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America's Undeclared Naval War
America's Undeclared Naval War Between September 1939 and December 1941, the United States moved from neutral to active belligerent in an undeclared naval war against Nazi Germany. During those early years the British could well have lost the Battle of the Atlantic. The undeclared war was the difference that kept Britain in the war and gave the United States time to prepare for total war. With America’s isolationism, disillusionment from its World War I experience, pacifism, and tradition of avoiding European problems, President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved cautiously to aid Britain. Historian C.L. Sulzberger wrote that the undeclared war “came about in degrees.” For Roosevelt, it was more than a policy. It was a conviction to halt an evil and a threat to civilization. As commander in chief of the U.S. armed forces, Roosevelt ordered the U.S. Navy from neutrality to undeclared war. It was a slow process as Roosevelt walked a tightrope between public opinion, the Constitution, and a declaration of war. By the fall of 1941, the U.S. Navy and the British Royal Navy were operating together as wartime naval partners. So close were their operations that as early as autumn 1939, the British 1 | P a g e Ambassador to the United States, Lord Lothian, termed it a “present unwritten and unnamed naval alliance.” The United States Navy called it an “informal arrangement.” Regardless of what America’s actions were called, the fact is the power of the United States influenced the course of the Atlantic war in 1941. The undeclared war was most intense between September and December 1941, but its origins reached back more than two years and sprang from the mind of one man and one man only—Franklin Roosevelt. -
1 of 7 Three Ships Named USS Marblehead Since the Latter Part Of
Three Ships named USS Marblehead The 1st Marblehead Since the latter part of the 19th century, cruisers in the United States Navy have carried the names of U.S. cities. Three ships have been named after Marblehead, MA, the birthplace of the U.S. Navy, and all three had distinguished careers. The 1st Marblehead. The first Marblehead was not a cruiser, however. She Source: Wikipedia.com was an Unadilla-class gunboat designed not for ship-to-ship warfare but for bombardment of coastal targets and blockade runners. Launched in 1861, she served the Union during the American Civil War. First assigned to the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron, she took part in operations along the York and Pamunkey Rivers in Virginia. On 1 MAY 1862, she shelled Confederate positions at Yorktown in support of General George McClellan's drive up the peninsula toward Richmond. In an unusual engagement, this Marblehead was docked in Pamunkey River when Confederate cavalry commander Jeb Stuart ordered an attack on the docked ship. Discovered by Union sailors and marines, who opened fire, the Confederate horse artillery under Major John Pelham unlimbered his guns and fired on Marblehead. The bluecoats were called back aboard and as the ship got under way Pelham's guns raced the ship, firing at it as long as the horse can keep up with it. The Marblehead escaped. Reassigned to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, she commenced patrols off the southern east coast in search of Confederate vessels. With the single turreted, coastal monitor Passaic, in early-FEB 1863, she reconnoitered Georgia’s Wilmington River in an unsuccessful attempt to locate the ironclad ram CSS Atlanta. -
February 2019.Pdf
MILITARY SEA SERVICES MUSEUM, INC. SEA SERVICES SCUTTLEBUTT February 2019 A message from the President Greetings, I hope everyone recouped from the holidays. The Museum had a good financial year in 2018. Our gross revenue was about $19,500 thanks to $ 7,500.00 in donations from one very generous Museum member and several generous donations from members, friends and visitors. The Museum had 1366 visitors in 2018, a record that exceeds by 553 the previous record set in 2017. It looks like 2019 could be another record year. As of the end of February, We had over 200 visitors, including group visits from Hardee Homes (40) and the Kaiser-Frazer-Willys Overland Car Club (45). John Cecil The damaged ceiling in our library mentioned in the December 2018 Scuttlebutt has been replaced with modern dry wall, textured, and painted. This turned out to be such an improvement to the appearance of the library that the Museum's Board of Directors decided to bite the bullet and have the leak stained WW II era ceiling in the front entrance (quarterdeck) replaced with the same material, texture and paint. Additionally, Fred Carino our Curator and Museum Member Steven Safford (talented electrician) are installing track lighting. The ceiling and lighting project will be completed early March. We believe that this will be a knock your socks off improvement to the appearance of the Museum. If you haven't been to the Museum in awhile, you need to stop in to appreciate these and many other recent improvements to the building and displays. -
Appendix As Too Inclusive
Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Appendix I A Chronological List of Cases Involving the Landing of United States Forces to Protect the Lives and Property of Nationals Abroad Prior to World War II* This Appendix contains a chronological list of pre-World War II cases in which the United States landed troops in foreign countries to pro- tect the lives and property of its nationals.1 Inclusion of a case does not nec- essarily imply that the exercise of forcible self-help was motivated solely, or even primarily, out of concern for US nationals.2 In many instances there is room for disagreement as to what motive predominated, but in all cases in- cluded herein the US forces involved afforded some measure of protection to US nationals or their property. The cases are listed according to the date of the first use of US forces. A case is included only where there was an actual physical landing to protect nationals who were the subject of, or were threatened by, immediate or po- tential danger. Thus, for example, cases involving the landing of troops to punish past transgressions, or for the ostensible purpose of protecting na- tionals at some remote time in the future, have been omitted. While an ef- fort to isolate individual fact situations has been made, there are a good number of situations involving multiple landings closely related in time or context which, for the sake of convenience, have been treated herein as sin- gle episodes. The list of cases is based primarily upon the sources cited following this paragraph. -
Norfolk's Nauticus: USS Wisconsin BB‐64
Norfolk’s Nauticus: USS Wisconsin BB‐64 The history of the U.S. Navy’s use of battleships is quite interesting. Some say the first battleship was the USS Monitor, used against the CSS Virginia (Monitor) in Hampton Roads in 1862. Others say it was the USS Michigan, commissioned in 1844. It was the first iron‐ hulled warship for the defense of Lake Erie. In any case, battleships, or as some have nicknamed them “Rolling Thunder,” have made the United States the ruler of the high seas for over one century. A history of those famous ships can be found in the source using the term bbhistory. By the way, BB‐64 stands for the category battleship and the number assigned. This photo program deals with the USS Wisconsin, which is moored in Norfolk and part of the Hampton Road Naval Museum and Nauticus. Though the ship has been decommissioned, it can be recalled into duty, if necessary. On July 6, 1939, the US Congress authorized the construction of the USS Wisconsin. It was built at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Its keel was laid in 1941, launched in 1943 and commissioned on April 15, 1944. The USS Wisconsin displaces 52,000 tons at full load, length 880 fee, beam 108 feet and draft at 36 feet. The artillery includes 16‐inch guns that fire shells weighing one‐ton apiece. Other weapons include antiaircraft guns and later added on missile launchers. The ship can reach a speed of 30 nautical miles (knots) per hour or 34 miles mph. The USS Wisconsin’s first battle star came at Leyte Operation, Luzon attacks in the Pacific in December 1944. -
U-163 Operations and Loss After Attack on the Erie
U-163 OPERATIONS AND LOSS AFTER ATTACK ON THE ERIE On November 13, 1942, the U-163 was ordered to move eastward in the vicinity of the Lesser Antilles Islands. Near the island of Martinique, on 18 November, the U-163 was attacked by a British Hudson-type bomber that dropped four bombs on her. The U-163 managed to escape unscathed. The next day, she did not fare quite as well, when another Hudson attacked just east of the Lesser Antilles. The Hudson's four depth charges caused minor damage that was quickly repaired. The sub continued her search for merchant vessels east of Barbados. Two days later, she sighted smoke pouring from the stacks of two freighters. She began pursuing one, but broke off the hunt after a half hour. With the smoke of the second vessel still visible, the U-163 began pursuing her. She was the 6,060-ton British steamer, the EMPIRE STARLING, transporting frozen and canned meats, mail and other goods to Trinidad. After stalking the vessel for seven hours, the U-163 finally launched a fan shot of three torpedoes. Two hit the EMPIRE STARLING, causing her to list slightly. Minutes later the finishing shot was loosed, and she sank to the floor of the Caribbean Sea. The 55-man crew all survived the sinking and the sailors were left to fend for themselves in four lifeboats. The Master of the ship, Eric Monckton, was taken aboard the U-163 and ultimately transported to a Prisoner-of-War camp for allied mariners, Milag Nord. -
2. Location Street a Number Not for Pubhcaoon City, Town Baltimore Vicinity of Ststs Maryland Coot 24 County Independent City Cods 510 3
B-4112 War 1n the Pacific Ship Study Federal Agency Nomination United States Department of the Interior National Park Servica cor NM MM amy National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form dato««t«««d See instructions in How to CompMe National Raglatar Forma Type all entries—complsts applicable sections 1. Name m«toMc USS Torsk (SS-423) and or common 2. Location street a number not for pubHcaOon city, town Baltimore vicinity of ststs Maryland coot 24 county Independent City cods 510 3. Classification __ Category Ownership Status Present Use district ±> public _X occupied agriculture _X_ museum bulldlng(s) private unoccupied commercial park structure both work In progress educational private residence site Public Acquisition Accessible entertainment religious JL_ object in process X_ yes: restricted government scientific being considered yes: unrestricted Industrial transportation no military other: 4. Owner of Property name Baltimore Maritime Museum street * number Pier IV Pratt Street city,town Baltimore —vicinltyof state Marvlanrf 5. Location of Legal Description courthouse, registry of deeds, etc. Department of the Navy street * number Naval Sea Systems Command, city, town Washington state pc 20362 6. Representation in Existing Surveys title None has this property been determined eligible? yes no date federal state county local depository for survey records ctty, town . state B-4112 Warships Associated with World War II In the Pacific National Historic Landmark Theme Study" This theme study has been prepared for the Congress and the National Park System Advisory.Board in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Public Law 95-348, August 18, 1978. The purpose of the theme study is to evaluate sur- ~, viving World War II warships that saw action in the Pacific against Japan and '-• to provide a basis for recommending certain of them for designation as National Historic Landmarks. -
Sundt, Wilbur OH127
Wisconsin Veterans Museum Research Center Transcript of an Oral History Interview with WILBUR A. SUNDT Career, Officer, Navy Radioman, Navy, World War II Amphibious Operations, Navy, Korean War Officer, Intelligence, Vietnam War. 2001 OH 127 1 OH 127 Sundt, Wilbur A., (1926- ). Oral History Interview, 2001. User Copy: 1 sound cassette (ca. 83 min.), analog, 1 7/8 ips, mono. Master Copy: 1 sound cassette (ca. 83 min.), analog, 1 7/8 ips, mono. Video Recording: 1 videorecording (ca. 83 min.); ½ inch, color. Transcript: 0.1 linear ft. (1 folder). Military Papers: 0.1 linear ft. (1 folder). Abstract: Wilbur A. Sundt, a Stoughton, Wisconsin native, discusses his career in the Navy spanning World War II, the Korean War, the Cold War, and the Vietnam War. Sundt touches on enlisting, boot camp at Great Lakes (Illinois), radio school at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and joining the Pacific Fleet in March of 1945. He relates duty as a radio operator aboard the USS Argonne (AG-31), being in Ulithi Atoll during the Battle of Okinawa, being in a “Recreation Island Working Party” on Enewetak Atoll, and patrolling the Leyte Gulf area for remaining Japanese troops. After entering the active Naval Reserves, he touches on using the GI Bill to finish undergraduate school at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater and a Master’s degree in education administration at the University of Colorado. Sundt mentions being recalled in 1947 to the Midshipman Training Squadron as the admiral’s tactical radio operator aboard the USS Wisconsin. He talks about his recall to active duty for the Korean War and receiving a direct commission to ensign. -
NPS Form 10 900 OMB No. 1024 0018
NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5/31/2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Fonn. If any item does not apply to the property being docymented, enter "NIA" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the inst~ctions.Place additional certification comments, entries, and narrative Items on continuation sheets if needed (NPS Form 10-900a). 1. Name of Property historic name U.S.S. Wisconsin (BB-64) other nameslsite number "Wlsky," VDHR No. 122-5414 2. Location street & number One Waterside Drive N/A not for publication city or town Norfolk N/A vicinity state Virginia code VA county Norfolk code 710 zip code 23508 I 3. StatelFederal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this X nomination -request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property X meets -does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level@)of significance: -X natiq!ix! statewide -local <' ...- y. Signature-of cert6ing official - Date Viminia De~artmentof Historic Resources Tile State or Federal agencylbureau or Tribal Government 1 I In my opinion, the property -meets -does not meet the National Register criteria Signature of commenting official Date 1 Title State or Federal agencylbureau or Tribal Government I / 4. -
Part I - Updated Estimate Of
Part I - Updated Estimate of Fair Market Value of the S.S. Keewatin in September 2018 05 October 2018 Part I INDEX PART I S.S. KEEWATIN – ESTIMATE OF FAIR MARKET VALUE SEPTEMBER 2018 SCHEDULE A – UPDATED MUSEUM SHIPS SCHEDULE B – UPDATED COMPASS MARITIME SERVICES DESKTOP VALUATION CERTIFICATE SCHEDULE C – UPDATED VALUATION REPORT ON MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT AND RELATED ASSETS SCHEDULE D – LETTER FROM BELLEHOLME MANAGEMENT INC. PART II S.S. KEEWATIN – ESTIMATE OF FAIR MARKET VALUE NOVEMBER 2017 SCHEDULE 1 – SHIPS LAUNCHED IN 1907 SCHEDULE 2 – MUSEUM SHIPS APPENDIX 1 – JUSTIFICATION FOR OUTSTANDING SIGNIFICANCE & NATIONAL IMPORTANCE OF S.S. KEEWATIN 1907 APPENDIX 2 – THE NORTH AMERICAN MARINE, INC. REPORT OF INSPECTION APPENDIX 3 – COMPASS MARITIME SERVICES INDEPENDENT VALUATION REPORT APPENDIX 4 – CULTURAL PERSONAL PROPERTY VALUATION REPORT APPENDIX 5 – BELLEHOME MANAGEMENT INC. 5 October 2018 The RJ and Diane Peterson Keewatin Foundation 311 Talbot Street PO Box 189 Port McNicoll, ON L0K 1R0 Ladies & Gentlemen We are pleased to enclose an Updated Valuation Report, setting out, at September 2018, our Estimate of Fair Market Value of the Museum Ship S.S. Keewatin, which its owner, Skyline (Port McNicoll) Development Inc., intends to donate to the RJ and Diane Peterson Keewatin Foundation (the “Foundation”). It is prepared to accompany an application by the Foundation for the Canadian Cultural Property Export Review Board. This Updated Valuation Report, for the reasons set out in it, estimates the Fair Market Value of a proposed donation of the S.S. Keewatin to the Foundation at FORTY-EIGHT MILLION FOUR HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS ($48,475,000) and the effective date is the date of this Report. -
Fear God and Dread Nought: Naval Arms Control and Counterfactual Diplomacy Before the Great War
FEAR GOD AND DREAD NOUGHT: NAVAL ARMS CONTROL AND COUNTERFACTUAL DIPLOMACY BEFORE THE GREAT WAR James Kraska* bqxz.saRJTANwu JIALAPROP! ">0 0 FWS 7-4 INDOOA.t FI. R- = r---------------------------------------------------------------------- MRS. BRITANNIA MALAPROP In the years preceding the First World War, Britain and Germany were engaged in a classic arms spiral, pursuing naval fleet expansion programs directed against each other. Mrs. BritanniaMalaprop, N.Y. TIMES, Mar. 24, 1912, at 16. * International law attorney with the U.S. Navy currently assigned to The Joint Staff in the Pentagon. L.L.M., The University of Virginia (2005) and Guest Investigator, Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass. The views presented are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense or any of its components. 44 GA. J. INT'L & COMP. L. [Vol. 34:43 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......................................... 45 II. THE INTERDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF INQUIRY INTO DIPLOMACY ... 47 A. Realism and Liberalism as Guides in Diplomacy ............. 47 B. Diplomacy and the First Image .......................... 50 C. CounterfactualAnalysis in InternationalLaw and D iplomacy ........................................... 52 1. CounterfactualMethodology .......................... 57 2. Criticism of CounterfactualAnalysis ................... 60 III. ANGLO-GERMAN NAVAL DIPLOMACY BEFORE THE GREAT WAR ... 62 A. Geo-strategicPolitics .................................. 64 1. DreadnoughtBattleships -
Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress
Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress Updated October 29, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22478 Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress Summary Names for Navy ships traditionally have been chosen and announced by the Secretary of the Navy, under the direction of the President and in accordance with rules prescribed by Congress. Rules for giving certain types of names to certain types of Navy ships have evolved over time. There have been exceptions to the Navy’s ship-naming rules, particularly for the purpose of naming a ship for a person when the rule for that type of ship would have called for it to be named for something else. Some observers have perceived a breakdown in, or corruption of, the rules for naming Navy ships. Section 1749 of the FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) (S. 1790/P.L. 116-92 of December 20, 2019) prohibits the Secretary of Defense, in naming a new ship (or other asset) or renaming an existing ship (or other asset), from giving the asset a name that refers to, or includes a term referring to, the Confederate States of America, including any name referring to a person who served or held leadership within the Confederacy, or a Confederate battlefield victory. The provision also states that “nothing in this section may be construed as requiring a Secretary concerned to initiate a review of previously named assets.” Section 1749 of the House-reported FY2021 NDAA (H.R. 6395) would prohibit the public display of the Confederate battle flag on Department of Defense (DOD) property, including naval vessels.