strigilated sarcophagus in providence: ancient, modern or both?, G. E. Borromeo, M. B. Hollinshead, S.Pike ...... 871

Art historical and scientific perspectives on the nature of the orange-red patina of the Parthenon, O. Palagia, S. Pike ...... 881

7. PIGMENTS AND PAINTINGS ON MARBLE

The polychromy of Roman polished marble portraits, A. Skovmøller, R. H. Therkildsen . . 891

Some observations on the use of color on ancient sculpture, contemporary scientific explo- ration, and exhibition displays, J. Pollini ...... 901

The Ulpia Domnina’s sarcophagus: preliminary report about the use of digital 3d model for the study and reconstruction of the polychromy, E.Siotto, M. Callieri, M. Dellepiane, R. Scopigno ...... 911

8. SPECIAL THEME SESSION: ORDERS, REPERTOIRES AND MEANING OF MARBLE WITHIN THE PUBLIC AND THE DOMESTIC CIRCLE FROM ANTIQUITY TILL POST-ANTIQUE TIME

Marbles from the theatre of Colonia Caesar Augusta (provincia Hispania Citerior), M. Beltrán, M. Cisneros, J. Á. Paz ...... 923

IX INDEX

Calculating the cost of columns: the case of the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, P. Barresi . . . 933

The decorative stoneworks in the east and center of Roman Gaul: recent data of the ar- chaeological operations, V. Brunet-Gaston ...... 941

Colored columns and cult of the emperors in Rome, B. Burrell ...... 947

Roman sculpture in Pannonia between imports and local production, M. Buzov ...... 955

A New Julio-Claudian Statuary cycle from Copia Thurii. Brief remarks on quality and methods of extraction and processing of marble used for the sculptures, A. D’Alessio . . . . 969

Stone in the decorative programs of Villa A (So-Called Villa Of Poppaea) at Oplontis, J. C. Fant, S. J. Barker ...... 977

Stable isotope analysis of Torano valley, Carrara, marble used in 18th-century french sculpture, K. Holbrow, C. Hayward ...... 987

Cassiodorus on marble, Y.A. Marano ...... 997

Colored marbles of Diocletian’s Palace in Split, K. Marasovic´, D. Matetic´ Poljak, Ð. Gobic´ Bravar ...... 1003

Fabri Luxuriae. Production and consumption of coloured stone vases in the Roman Period, S. Perna ...... 1021

Porphyry bathtubs in the sacred space, O. Senior-Niv ...... 1031

Mythological sculptures in late antique domus and villas: some examples from Italy, C. Sfameni ...... 1039

Architectural language and diffusion of decorative models: a group of unpublished figured capitals from Hierapolis in Phrygia, G. Sobrà ...... 1049

X MARBLES OF THE ARACENA MASSIF (OSSA-MORENA ZONE, SPAIN): ASPECTS OF THEIR EXPLOITATION AND USE IN ROMAN TIMES J. Beltrán Fortes*, M. L. Loza Azuaga**, E. Ontiveros Ortega**, J. A. Pérez Macías***, O. Rodríguez Gutiérrez*, R. Taylor*

Abstract this aim, we have analysed a broad selection of archaeo- In a region located near the large-scale quarry areas of the logical materials -architectural elements, sculpture, in- Estremoz Anticline (district of Evora, Portugal) and the scribed materials- recovered from sites of the southwest of Almadén de la Plata Core (province of Seville, Spain), the Baetica and currently held in several museums of the Aracena Massif (Ossa-Morena Zone, Spain) includes a se- province of . ries of marble outcrops that were exploited in Roman times. Among these materials, the lithotypes of Keywords and -Navahermosa have been identified in Local marble, huelva (sw spain); distribution patterns diverse archaeological pieces recovered in this south-west- ern sector of modern . The ongoing research has focused, in a first phase, on the archaeometric definition Introduction of the different lithotypes by means of the intensive field- sampling of the marble varieties and their petrographic Within Roman Baetica we have worked with a num- analysis in thin section. ber of source areas and materials1: the marbles of the The outcrops of Aroche are located in the hill range imme- Sierra de Mijas area near Malaga (Beltrán & Loza, 2003 diately to the south of the Roman town of Arucci (locality and 2008; Loza & Beltrán, in press), the white, colored of Aroche) and, in turn, very close to the coetaneous Ro- and breccia limestone of Antequera, Teba and Cabra in man town of Turobriga (hermitage of San Mamés, the modern provinces of Málaga and Córdoba (Beltrán Aroche). Those of Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa on the et al., 2012), and the marbles of the Metamorphic Band contrary do not appear, at present, to be linked to a Roman of Aracena (MBA), particularly those of Almadén de la settlement of similar importance. These different situa- Plata to the north of Seville (Ontiveros, 2008; Ontiveros tions with respect to the relationship between exploitation et al., 2012; Rodríguez et al., 2012)2. Outside of the Ro- and settlement suggest two possible well-differentiated man province of Baetica, we have worked in Lusitania patterns of exploitation, distribution and use: the materi- on the continuation of the MBA into Portugal and on als of Aroche may have been exploited mainly for the the marbles of the Estremoz Anticline, and in the Tarra- towns’ own use and local distribution, while those of conensis on those of the Macael area in the SE of the Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa may have been subject to province (cf., Álvarez et al., 2009: 60ff. and 80ff.). commerce on a wider scale. The southwestern sector of the provincia Hispania This was the initial hypothesis that we aimed to test Vlterior Baetica has been the focus of our recent work, through the study of the patterns of distribution of the in an area which approximately corresponds to the marble products of this area of the Aracena Massif. With modern in Andalusia. Because of

* Universidad de Sevilla. ** Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico (Consejería de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía). *** Universidad de Huelva. 1. This study of the marbles of the Aracena Massif in the SW of the is part of a broader research Project de- veloped under the title Marmora of Southern Hispania: analysis of their exploitation, trade and use in Roman times (“Marmora de la Hispania meridional: análisis de su explotación, comercio y uso en época romana”, HAR2009-11438; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain), that has been running since 2010 within the Department of Prehistory and Archaeology of the , with funding from the Spanish government. The first aim of this Project is the identification of the quarries worked in Ro- man times in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and the archaeometric characterisation of their materials. The second aim is the study and assessment of the archaeological use of these materials in Roman times and of their relationships to other marmora from outside this study area. The archaeometric analyses of the marbles are being carried out by the Laboratory of Geology of the An- dalusian Institute for Historic Heritage, mainly focusing on petrographic, mineralogical and compositional analyses, and have been made possible through the development of a specific research agreement between the two institutions, the University of Seville (USE) and the Instituto Andaluz de Patrimonio Histórico (IAPH). 2. The Roman quarries of Almadén de la Plata are the topic of the doctoral thesis by Ruth Taylor that will be defended at the University of Seville in 2013. MARBLES OF THE ARACENA MASSIF

Fig. 1. Map of the modern province of Huelva (Spain), indicating the locations that have yielded Roman inscriptions (the diameter of the circles indicate number), after CILA Hu.

438 J. BELTRÁN FORTES, M. L. LOZA AZUAGA ET AL

Fig. 2. Location of the quarries studied in this paper in the Northern Sierra of Huelva: Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa and Aroche. their geographic proximity, the well-known Roman study area because they would constitute the local quarry areas of the Estremoz Anticline, Trigaches and source areas for the territory of the Sierra of Huelva Almadén de la Plata were considered of particular rele- (Fig. 1). Moreover, the Roman exploitation of these lo- vance to this study area. cal marbles has not previously been confirmed scientifi- Ancient quarrying is presently known in the Es- cally, although they have been identified visually in ar- tremoz Anticline to the North, Trigaches to the West chaeological materials of Roman chronology. However, and Almadén de la Plata to the East of the study area in the current state of our research, we may suggest that considered in this paper. But marble outcrops are pres- any remains of the ancient workings have been de- ent throughout the whole of the MBA. In order to iden- stroyed by the intense 20th century quarrying activities. tify further possible quarries that may have been used on different scales in ancient times, we have carried out the survey and sampling of the marble outcrops of this Study of the marbles of Fuenteheridos-Navaher- unit. From East to West the sites of interest have been: mosa and Aroche Almadén de la Plata, an area in which we are working more systematically, Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa and The materials included in this study were sampled at Aroche in Spain; Ficalho, Serpa, Trigaches, Viana do quarries belonging to the municipal districts of Fuente- Alentejo and the Estremoz Anticline in Portugal. In heridos-Navahermosa and Aroche (Fig. 2) (Espinosa et these areas there are generally recent quarry works, now al., 2002; Luque, 2010). These marble formations be- almost all abandoned, that enable the geological obser- long to the southernmost unit of the Ossa-Morena Zone vation and sampling of the complete marble sequence (ZOM) (Fig. 3) most commonly known as the Metamor- and can also be taken as an indication of the ornamental phic Band of Aracena (MBA). The MBA extends from and economic interest of the materials being extracted. Almadén de la Plata (Seville, Spain) in the East to Beja The quarries located at Fuenteheridos-Navaher- (Portugal) in the West. Bard (1969) was the first to di- mosa and Aroche are of particular interest within our vide it into two subdomains: the Fuenteheridos-La Um-

439 MARBLES OF THE ARACENA MASSIF

Fig. 3. Geological map of the southern area of the Ossa Morena Zone. bría Anticline and the Antiform, separated have sampled these same carbonate levels in the quarries by the Repilado-Castaño de Robledo Shear Zone (Giese of Ficalho (Portugal), not included in this study. et al., 1994). The Cortegana Antiform is constituted by a sequence The Fuenteheridos-La Umbría Anticline is charac- of volcano-sedimentary rocks with carbonate layers very terised by calc-silicate rocks, amphibolite, schist, mica similar to those described above and of the same geolog- schist and marble, affected by a shear zone that has gen- ical age, but which display a higher metamorphic grade erated blastomylonitic fabrics and lower grade paragene- (medium to high) (Bard, 1969; Apalategui et al., 1983; ses (Apalategui et al., 1983; Crespo blanc, 1991; Castro Crespo Blanc, 1991; Giese et al., 1994). Their limit is de- et al, 1999). This domain contains a volcano-sedimentary fined by the Cortegana-Aguafría WNW-ESE ductile sequence (which includes the and La Corte for- shear zone in which a retrometamorphic event has taken mations, cf. Apalategui et al., 1990a and 1990b and Cre- place. This calc-magnesian series is constituted by leuco- spo-blanc, 1991) composed by a carbonate level (with a cratic rocks, calc-silicate rocks, amphibolite and variable low to medium metamorphic grade within the green intercalations of marble. These hard rocks are responsi- schist facies) between two volcanic series: acid below ble for the relief of the area (Díaz Azpiroz, 2006). The and basic above. The age of these materials has been marbles of the quarries of Aroche belong to this second compared to that of equivalent volcano-sedimentary se- higher grade geological unit. quences of the ZOM. The marbles are massive and fine The marbles of the geological formations of the grained, ranging in color from white to pink, bluish-grey Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa and Aroche quarries have and beige. They display intercalations of acid metavol- previously been studied mineralogically and petro- canic rocks and sedimentary quartz in significant pro- graphically (Apalategui et al., 1983). Those of Fuente- portions. The carbonate layers are well recrystallized and heridos-Navahermosa are described as marbles consti- may form boudins between the volcanic intercalations. tuted by a mosaic of dolomite and to a lesser extent cal- Compositionally they are quite impure but do not in- cite crystals, with occasional tremolite-actinolite, quartz, clude olivine, clinopyroxene or wollastonite (Díaz muscovite, phlogopite, alkali feldspars and opaque min- Azpiroz, 2006). The marbles studied in this present pa- erals (sulphides, haematite associated with spinel). As per as Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa belong to this geo- accessory minerals, they identified chlorite, apatite, clay logical unit. In contact with the Beja-Valdearco fault we minerals, barite and sphene.

440 J. BELTRÁN FORTES, M. L. LOZA AZUAGA ET AL

Fig. 4. Marbles of Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa (Huelva). Macroscopic aspect.

Fig. 5. Marbles of Aroche (Huelva). Macroscopic aspect.

Fig. 6. XRD results of the marbles of Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa.

Those of Aroche are described as belonging to geo- from the quarries of Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa (Fig. 4) logical outcrops in the form of bands or lenses and dis- and 13 from those of Aroche (Fig. 5). Three fine grained playing a granoblastic texture without deformation, al- varieties were identified at the first site: white (NVA-01 though occasional elongation of the carbonates may be and NVA-03), light grey (NVA-02) and white with brown observed. These materials are said to contain variable veins (NVA-04); and five were individualised at the sec- proportions of calcite, quartz and lesser amounts of py- ond: coarse grained white (ARC-10, ARC-11 and ARC- roxene (diopside), forsterite, garnets and feldspars. Ac- 14), medium grained white (ARC-04, ARC-09A and cessory minerals are apatite, opaque minerals, sphene ARC-12), white with reddish veins (ARC-05 and ARC- and biotite. Chlorite, oxides, epidote, sericite, serpen- 06), coarse grained grey (ARC-07) and greenish marble tine and calcite have been observed as secondary miner- (ARC-08, ARC-09B, ARC-13 and ARC-15). als in the recrystallization of fissures. The methods used for their characterisation have In this study we have analysed a total of 17 samples: 4 been: x-ray powder polycrystalline diffraction (XRD)

441 MARBLES OF THE ARACENA MASSIF

Fig. 7. Petrographic aspect of the marbles of Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa.

Fig. 8. Marbles of Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa. Chemical composition (majority elements %).

Fig. 9. Marbles of Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa. Chemical composition (minority elements ppm).

(D8 Discover Bruker with automatic slit, Centro de In- firmed as minor components (Fig. 6) while graphite is vestigación, Tecnología e Innovación de la Universidad observed in the grey lithotypes. de Sevilla [CITIUS]) thin section petrography per- b) Thin section microscopy. These are fine grained formed under a polarising optical microscope (Leica marbles with a granoblastic equigranular texture, DMLP, with digital image camera Leica DFC 280, rounded grains and lobulated contacts (Fig. 7). They IAPH) and x-ray fluorescence chemical analysis (XRF) display recrystallization and textural banding with (Panalitical Axios, CITIUS). some degree of orientation of the micas. They con- The analytical characterisations of the materials of tain a variable amount of calcite (Φ 50-100 μm) and Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa are as follow: dolomite (Φ 100-150 μm) grains, with bands rich in a) XRD. These marbles are generally rich in calcite and quartz (Φ 60-100 μm, undulose extinction, curved clay minerals. The grey varieties display significant or penetrative grain boundaries), tremolite (Φ 200 proportions of dolomite. Feldspars and micas are con- μm, replacing pyroxenes), micas (tabular habit of

442 J. BELTRÁN FORTES, M. L. LOZA AZUAGA ET AL

Fig. 10. XRD results of the marbles of Aroche.

smaller grain size), and a lesser proportion of nor amounts of phlogopitic mica, pyroxenes and feldspar, olivine (forsterite), diopside, spinel and ap- feldspars. Accessory minerals include spinel, epidote, atite. Secondary minerals include chlorite (replacing white mica (tabular habit), garnet, tremolite (replac- serpentine), iron oxyhydroxides, clay minerals ing pyroxene), apatite, opaque minerals, talc and bi- (sericite) and sphene. otite. Secondary minerals include chlorite, sericite The white marbles are calcitic, with elongated and serpentine. grains and lobulated grain boundaries. Dolomite is The coarse grained white marbles display an in- observed in fissures, crystallising as a mosaic. The equigranular granoblastic texture with recrystallized marbles with brown veins display a similar textural as- grains with curved or sutured boundaries. The calcite pect as the white variety, although with a higher con- grains display deformation lamellae, growth and kink tent in iron oxyhydroxides in the colored areas. The twins (1-4 mm). Accessory minerals include titanite (Φ grey varieties display a mylonitic texture with recrys- 0,5 mm), quartz (Φ 0,4 mm), mica (Φ 0,5 mm), altered tallized bands. They are rich in dolomite which ap- feldspars, pyroxene altered to mica (Φ 0,5 mm) and pears as a mosaic of straight sided or sutured grains. metal ores. The greenish tinges of this marble type are c) XRF. The analyses illustrate the lesser content in due to the presence of phlogopite. CaO of the grey marbles and their higher content in The medium grained white marbles display two dif- most other majority elements (Fig. 8).This same ten- dency is confirmed by the trace elements (Fig. 9). ferent textures: porphyroblastic and equigranular gra- noblastic. In the former, the larger grain size is approx. The analytical results of the Aroche marbles are: 2 mm, in a 0,1 mm matrix. The grain boundaries are su- a) XRD. These marbles are rich in calcite and clay min- tured or toothed. These marbles may display colored erals, accompanied by quartz (Fig. 10). The white veins, particularly reddish colored with mica and clay marbles display quartz rich inclusions (ARC-05) and minerals. The second textural type displays some polyg- their local grey coloring is due to the presence of mi- onal areas with a grain size in the range of 1,5-2 mm. Ac- cas, which are detecte in the grey lithotypes in signif- cessory minerals are phlogopite and pyroxene between icant amounts. The greenish marbles contains amphi- 0,25 and 0,5 mm. bole (ARC-08 and ARC-15). The grey lithotype displays a granoblastic polygonal b) Thin section microscopy. Medium to coarse marbles texture with calcite ( 0,6-0,8 mm) and tabular phlogo- with granoblastic and porphyroblastic textures with pitic mica ( 0,2-0,8 mm) and a banded extinction pat- recrystallised grains with curved and sutured con- tern. The characteristic accessory mineral is intensely tacts alternated with mylonitic bands (Fig. 11). They microfractured pyroxene. contain important amounts of calcite (Φ 0,4-4 mm), The greenish marbles display a similar texture to clay minerals and quartz rich bands (Φ 0,4 mm). Mi- that of the medium grained white and grey lithotypes.

443 MARBLES OF THE ARACENA MASSIF

Fig. 11. Petrographic aspect of the marbles of Aroche.

Their green color is due to the presence of mylonitic Analysis of archaeological materials bands and the basic impurities (pyroxene, amphibole, mica) and secondary minerals such as chlorite, talc or In parallel to our work on the source areas, we have serpentine present as the result of the alteration of the analysed 58 archaeological pieces from different sites of mafic minerals. Roman and Late Roman chronology. The analytical XRF. The grey marbles display high concentrations comparison of the materials used for the archaeological of MgO, consistent with their content in dolomite. The elements with the quarry samples allows us to offer an content in SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 of the green mar- initial assessment of the use of local marmora in this area bles is significant, along with their lesser content in of SW Baetica. The 58 archaeological pieces analyzed CaO. These elements are consistent with the presence come from the Provincial Archaeological Museum of of mica, amphibole and pyroxene (Fig. 12). Trace ele- Huelva (23 samples) and the Local Archaeological Mu- ments are generally more significant in the grey and seums of Aroche (27 samples), Riotinto (7 samples) and greenish lithotypes (Fig. 13). Niebla (1 sample). The samples correspond to 16 sculp-

444 J. BELTRÁN FORTES, M. L. LOZA AZUAGA ET AL

Fig. 12. Marbles of Aroche. Chemical composition (majority elements %).

Fig. 13. Marbles of Aroche. Chemical composition (minority elements ppm).

tures, 21 architectural elements and 21 epigraphic ele- Mamés as Turobriga may be problematic, since Arucci ments. Most date to the first and second centuries AD, may have occupied this site and thus Turobriga would but 4 (3 inscriptions and a plain sarcophagus) date to remain to be located (Pérez, 2006: 84ff.). The site of San the Late Roman period in the 5th to 6th centuries AD. Mamés has been partly excavated and the forum area In the northern Sierra area, and in immediate region has been uncovered (Campos, 2009). of the quarries of Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa and Reutilised in the town of Aroche, the altar dedicated Aroche, there are two Roman towns known from the to Mars Augustus (CILA Hu, nº 1) was made from epigraphy, Arucci (vetus and nova) and Turobriga, al- Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa marble in the second cen- though an important controversy exists over their pre- tury AD, while the pedestal dedicated to Hadrian (CILA cise location, and for some authors they may even corre- Hu, nº 4) dated between 117-138 AD used the other local spond to the same town (PÉREZ, 2006). Arucci was tra- marble of Aroche (Fig. 14). Five classical Corinthian cap- ditionally been located under the town of Aroche, while itals –one reused- are held at the Aroche museum, but Turobriga was identified with the nearby site of San may have come from either of the two sites (Arucci or San Mamés. However, Aroche has not yet yielded evidence Mamés); they correspond to the products of a local work- of Roman settlement and the identification of San shop that was using several local or regional marbles:

445 MARBLES OF THE ARACENA MASSIF

Fig. 14, a-b. Pedestal dedicated to Hadrian, recovered from Aroche (Huelva) and thin section of its marble (from the quarries of Aroche).

Fig. 15, a-b. Abacus flower element for its insertion in a Corinthian capital, from San Mamés (Aroche, Huelva) and thin section of its marble (from the Borba area of the Estremoz Anticline).

Aroche (1), Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa (1) and Tri- natural. The inscription could however belong to an gaches (3) in Lusitania. Of particular interest is a floral el- ideal statue of a divinity such as Diane or Mars from a ement (a rosette belonging to an abacus flower) for its in- later date. The marble of the statue has been identified sertion in a Corinthian capital (Fig. 15). This technique is as Luni, while the epigraphic fragment is of the local known in imperial workshops in Italy and other areas marble of Aroche. working with Luni and Proconesian marbles, as is the The area of the forum has also yielded the lower part case under the reign of Hadrian in the Baetican city of of a –possibly- large pedestal, with a smooth back to be Italica (Santiponce, Seville) (Bermúdez, 2009). In this positioned against a wall. This pedestal would be suitable case, the marble used comes from the Estremoz Anti- for a large statue and is made from Almadén de la Plata cline, possibly from the Borba area (Portugal), in Lusita- marble; the moldings are an inverted cavetto (top) and an nia, thus we must accept that some local workshops had inverted straight cyma. The combination of these mold- adopted this standard technique for the production of ings is very common in pedestals and altars made in the capitals during the second century AD. local workshops of the lower and middle Interesting materials have been recovered from the valley (Beltrán, 1988: 52ff.). The use of the local marble forum of the site of San Mamés: a fragment of leg has been tentatively identified as Germanicus on the basis of of Almadén de la Plata at these workshops is well known its association with an epigraphic fragment that has and this piece must have been brought fully finished to been interpreted as part of the pedestal of the statue and San Mamés from this area of Baetica. The element from as mentioning Germanicus (Campos & Bermejo, 2010). San Mamés also documents the production system for This hypothesis is not however clear since the inscrip- this type of pedestals in parts that were joined with melt- tion belongs to a plaque and not a pedestal fragment, ed lead. Belonging to the decorative program of the fo- and the ordinatio does not appear to match that of a rum we also have analysed a fragment of frieze decorated pedestal that would have supported a statue larger than with scrolled leaf motives, dated in the first or second

446 J. BELTRÁN FORTES, M. L. LOZA AZUAGA ET AL centuries, and made from marble from the Estremoz An- funerary Stela of Luperco from the Carretero estate ticline (possible the Borba area). (CILA HU, nº 13, first century AD) in Aroche marble; Old finds associated with the site of San Mamés are this same material was employed for a reused funerary the two male portraits, dated to the time of Trajan, altar from . The funerary altar of C. Titinius made out of marble from the Estremoz Anticline (possi- Severus, from (CILA Hu, nº 23, second century ble the Borba area) and Almadén de la Plata. If we con- AD) is Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa marble, as is the sider that they have been interpreted as the product of a Christian headstone with christogram from Rosal de la single local workshop (Luzón & León, 1973: 259-261) Frontera. Finally, the marble of Almadén de la Plata has we must conclude that two of the most important re- been identified in the fragmented funerary stela of a tur- gional marmora of Lusitania and Baetica coincided in obrigensis, recovered on the El Semedero estate (CILA this workshop at the same time and were used for simi- HU, nº 10, first-second century AD), and in a headstone lar purposes. Another old find at San Mamés is the fu- from Corteconcepción with a Christian inscription for a nerary altar of M. Sertorius Maternus (CILA Hu, nº 8) deceased woman. with a pulvinated crowning molding and the patera and The central area, the Andévalo, is characterised by urceus motifs on the sides. It displays a circular epi- the large scale copper and mines that fell under graphic field associated with rosettes (above) and pater- the control of the State in Imperial times. Thus these ae (below). It was made from Trigaches marble, al- settlements are quite anomalous in their characteristics: though it cannot be confirmed whether it arrived fully mining settlements, military camps for the control over elaborated or was completed by a local workshop. A the area and large centres for the administration of the similar piece was reused in the medieval castle of mines, particularly at Riotinto (Roman Urium) and at Aroche (Beltrán, 1991: 448; CILA Hu, nº 9). Finally, a Tharsis (Pérez, 1998; AA.VV., 2007). From Riotinto we large epigraphic plaque with moldings was recovered have sampled two imperial statues that have been iden- nearby San Mamés. The plaque had been reused for a tified as Livia and Claudius, made out of marble from modern inscription, thus erasing the Roman epigraphy. Almadén (Pérez et al., 2008), as well as the revetment of Its marble came from Viana do Alentejo and it may have the pedestal of one of these, in the same material (from belonged to the monumentalisation of San Mamés in Los Covachos, Almadén). Almadén marble is also used imperial times. for two capitals, a column base and a shaft, and for the From rural contexts of the Sierra area, we have sam- epigraphic plaques of L. Iulius Reburrinus (CILA Hu, pled 4 epigraphic elements, a stela without inscription nº 38, second century AD) and [Sat]urnia Afra, from the and several fragments of a cornice. These were reused in necropolis of La Dehesa of the mines of Riotinto (Llano the Hermitage of Santa Clara (Luzón, 1974: 306, d-e) and de los Tesoros-Cortalago). Thus, at Riotinto, there is an display rectangular corbel tables with leaf decoration and exclusive use of Almadén marble in the materials that boxes arranged with rosettes, above a denticulated frieze. we have sampled. This may be explained by the proxim- This cornice can be dated in the second century AD and ity of these quarries to this area, or by the Imperial was elaborated in two kinds of marble: Aroche and Tri- property of both mines and quarries. In contrast, at gaches, thus indicating the coetaneous and diversified use Tharsis, to the West and closer to Lusitania, the thoraca- of local marmora in the local workshops of the High Em- ta imperial statue of the early second century has been pire. Two funerary altars, belonging to two members of identified as marble from the Estremoz Anticline. the same family, Q. Vibius Bebianus and Vibia Marcella In the third area, the Campiña, we have the cities of (CILA Hu, nos 11 and 12), and made in the same work- Onoba (Huelva) (Campos, 2012) and Ilipla (Niebla) shop in the second century AD –on the basis of typologi- (Campos et al., 2006). The only element analysed fom cal and formal criteria (Beltrán, 1991), were also recov- Onoba corresponds to an anepigraphic altar, with a gar- ered from the Hermitage. Both were made in Viana do land on the upper surface of the front and the patera Alentejo marble, from Lusitania3. Santa Clara is equally and urceus motives on the sides, elaborated in Almadén the provenance of an interesting sepulchral stela, with the marble. Among the elements sampled at the Museo Ar- portrait of the deceased woman on the anterior face – queológico Provincial de Huelva, there are however much deteriorated from later reuse- and a better pre- several pieces of unknown exact archaeological prove- served and well executed Gorgon on the posterior face; nance, some of which may be old finds from Onoba: this its marble has been identified as Trigaches. At the site of is the case of a hand fragment in Almadén marble (Los the Hermitage the existence of a Roman villa is known, Covachos), -a second hand fragment has been identified but the presence of large architectural pieces in the mod- as Aroche or Trigaches marble (with reserves); a Mercu- ern building may imply that they were transported from ry head in Trigaches marble; fragments of an arm and a the nearby town at San Mamés. finger and a small statue of Mercury (AA.VV., 2003: nº Also from the territory surrounding this town we 13) are Luni (Pensabene, 2004). must include other analysed funerary inscriptions. The From Ilipla (Niebla), an anepigraphic bust is also

3. The Vibii are documented epigraphically in the mining district of Sotiel-Coronada, in the Andévalo of Huelva, thus it is pos- sible that they may have been involved in the exploitation of these mines (Pérez et al., 1997: 201).

447 MARBLES OF THE ARACENA MASSIF made from Luni marble, while all other elements are dríguez et al., 2012). The exception is the imperial thora- made from local and regional marbles: a fragment of cata statue of Tharsis in Estremoz marble (Borba). Fur- Corinthian capital in Almadén marble and a complete ther study of how the mining area functioned may shed one in Mijas (Malaga) marble; a fragment of molding, light on this peculiar use pattern of marble in the area. three plaques and a pilaster capital with leaf decoration Finally, the coastal area displays greater variability of are Aroche marble; a plaque is Trigaches and another is marbles, with a larger presence of imported Luni. It is from the Estremoz Anticline (Borba). All of this illus- evident that the coastal location would have made sup- trates the great variety of marbles present in the archi- ply much easier; Niebla also received marble from Mi- tectural elements, and the exceptional presence of Mijas jas, near Malaga. At both Onoba and Niebla, the main marble (Beltrán & Loza, 2003 and 2008; Loza & Bel- marbles are Almadén and Aroche, followed by Trigach- trán, in press). From the rural territory of Ilipla, from a es and Estremoz (Borba). villa (Los Cristos, ), we can mention just one Further work on this data set will enable us to for- case of a sculpture, probably a Bachus dated in the sec- mulate more specific use patterns for each marble type ond century, made out of white marble from Aroche of our study area, thus contributing towards a better un- (AA.VV., 2003: nº 14). Finally, although of Late Roman derstanding of the use of the local marbles of the South- date, in the area of we have analysed the sar- western Iberian Peninsula. cophagus of the bishop of Ilipla, Vincomalos, dated in the fifth century AD (Pérez et al., 2004), that corre- Bibliography sponds to Almadén marble. A further three fragments of late antique sarcophagi are identified as Almadén (1) AA.VV. 2003: 30 años. Museo de Huelva. 1973-2003. Huelva. and Aroche (2) marble. Given the later dates of these AA.VV. 2007: Las minas de Riotinto en la época Julio-claudia. pieces, it is not clear whether they represent new extrac- Huelva. tion or the reutilization of previous blocks. ÁLVAREZ A., DOMÈNECH A., LAPUENTE P., PITARCH À. & ROYO H. 2009: Marbles and Stones of Hispania. Exhibition Catalogue. Tarragona. Conclusions APALATEGUI O., BARRANCO E., CONTRERAS F. & ROLDÁN F.J. 1983: Mapa geológico 1:50.000. Hoja Aroche 916. Ser. Pub. The conclusions of this study touch on two different Minist. Industria y Energía. . ÁBALOS B. 1988: “El límite entre Ossa-Morena y la Zona Sur- aspects. First, the confirmation of the use of several of portuguesa. Evidencias y propuestas sobre su posición y the quarries of the Metamorphic Band of Aracena: as significado (Macizo Hercínico Ibérico)”. Estudios Geoló- well as the well-known quarries of the Estremoz Anti- gicos, 44: 405-414. cline (Borba), Viana do Alentejo, Trigaches and Al- APALATEGUI O., CONTRERAS F.&EGUILUZ L. 1990a: Mapa madén we have confirmed the use of Fuenteheridos- geológico 1:50.000. Hoja Santa Olalla de Cala 918. Ser. Navahermosa on a very local scale (Sierra) and Aroche Pub. Minist Industria y Energia. Madrid. of on a regional scale (Sierra and Campiña). APALATEGUI O., EGUILUZ L. & QUESADA C. 1990b: Ossa- Secondly, the different patterns of marble use ac- Morena: Structure and Pre-mesozoic Geology of Iberia. cording to the three main areas. In the north, there is an Springer-Verlag. Berlin. 280-291. absolute predominance of the local and regional mar- BARD L.P. 1969: Métamorphisme régional progressif des Sierras bles of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. The baeti- d’Aracena en Andalousie Occidental (Espagne): sa place can marbles of Almadén de la Plata (4 elements), dans le segment hercynien sud-Ibérique. Thèse UST, Uni- versité de Montpellier. Aroche (6 elements) and Fuenteheridos-Navahermosa BELTRÁN FORTES J. 1988: Las arae de la Baetica. Resumen de (4 elements) have been confirmed, as have the lusitanian tesis doctoral. Málaga. marbles of Trigaches (6 elements), Viana do Alentejo (3 BELTRÁN FORTES J. 1991: “De epigrafía aruccitana. Notas de elements) and Borba in the Estremoz Anticline (3 ele- prosopografía y cuestiones de taller lapidario”. XX Con- ments). We have also observed the coetaneous use wi- greso Nacional de Arqueología. Zaragoza. 445-452. thin workshops and even decorative programs of the BELTRÁN FORTES J., ONTIVEROS ORTEGA E., LOZA AZUAGA marbles of Almadén and Borba in times of Trajan in the M.L. & ROMERO M. 2012: “Roman use, petrography and case of the two portraits of San Mamés, and of the mar- elemental geochemistry of the Surco Intrabético lime- bles of Aroche and Trigaches in the cornice fragments stones (western region of Malaga province, Spain)”. Inter- from the same area, dated in the second century AD. disciplinary studies on ancient stone. Proceedings of the IX The marble from Luni has only been identified for the Asmosia Conference. GUTIÉRREZ A., LAPUENTE P. & RODÀ public statue of the Forum of San Mamés; in all likeli- I., Eds. Tarragona. 500-510. BELTRÁN FORTES J. & LOZA AZUAGA M.L. 2003: El mármol de hood it is a statue that was imported to San Mamés fully Mijas. Explotación, comercio y uso en época antigua. Mijas. finished. 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