Index

A Allium, 183, 186 Acacia α-pinene, 131, 138, 295, 299 A. mangium, 163, 172, 199 Amara familiaris, 230, 231 A. nilotica, 165, 169, 174 Amblypelta Acanthaspis A. cocophaga, 220 A. pedestris, 197 A. lutescens, 219, 220 A. quinquespinosa, 197, 199 Ampelomyces quisqualis, 338 A. siva, 197, 202 Anagasta kuhniella, 202, 299 A. subrufa, 197 Anagrapha falcifera,51 Acanthoscelides obtectus, 134 Androctonus australis, 53, 268, 271, 275 Acaudaleyrodes rachipora, 162, 163, 167 Anemonia sulcata, 268, 272 Acephate, 78, 258 Anethum graveolens, 133, 141 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 142, 143 Anigraea ochrobasis, 220 Achaea janata, 169, 206, 292, 293, 298 Anisakis simplex, 138 Achaearanea tepidariorum, 201, 207 Annona reticulata, 221 Acilius sulcatus, 240 Annotation, 349 AcJHE-KK, 270 Anopheles stephensi, 237 Adjuvants, 26, 53, 65, 79, 337, 338 Antagonist, 12, 21, 22, 24–26, 77, 86, 119, 120, Adulticidal, 131 124, 338 Aedes Antagonistic effect, 21 A. aegypti, 137, 138, 189, 236–239, 241, 264 Anthocephalus cadamba, 163 A. albopictus, 236–238, 240, 241 Anthonomus A. polynesiensis, 236 A. grandis, 311, 313 Aeolesthes holosericea, 160 A. pomorum, 248 Agelenopsis aperta, 268, 271 A. rubi, 311 Aggregate feeder, 201 Anti apoptotic gene, 269 Aggregating adults, 201 Antibiosis, 23–24, 371 Aggregation pheromones, 310, 311 Anticarsia gemmatalis, 51, 59, 359–361, 364–366, AgMNPV. See Anticarsia gemmatalis 368, 369 nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) Anticarsia gemmatalis nucleopolyhedrovirus Agriochemis femina femina, 205 (AgMNPV), 51, 52, 59, 364–366 Agriocleptes bahianus, 198 Antifeedant activity, 142, 167 Agriotes obscurus, 138 Antifungal activity, 183–186, 190 Agrobacterium radiobacter, 307 Aonidiella aurantii, 258, 313 Agroecosystems, 13, 70, 196, 200–202, 225–231, 247, Apanteles melanoscelus, 259 250, 253, 273, 298, 320, 325, 326, 358, 360, Aphelenchus,71 364, 367, 369, 370 Aphids, 31, 34, 36, 38, 40, 164, 183–190, 216, 220, Agrotis ipsilon, 228 228–231, 247, 251, 309, 312 Ailanthus, 161, 163, 164, 172, 174, 198 Aphytis melinus, 258, 259 Alarm pheromones, 311, 312 Apiomerus Albizia lebbeck, 163 A. crassipes, 202 Alcterogystia cadambae, 165 A. floridensis, 196, 197 Algorithms, 345, 350–352 A. mutabilis, 199 Alkanes, 291, 297 A. nigricollis, 199, 202 Alkenes, 291 Apis mellifera, 202 Allaeocranum biannulipes, 202 Apoptotic gene, 269

K. Sahayaraj (ed.), Basic and Applied Aspects of Biopesticides, 375 DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1877-7, # Springer India 2014 376 Index

Application cry13, 5, 11 foliar application, 18, 22, 79, 334 cry14, 5, 11 multiple delivery, 22–23 cry21, 5, 11 seed treatment, 20–22 cry21Ba1, 8 soil application, 12, 19, 21–22, 78, 85 cry55, 321 Araneidae, 248–250, 252 cytotoxins, 5, 11 Araneophagic, 201, 208 fofolipase C, 5, 11 Arboreal silk nests, 218 hemolysins, 5, 11 Argiope trifasciata, 248 isolates, 7, 8, 262, 363 Arilus cristatus, 196, 197 proteases, 5, 11, 321 Aristobia octofasciculata, 160, 165 Bacillus thuringiensis jordanica,8 Aromatic plants, 131, 132, 139, 142 Bacterial toxin, 8, 53 Artemisia Bactrocera jarvisi, 219 A. herba-alba, 132 Baculoviridae, 48, 49, 266, 364 A. scoparia, 132, 140–142 Baculoviruses, 48–61, 66, 261, 266–273, 277, A. vulgaris, 133 337–338, 364 Arthropod predators, 228 Basella rubra,5 Arthroschista hilaralis, 163 Bassiacridin, 274 Artificial diet, 59, 138, 204 Batocera rufomaculata, 165 Ascophyllum nodosum,12 BCAs. See Biological control agents (BCAs) Ascotis selenaria imparata, 164 Beauveria, 18, 22, 32–37, 39–43, 273, 301, 367, 368 Aspergillus, 32–35, 101, 132, 185, 275 Bees, 54, 145, 146, 202, 310–312 A. parasiticus, 34, 185 Beetles, 31, 88, 90, 134, 158, 160, 161, 163, 165, 219, Astegopteryx 220, 225–231, 245, 262, 299, 311 A. bambusae, 164 Behavioral chemicals, 308, 310, 312 A. formosana, 164 Bembidion lampros, 228 Atrachelus cinereus, 197, 200 Bemisia tabaci, 79, 144, 169, 201 Atractomorpha crenulata, 205 Bibio hortulanus,77 Atteva fabriciella, 164, 172, 174 BioArc®,10 Augmentation, 201, 205, 225, 246, 247, 256, 257, Bio-CG, 104, 113–118, 123, 124 302, 309, 339 Bio-CLT, 104, 113–118, 123–124 Augmentative, 200, 203, 205–208, 242, 257, 277 Biocontrol agent, 18, 20, 22, 23, 26, 32, 70, 71, 200, 205, Autographa californica, 51, 268, 270, 271, 366 208, 219–221, 227, 236, 237, 242, 246, 247, 250, Azadirachta indica, 167, 182 257–278, 289, 290, 297–299, 352 Azadirachtin, 143, 167, 169, 171, 182, 183 Bioformulation, 18, 22, 26 Azospirillum, 263 Bioinformatics, 345–355 Biointensive integrated pest management (BIPM), 130, B 208, 209 Bacillus Biological control, 4, 17, 32, 49, 70, 119, 130, 181, 195, B. firmus, 4, 9–11 215, 225, 237, 246, 256, 289, 310, 320, 338, 360 B. megaterium, 4, 10–11, 263 Biological control agents (BCAs), 11, 24, 33, 38, 49, 50, Bacillus subtilis 70–72, 77, 79, 89, 91, 93, 182, 196, 202, 203, 205, bacisubin, 9, 11 207, 215, 222, 231, 237, 240, 247, 249, 253, 256, kanosamine, 9, 11 298, 302, 310, 312, 341, 364 lipopeptides, 9, 11 BioNem®,10 purL,9 Bio-T, 104, 113–118, 123, 124 zwittermicin-A, 9, 11 BIPM. See Biointensive integrated pest management Bacillus thuringiensis (BIPM) Cry proteins Blaptostethus pallescens, 195 Cry1, 5, 7, 262, 321 Blattella germanica, 138, 266, 311, 313 cry 2A, 263, 265 BmNPV, 59, 268, 269 Cry 3A, 262–265 Bombyx mori, 59, 268, 271, 274 Cry 4A, 264 Borers, 31, 34, 35, 61, 63, 78, 79, 82, 83, 93, 158, 160, Cry 4B, 264 164–166, 220, 247, 248, 257, 259, 262, 263, 271, cry5, 5, 11 293–295, 297, 301, 308, 322, 324 cry6, 5, 11 Botanical, 130, 131, 139, 155–175, 249, 251, 252, cry6A, 8 335, 340 Cry 11A, 264 Botryotinia fuckeliana, 183–185, 190 cry12, 5, 11 Botrytis cinerea, 18, 21 Index 377

Brachynus limbicollis, 231 C. aurantium, 133, 140, 141 Brachythemis contaminata, 237 C. limon, 133, 140, 141 Bradyrhizobium, 263 C. medica, 221 Brood, 217 C. reticulata, 133, 140, 141 Bt aizawai, 262, 365 Classical biological control, 256, 257 Bt kurstaki, 261, 262, 365 Clivinia attenvirta, 231 Bt toxin, 53, 230, 261, 263, 264, 272, 275, 369 Coccinella septempunctata, 34, 205 Budded virus, 55, 56, 58–60, 269 Coffea arabica, 222 Colletotrichum C C. capsici, 104–106, 118, 123 Cadavers, 36, 37, 57, 73, 75, 78, 81, 87, C. gloeosporioides, 119, 120 89, 93, 275 C. orbiculare,18 Caddis fly, 58 C. truncatum,9 Caenorhabditis elegans, 5, 86, 277 Colony, 37, 102, 166, 216–219, 221, 259, 266, 270, 311 Cajanus indica, 263 Conotrachelus nenuphar, 337 Callistomimus chalcocephalus, 231 Conservation, 157, 201, 229, 246–248, 256, 308, 309 Camphene, 131 Coptotermes formosanus, 137, 138 Camphor, 131, 138, 172, 188 Coranus Canna indica,5 C. atricapillus, 198 Capnolymma cingalensis, 160, 165 C. spiniscutis, 198, 199 Capsicum annuum, 101, 183, 339 Corcyra cephalonica, 36, 204 Capsidiol, 101–103, 105, 108, 119, 123 Cordyceps, 32, 273 Carabids, 225–231 Cosmocolopius nigroannulatus, 198 Carbamate, 12, 275, 320, 362 Cotesia marginiventris, 292, 296, 297 Carbofuran, 8, 9 Cotton, 6, 7, 20–22, 35, 40, 50, 51, 60–62, 65, 79, 82, 102, Carcinoma astrologus, 198 169, 186, 196–198, 204, 205, 229, 231, 257–259, Carposina nipponensis,82 263–265, 271, 293, 298, 311, 320, 322, 323, 336, Carriers, 20 337, 366, 368 Carvacrol, 131, 134, 136, 138, 139 Cotton leafworm, 79, 82 Casnoidea indica, 229, 231 Coumarins, 136 Cassia fistula, 167, 169 CpGV. See Cydia pomonella GV (CpGV) Catamiarus brevipennis, 198 CpGV-I12, 269 Celastrus angulatus, 138 CpGV-M, 269, 270 Celosterna scabrator, 163, 165 Crotalaria,13 Chaetoglobosin C, 101–113, 118–124 Cryopreservation, 89 Chaetomanone A, 101–113, 118, 119, 121–124 Cryptorhynchus rufescens, 160 Chaetomium Cucumber, 18, 19, 25, 227 C. globosum, 101, 104, 118, 119, 121, 123 Culex pipiens pallens, 259 C. lucknowense, 101, 104, 118, 119, 123 Culex quinquefasciatus, 237, 238, 240, 241, 264–266 Chemoreceptors, 295, 300 Cuminum cyminum, 141 Chilli blight, 101 Curcumene, 136 Chilo Cyclosa bifida, 249, 250, 252 C. auricilius, 34, 257 Cydia C. infuscatellus, 35, 257 C. pomonella, 48, 51, 269, 364, 366, 367 Chitin, 22, 39, 274 C. pomonella GV (CpGV), 51, 269, 270, 273, 364 Chitinase gene, 265, 272 Cydnocoris gilvus, 198 Chlaenius Cypovirus, 51 C. panagaeoides, 228 Cyrtotrachelus dux, 160 C. viridis, 229, 231 Cytochrome P450-B1, 259 C. vulneratus, 231 Chromaphis juglandicola, 258 D Chrysomela populi, 163 Damage, 4, 9, 11, 12, 21, 31, 32, 53, 58, 61, 66, 71, 78, 79, Chrysoperla zastrowi Arabica, 258 82, 91–93, 130, 135, 156–160, 162–166, 182, 183, 1,8-Cineol, 131, 136, 138, 139, 295 186, 247, 248, 253, 262, 263, 269, 271, 273, 275, Cinnamic acid, 136 277, 290–297, 337, 339, 358, 360–363, 365, 368, Citral, 131, 136, 138 370, 371 Citronellal, 131, 136, 138, 189 DDT. See Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) Citronellic acid, 136 Defense, 101, 119, 123, 130, 139, 142, 182, 190, 236, Citrus 290–295, 302, 311, 312 378 Index

Defoliator, 60, 143, 159, 164, 165, 167, 358 carboxymethyl cellulose, 20 Delia radicum, 295 cellulose, 20, 40, 101 Delonix regia, 159 chitinase, 11, 18, 22, 26, 39, 58, 265, 272, 274 Dendrolimus punctatus,51 glucosyl transferase, 53, 270, 272–273 Diabrotica virgifera, 35, 137, 138, 265 JH esterase, 268, 270 Diaprepes abbreviatus,82 lipoxygenase, 18, 39 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 236, 259 peroxidases, 25, 26, 53 Dichomeris eridantis, 164 Epideietic pheromones, 312–313 Didymella applanata, 119 Epizootics, 32, 33, 38, 50, 273, 367 Diffusible EPNs. See Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) phenazine or cyanide, 23 Equipment, 61, 64, 78, 87, 89, 144, 145, pyoluteorin, 23, 24 236, 333–341 pyrrolnitrin, 23, 24 Erwinia herbicola, 275 Diguetia canities, 268, 271 Escherichia coli, 260, 264, 266, 273 Dimorphism, 217 Essential oil, 129–146, 172–174, 186, 188–190 Dinoderus ocellaris, 160 Estigmena chinensis, 160, 164 Diospyros melanoxylon, 163 Eucalyptus Disease severity index (DSI), 123 E. camaldulensis, 134, 135, 140 Dispersal, 71, 76–77, 85, 86, 236, 311, 360 E. intertexta, 134, 140 Distantiella theobroma, 220 E. sargentii, 134, 140 Distribution, 32–33, 61, 70–72, 74, 76, 86, 93, 143, 165, Eugenol, 131, 136–139, 189 171, 197, 202, 226, 228–229, 231, 236, 246, 314, Eurema hecabe, 167, 169 322, 334, 335, 337, 338 Euschistus heros, 359–361 Diversity, 32, 37, 72, 75, 156–159, 164, 226, 228–231, Extraction, 61, 64, 89, 90, 135–136, 183 246–251, 358, 360, 368, 369 DNA, 23, 52, 54–56, 58, 59, 65, 72, 257, 260–262, F 264, 266, 267, 269, 271–273, 275, 277, Factitious host, 208 347–350, 355 Fenvalerate, 231, 258, 259 DNA microarray, 355 Ferula Docking, 348, 352, 354–355 F. assa-foetida, 132, 135, 140 Docosane, 294, 295, 297 F. gummosa, 132, 134, 140 Dragonflies, 236–238, 241, 242 Ficus deltoidea, 252 Droplet, 131, 144, 218, 334–337 Florinda coccinea, 248 Drosophila melanogaster, 137, 259 Foliar pests, 23, 79 DSI. See Disease severity index (DSI) Food, 3, 12, 13, 21, 38, 58, 63, 64, 80, 89, 90, 130, 135, Dysdercus cingulatus, 35, 169, 202–205, 207, 298 142, 145, 146, 157, 171, 182, 200, 202, 205, 215–217, 222, 230, 236, 247–249, 256, 290, 297, E 298, 301, 302, 309–312, 320, 325, 339, 347, 362, Ecdysteroids, 58, 182, 272 367, 370 Eclosion hormone gene, 270 Food crops, 222 Ectomocoris Foraging decision, 241 E. cordiger, 198, 199 Forest, 33, 50, 76, 155, 196, 215, 228, 246, E. tibialis, 197 267, 297, 308, 366 Ectrychotes dispar, 198 Forest pest, 167, 310 Eicosane, 294, 295, 297 Formulation, 9, 11, 18–22, 26, 40–43, 50, 52, 53, 59, 66, Elicitation, 101 79, 87, 91–93, 104, 131, 135, 139, 141–146, 167, Eluate containing, 184 169, 230, 272, 273, 309, 310, 334, 336–339, 341, Emblica officinalis, 159 363, 364, 367 Endophytes, 12, 263 Frankliniella occidentalis, 262, 339 Endosulfan, 258, 259 Frass kairomone, 296 Engineered virus, 268, 308 Fumigant, 12, 133, 134, 138–141, 143, 144 Enhancin genes, 272 Functional response, 347 Entomopathogenic fungi, 31–44, 274, 275, 339, 352, Fungicide, 26, 101, 103–105, 109, 111–120, 123, 124, 364, 367 274, 275, 338 Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), 69–93, 276–278, Furrow application, 22 334, 335, 337, 352 Fusarium Entomophthora, 32, 36, 273 F. oxysporum, 18, 21, 33, 35, Enzymes 120, 122, 183 α-tomatine, 120–124 F. pallidoroseum, 32, 34, 40 Index 379

G Hoppers, 31, 247 Gaeumannomyces graminis, 23, 24 Host(s), 6, 8, 12, 13, 32, 33, 37, 38, 40, 49, 53, 54, 56, 58, Galleria, 36, 73, 266, 272, 276 70, 71, 73, 76–79, 85, 87–89, 204, 208, 247, 263, Gallus gallus, 220 264, 266–268, 274, 276, 290, 292, 295–299, 301, Gambusia affinis, 242 313, 367 Gene expression, 8, 55, 269, 270, 272, 349–350, 355 finding, 71, 76, 86, 257, 276, 302 Generalist predators, 227 insect, 37, 52, 56, 58, 59, 73, 74, 292, 295–299 Gene sequence, 351 plant, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 22, 26, 61, 169–174, 183, 185, Genetic improvement, 227 186, 188, 189, 220, 221, 290, 292, 298–300 Genomics, 51, 52, 54, 266, 277, 346, 347, 349–351 Hyblaea puera, 60, 159, 163, 165, 167, 170, 172–174 Geocoris pallens, 301 Hydrodistillation, 136 Geraniol, 131, 136, 138 Hypsipyla robusta, 160, 163, 220 Germination, 18, 19, 21, 38–40, 186, 274 Globodera, 4–6 I Glomerella cingulata, 183–185, 190 Idioscopus nitidulus, 219 Gloydius shedaoensis, 207 Immune mechanisms, 79 GLV. See Green-leaf volatiles (GLV) Immune-related tissues, 79 Glycine max, 358 Immune response, 79 Gmelina arborea, 161, 164, 172 Indarbela quadrinotata, 158, 160, 165 Gminatus wallengreni, 199 Infective juveniles, 5, 72–76, 78–81, 84–90, 93 GM-Plants, 320, 322, 325, 369 Infestation, 9, 12, 84, 158, 160–164, 166, 205, 237, Granulosis viruses (GVs), 49, 51, 55, 60 291, 361, 364 Greenhouse, 7, 8, 10, 19, 21, 43, 71, 85, 92, 120, 135, 183, Inga veraa´, 200 184, 310, 312, 326, 334, 338, 339 Insect-selective toxins, 271 Green-leaf volatiles (GLV), 186, 291 Integrated Pest Management (IPM), 13, 32, 60, 130, 142, Ground beetles, 225–231 144, 156, 166, 225, 230, 247, 253, 268, 302, 310, Groundnut, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 35, 37, 60, 61, 65, 170, 171, 312, 320, 336, 352, 363, 367, 368 196, 199, 205, 207, 208, 231, 265, 298 Inundative biocontrol, 246 GVs. See Granulosis viruses (GVs) Inundative release, 70, 246, 257 In-vitro production, 52, 59, 89, 268 H In-vivo production, 86–89, 93 HaNPV, 269 IPM. See Integrated Pest Management (IPM) HaSNPV, 50, 271, 355 Iridoviridae,48 Helicase gene, 269 Irradiation, 101, 119, 263, 273 Helicoverpa armigera, 34, 35, 50, 51, 60–65, 169, 186, 203, 205, 207, 208, 258, 259, 263, 265, 269, 271, J 298, 323, 355, 366 Juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), 53, 270, 308 Heliothis zea, 50, 59, 88, 265, 268, 270, 271, 297, 355 Juveniles, 5–8, 10, 11, 53, 72–76, 78–81, 84–90, 93, 169, Hemidactylus frenatus, 220 268, 270, 308, 337 Hemocoel, 72, 73, 78, 79 Herbivorous insects, 182, 221, 248 K Herbivory, 200, 290, 297 Kairomones, 289–302, 353 Heterobostrychus aequalis, 165 Klinokinetic, 291 Heterodera, 4–6 Heteropoda venatoria, 220 L Heterorhabditis, 72, 73, 75–86, 88, 276 Larval card method, 204 H. bacteriophora, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 88, Larvicidal, 131, 171–174, 189, 264 89, 91, 276, 277 Larvivorous fishes, 242 H. indica, 78, 84, 88 Lasioderma serricorne, 134, 202, 299 Hexadecadien, 310 Leaf disk bioassay, 185 Hippasa pisaurina, 205 Lecanicillium attenuatum,37 Hirsutella, 32, 33, 38, 42, 367 Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus, 53, 268, 271 H. thompsoni, 38, 42, 367 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 36, 262, 265, 315, 323, 367 Holcocercus insularis, 83, 170 Leptocybe invasa, 161, 163 Holotrichia consanguinea, 161, 170 Leucaena leucocephala, 161, 165, 172–174 Homology, 25, 321, 347, 351, 354 Ligusticum hultenii, 138 Hoplocampa testudinea, 337 Limonene, 131, 136, 138, 295 Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, 159 Linalool, 131, 136, 138, 139, 188, 294 380 Index

Lipaphis seudobrassicae, 189 Mylabris, 205 Liriomyza trifolii, 292 Myrcene, 136, 138, 295 Locusta migratatoria, 167 Myzus persicae, 36, 183, 184, 186–190, 262 LqhIT1, 268, 271 LqhIT2, 268, 271 N LqhIT5, 271 Nabis, 203 LqqIT1, 271 Nanocapsules, 131, 135, 141, 143–146 LqqIT2, 271 Neem, 8, 164, 167–172, 182–185, 188–190, 340 Lucilia cuprina,85 Neem seed cake, 183–185, 188–190 Luprops tristis, 215–222 Nematodes Lycosa cyst nematodes, 4, 5, 38, 71 L. terrestris, 248 foliar nematodes, 71 L. tista, 205 phytonematodes, 3–13, 26 Lycosid, 227, 248 potato cyst nematodes, 71 Lygus, 203 ring nematodes, 71 Lymantria root-knot nematodes, 4, 5, 71 L. dispar, 50, 59, 68, 170, 265, 273, 323, 366 root lesion nematodes, 71 L. monacha, 50, 170 sting nematodes, 71 L. obfuscate, 165 stubby root nematodes, 71 Lysinibacillus sphaericus, 264–266 stunt nematodes, 71 Nematospora coryli, 360 M Neoaplectana carpocapsae,81 Magnaporthe oryzae,18 Neuroptera, 58, 267 Mamestra configurata,52 Neurospora crassa, 259, 275 Mass production, 20, 39, 40, 61–64, 70, 71, 86, 87, 89–91, Neurothemis fluctuans, 237–241 93, 200, 203–204, 231, 278 Nezara viridula, 296, 360–362, 368 Mass rearing, 203, 204, 225, 227, 242, 253, 258 Nicotiana tabacum, 101 Mealybugs, 367 Nilaparvata lugens, 33–35, 143, 206 Mechanism of action, 64–65, 321 Nomuraea, 34, 38 Meloidogyne, 4–6, 8, 12 N. rileyi, 33–36, 38–40, 43, 359, 367 Mentha longifolia, 132, 141 Non-volatile kairomones, 290, 297 Menthone, 131, 136, 138 Nozzles Metanastria ampla, 165 air-induction, 337 Metarhizium, 32, 33, 42, 273 flat-fan, 337, 338 M. anisopliae, 33–37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 274, 275, 338, TwinJet spray, 337 367, 368 Metaseiulus occidentalis, 258, 259 O Michelia champaca, 167 Occlusion derived virus (OVD), 55, 56, 59 Microbial elicitors, 99–124 Octadecane, 293–295 Microcerotermes diversus,33 Oecophylla, 201, 215–222 Microclimatic, 248 O. brischkei, 216 Microplitis rufiventris, 292 O. longinoda, 215, 216, 219 Millipede feeders, 201 O. smaragdina, 215–217, 219, 220, 245 Mites, 38, 77, 140, 205, 247, 251, 258, 311, 334, Olea europaea,5 338, 339, 363 Olfactometer, 184–185, 188 MITT. See Tolerance to multiple traits (MITT) Oncocephalus fuscirostris, 198 Moisture, 20, 63, 71, 74–77, 85, 88, 144, 145, 166, Onion oil, 188 205, 337, 361 Optimization, 59, 88, 274, 354, 363 Molecular docking, 354–355 Orb-web weavers, 248, 249 Monoterpene alcohols, 136–138 Organochlorine, 259 Monoterpenoids, 131, 136, 137, 139, 143, 299 Organophosphate, 12, 236, 259, 362 Mosquito, 138, 164, 202, 220, 235–242, 260–262, Orgiya pseudotsugata, 50, 366 264–266, 275, 309, 353 Orius, 203 Moths, 31, 50, 62, 63, 162, 163, 260, 292, 297, 302, 309 O. tristicolor, 301 Muscardine disease, 37, 274 Orthetrum Mycelial growth, 36, 38, 40 O. chrysis, 237–241 Mycoacaricide, 40, 367 O. sabina, 237–241 Mycoinsecticide, 32, 40, 43, 44, 275, 338, 367 Orthokinetic, 291 Index 381

Orthosiphon stamineus, 252 Phyllosphere, 18, 22, 37, 263 Oryza sativa, 10, 18 Phymata pennsylvanica, 196 Otiorhynchus sulcatus,82 Phytoalexin, 18, 25, 26, 101, 102, 104, 119 Ovicidal, 9, 11, 131, 135, 173, 174 Phytonematodes, 3–13, 26 Phytophagous, 164, 245, 319, 322, 360 P Phytophthora Paecilomyces, 37, 38, 42, 273 P. capsici, 24, 101, 119 P. antarctica,33 P. palmivora, 25, 119 P. marquandii,8 Phytotelmata, 236 Paenibacillus popilliae, 260 Pieris Paliga machaeralis, 159, 165, 172–174 P. brassica, 82, 84, 189, 190, 262 Pandora, 273 P. rapae crucivora, 183, 189–190 Panolis flammea, 50, 52, 170 Pinene, 136 Panthous bimaculatus, 198 Pisilus tipuliformis, 197 Paralenaeus pyrrhomelas, 197 Plant bugs, 31 Parasitoid, 54, 60, 62, 145, 146, 225, 256–259, Plant disease immunity, 101–123 277, 290–298, 300–302, 313, 325, 338–339, Plant diseases, 9, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22–24, 99–124, 352 367–369 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), 17–26 Pardosa Plant height, 19, 103, 104, 106, 109–111, 114–116, 123 P. birmanica, 248 Plant root, 5, 10–12, 22–25, 75, 361 P. crassipalpis, 251 Platymeris laevicollis, 205 P. milvina, 248 Platypus biformis, 160 Parnara guttata guttata, 247 Plutella xylostella, 36, 51, 79, 132, 135, 140, Parvoviridae,48 141, 261, 262, 265, 270, 272, Pathogenicity, 32–36, 53, 77, 80–82, 85, 264, 270, 275, 298, 323 273–275, 278, 337 Poecilia reticulata, 240 Pathways Polyethism, 217 octadecanoid, 22 Polygraphus longifolia, 160 shikimate, 22 Polyhedral, 55, 60, 61, 64 terpenoid, 22 Polyhedral occlusion bodies (POB), 60, 61, 64, 65 Peanut, 6, 296, 340 Polyhedra mutants, 60 Pectinophora gossypiella, 87–88, 265 Polyhedrin, 49, 50, 56, 58, 59 Penicillium italicum, 132 Polyhedron, 52, 53, 55, 56, 270, 272, 364 Pentacosane, 292, 293, 295, 297 Polytoxus fuscovittatus, 198 Pepper, 24, 26, 50, 51, 102–106, 109–113, 115, 116, 118, Popillia japonica, 82, 83, 85, 91, 93, 276, 313 119, 123, 183, 187, 190, 339 Populus deltoides, 159 Perovskia abrotanoides, 132, 134, 140 Post-harvest pests, 202 Pessticide, 19, 32, 50, 51, 53, 58, 60, 65–66, 130, 131, Poxviridae,48 183, 219, 229, 246, 247, 253, 256–258, 267, 302, Pratylenchus,4,6 323, 325, 353, 359, 362, 366 Predatory mites, 77, 270, 271, 334, 338, 339 Petroselinum sativum, 133, 141 Predatory nematodes, 71 PGPR. See Plant growth-promoting Prey choice, 202–203, 238, 241 rhizobacteria (PGPR) Pristhesancus Phellandrene, 136 P. papuensis, 197, 199 Phenolic compounds, 4, 18, 25, 26, 291 P. plagipennis, 197–199, 205 Pheromone, 65, 218, 219, 268, 296–299, 301, 302, Prochloraz, 121–124 309–315, 334, 339–340, 353 Production Pheropsophus lineifrons, 231 citrus, 4 Phialides, 37, 38 cotton, 205 Phonoctonus groundnut, 205, 208 P. fasciatus, 197 maize, 4, 50, 324 P. nigrofasciatus, 197 sorghum, 4, 39, 40, 50 P. subimpictus, 197 soy, 4, 50, 358, 359 Photorhabdus, 70–72, 78, 79, 81, 86, 91, 260, 276 wheat, 4 P. asymbiotica,91 Propagules, 22 Phthorimaea operculella, 263, 265, 323, 366 Protectants, 26, 40, 48, 53, 169, 273, 275, 352, 353 Phyllocnistis citrella, 170, 219 Proteomics, 346, 347 Phyllocoptruta oleivora, 38, 220, 367 Pseudomonas Phylloplane, 22, 23, 260 P. aeruginosa, 18, 19, 21, 25 382 Index

Pseudomonas (cont.) Sawfly, 50, 267, 337 P. aureofaciens, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25 Scale insects, 31, 39 P. fluorescens, 12, 18–26, 261–263, 308 Schistocerca gregaria, 167, 171 P. putida, 18, 20, 24, 25 Sclerotium rolfsii, 120 Pseudophonus rufipes, 226, 230, 231 Seedling, 4, 12, 19–22, 103, 104, 119–121, 161–163, 168, Pseudotheraptus wayi, 220 184, 291, 292, 294 Psidium guajava, 221 Seedling diseases, 20–22 Pterocarpus marsupium, 163, 174 Seed treatment, 19–22 Pterophorus lienigianus, 203 Selenothrips rubrocinctus, 219 Pterostichus melanarius, 226, 228, 230 Semiochemicals, 290, 295–300, 302, 308, 310, 312, Ptilocnemus 340, 353 P. femoralis, 201 Septoria nodorum, 259‘ P. lemur, 201 Sequence, 5, 8, 54, 55, 59, 74, 86, 216, 262, 266, 277, Pupicidal, 131 291, 345, 347, 349–351, 353–355 Purpuricenus sanguinolentus, 160, 163 Serratia entomophila, 260, 266 Pyrausta bambucivora, 159 Sex pheromones, 297, 298, 302, 310, 311, 313–315, Pyrimidine dimmers, 262, 273 350, 353 Pyrrolnitrin, 23, 24 Sheath blight pathogen, 22 Pythium ultimum, 20, 21, 24 Shorea robusta, 159, 160, 165, 169, 171 Siderophores, 12, 19, 23–26 Q Sinea Quality control, 60, 71, 91–93 S. complexa, 199, 200 Quantity, 25, 59, 61, 63, 86, 121, 123, 135, 171, 225, 241, S. spinipes, 196, 197, 199 246, 292, 301, 302, 323, 360 Sitona hispidulus, 263 Sitophilus granarius, 133, 137 R Sl NPV, 60–65 Rabidosa rabida, 248 Soil, 4, 5, 7–13, 18–22, 33, 36–39, 63, 70–82, 85, 86, 92, Rederator bimaculatus, 165 93, 103, 104, 119, 120, 155, 161, 166, 196, 229, Reduviid, 195–209, 298 247, 260, 263, 266, 333, 334, 337, 339, 359, 362, Reduvius 367, 370 R. sonoraensis, 205 Solanum lycopersicum, 182, 183 R. vanduzeei, 205 Soybean, 5, 6, 9, 13, 34, 36, 39, 50, 51, 61, 65, 196, 199, Reoviridae, 48, 49 226, 228, 229, 231, 256, 265, 267, 296, 320, 323, Repellency, 135, 141, 144, 182, 186–189, 312 359–371 Rhabdoviridae, 48 Sphenoptera aterrima, 160 Rhantus sikkimensis, 240, 242 Spider, 38, 53, 91, 200–202, 205, 207, 208, 220, 227, Rhinocoris segmentarius, 196, 197 245–253, 270, 271, 310, 312 Rhizobium Spiderlings, 201, 207, 247 R. leguminosarum, 263 Spider mites, 38, 251, 258, 310 R. meliloti, 263 Spinning disc, 335, 337, 338 Rhizoctonia solani, 9, 18, 21, 22, 24, 119 Spodoptera Rhizosphere, 4, 18, 21–24, 26, 256 S. eridania, 268, 271 Rhynchocoris humeralis, 220 S. exigua, 50, 51, 88, 186, 265, 268, 323, 366 Rhynocoris S. frugiperda, 50, 52, 59, 77, 78, 202, 262, 265, R. albopunctatus, 198 268–270, 272, 296, 297 R. fuscipes, 197–199, 203, 204, 207, 298 S. littoralis, 50, 79, 82, 84, 230, 231, 265, 292, 323, R. kumarii, 199, 203, 205, 208 338, 366 R. marginatus, 197–199, 202–208, 298 S. litura, 34, 35, 38, 51, 52, 60, 61, 63–64, 134, Rice blast, 21, 22 137, 138, 163, 171, 202–206, 208, 229, 231, Rice sheath, 21 248, 298 RoMNPV, 268, 271 Stability, 9, 13, 52, 53, 59, 135, 141, 143–145, 229, 258, Rosmarinus officinalis, 132, 133, 135, 141, 183 260, 274, 308, 341 Stage preference, 202 S Steinernema, 72, 73, 75, 77–82, 84, 86, 266 Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA), 36 S. anomali,77 Salvia mirzayanii, 132, 134, 140, 142 S. scapterisci, 71, 73, 87, 90, 91 Salyavata variegata, 199 Sternochetus mangiferae, 219 Saprotrophs, 32 Streptomyces costaricanus,8 Sastrapada australica, 199 Sucking pest, 163, 164, 258 Index 383

Switenia macrophylla, 160 T. castaneum, 132–135, 140–142 Sycanus T. confusum, 132, 134, 138, 142, 299 S. dichotomus, 199 Trichoderma harzianum, 12, 101, 104, 118–120, 123 S. indagator, 197, 199 Trichogramma S. leucomesus, 199 T. chilonis, 257–259, 292, 294, 297 S. pyrrhomelas, 197, 199 T. evanescens, 297 Sylepta derogata, 229 T. pretiosum, 297, 339 Symbiotic bacteria, 71, 78, 79, 82, 86, 91, 266, 276 Trichoplusia ni, 36, 49, 59, 87, 265, 268, 271, 323 Synanthedon tipuliformis,83 Trichotoxin A50, 101–106, 109–113, 118–124 Synergistic effect, 53, 135, 262 Tricosane, 292, 295, 297, 301 Synomones, 290, 298 Trioxys pallidus, 258 Syzygium Trissolcus basalis, 296, 367 S. cumini, 159 Trybliographa rapae, 295 S. samarangense, 221 Tylorida ventralis, 249, 252

T U Tamarindus indica, 159, 169, 174 Udonga montana, 160 Techniques, 5, 13, 20, 23, 36, 40, 49, 50, 52, 53, 59, 71, Ultralow-volume (ULV), 236, 338 72, 77–79, 84, 86, 93, 131, 203, 209, 236, 257, UV-B, 275 268, 273–277, 292, 301, 308–310, 312, 334, 335, UV light, 25, 71, 75, 76, 85 337–240, 346, 349–351, 354, 359–371 Tectona grandis, 159, 161, 162, 169–174 V Telenomus Varroa destructor, 132, 135, 138, 140 T. isis, 297 Vector-borne, 236 T. mormideae, 367 Vectors, 55, 59, 158, 196, 202, 235–237, 260, Temnorhynchus baal, 82, 84 262, 266, 268, 270, 274, 275, 277, Temperature, 32, 36, 38, 53, 59, 62, 64, 65, 71, 73, 75, 77, 320, 360, 364 78, 80–83, 85, 88, 93, 136, 137, 144, 145, 156, Vegetation, 56, 71, 74, 76, 157, 158, 182, 201, 247, 184, 217, 229, 237, 257, 259, 260, 275–278, 337 251, 252 Tenebrio molitor, 37, 88, 89, 93, 276 Velvetbean caterpillar, 360, 361, 364, 367 Termites, 33, 137, 138, 158, 161–163, 165, 166, 168, Verticillium, 18, 42 172–174, 196, 201, 216, 247, 312 V. lecanii, 33, 35, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43, 312 Terpinene, 136, 295 Very low volume (VLV), 338 Tetradecane, 293–295 Vesbius sanguinosus, 201 Thanasimus formicarius, 299 Viral pesticides, 56, 65–66, 273 Theobroma cacao, 222 Virions, 49, 50, 52, 56, 58, 59, 64, 267 Thielaviopsis basicola, 23, 24 Virulence, 5, 18, 39, 48, 52, 77, 79–82, 89, 92, 93, 260, Thrips, 31, 38, 219, 247, 251 264–267, 269–272, 274–276, 278, 365 Thymol, 131, 134, 136, 138, 139, 189 Vitex pseudo-negundo, 132–134, 140 Thymus T. kotschyanus, 132, 134, 135, 138, 140, 141 W T. mandschuricus, 134 Weaver ants, 215–222 T. mastichina, 134 Web-weavers, 249–252 T. persicus, 133, 134, 138, 140 Wheat, 4, 19–21, 23, 24, 39, 40, 196, 226, 230, 259 T. serpyllum, 134 White flies, 31, 38 Tolerance to multiple traits (MITT), 259 Wilting disease, 49, 56 Tolypocladium cylindrosporum,33 Workers, 64, 90, 131, 216–219, 221, 311, 314 Tomicus piniperda, 299 Toona ciliata, 160 X Toxicity, 7, 8, 133–135, 137–144, 167, 168, 171, 182, Xenorhabdus, 70–72, 78, 79, 81, 82, 86, 260, 266, 276 256, 261, 264–266, 321, 325, 334, 335, 340, 368 X. nematophila, 266 Toxin-δ-endotoxins, 260–262, 264, 320 X. nematophilus,80 Toxorhynchites splendens, 240, 241 X. poinarii,90 Trachylestes aspericollis, 199 Trans-anethole, 131, 138, 189 Y Transgenic plants, 8, 319–326, 363 Yield, 18, 19, 21, 22, 40, 59, 62, 87–90, 103, 109, Trema orientalis, 159 112–114, 117, 118, 120, 123, 124, 158, 205, 227, Triatoma rubrovaria, 202 231, 246, 247, 253, 256, 265, 273, 320, 322, 323, Tribolium 360, 370 384 Index

Z Z. renardii, 197, 200 Zanthoxylum limonella, 142 Z. ruficeps, 197 Zea mays, 230, 292 Z. socius, 197, 199, 200 Zelurus angularis, 199 Zeuzera Zelus Z. coffeae, 160, 163 Z. cervicalis, 197 Z. pyrina, 78, 82, 84 Z. exsanguis, 197, 199 Zoophthora, 32, 34, 273 Z. laticornis, 197 Zygogramma bicolorata, 199 Z. longipes, 197, 199, 202 Zygorhychus, 132