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Entomopathogenic Fungi in New Zealand Native Forests: the Genera Beauveria and Isaria

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Entomopathogenic Fungi in New Zealand Native Forests: the Genera Beauveria and Isaria Entomopathogenic fungi in New Zealand native forests: the genera Beauveria and Isaria A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Canterbury by Nicholas John Cummings University of Canterbury 2009 1 Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 9 1.1 Historical perspective ............................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Development of taxonomy ................................................................................................... 10 1.3 Impact of molecular techniques on taxonomy ..................................................................... 12 1.4 Host specificity, infection, and dispersal ............................................................................. 14 1.5 Biological control. ................................................................................................................ 18 1.6 Thesis scope ......................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO: GENERAL METHODS .................................................................................. 23 2.1 Collection areas .................................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Fungal collection and isolation ............................................................................................ 24 2.3 DNA extraction .................................................................................................................... 24 2.4 PCR amplification and sequencing ...................................................................................... 25 2.5 Phylogenetic analyses .......................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER THREE: THE GENUS BEAUVERIA IN NATIVE FORESTS ................................ .27 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 27 3.2 Methods ................................................................................................................................ 35 3.2.1 Morphological characterisation ..................................................................................... 35 3.2.2 Molecular characterisation ............................................................................................ 37 3.2.3 Insect bioassays ............................................................................................................. 39 3. 3 Results ................................................................................................................................. 41 3.3.1 Beauveria collections .................................................................................................... 41 3.3.2 Morphological characterisation ..................................................................................... 47 3.3.3 Phylogenetic analyses ................................................................................................... 59 3.3.4 Tenebrio molitor bioassays ........................................................................................... 65 3.3.5 Vespula vulgaris bioassay ............................................................................................. 68 3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 69 CHAPTER FOUR: THE GENUS ISARIA IN NATIVE FORESTS ............................................. 75 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 75 4.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 80 4.2.1 Morphological characterisation ..................................................................................... 80 2 4.2.2 Molecular characterisation ............................................................................................ 80 4. 3 Results ................................................................................................................................. 84 4.3.1 Isaria collections ........................................................................................................... 84 4.3.2 Morphological characterisation ..................................................................................... 89 4.3.3 Phylogenetic analyses ................................................................................................. 10 1 4.4 Discussion .......................................................................................................................... 105 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 111 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 112 APPENDIX: Authorities for generic and specific fungal names used in the text.. ..................... 137 ACI<NOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... 142 3 LIST OF FIGURES Chapter Three 3.1 Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii on arthropod hosts. 53 3.2 Conidia and conidiogenous cells of Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii. 54 3.3 Beauveria malawiensis on insect hosts. 55 3.4 Conidia and conidiogenous cells of Beauveria malawiensis. 56 3.5 Beauveria caledonica on insect hosts. 57 3.6 Conidia and conidiogenous cells of Beauveria caledonica. 58 3.7 Neighbour-joining analysis ofITS sequences from Beauveria species. 61 3.8 Maximum parsimony analysis ofITS sequences from Beauveria species. 62 3.9 Neighbour-joining analysis ofEFl-a sequences from Beauveria species. 63 3.10 Maximum parsimony analysis ofEF1-a sequences from Beauveria species. 64 3.11 Cumulative mortality of Tenebrio molitor larvae after inoculation with Beauveria species isolated from different hosts. 66 3.12 Mean LTso values from bioassays of Tenebrio molitor larvae with Beauveria speCIes. 67 3.13 Cumulative mortality and mean LTso values from Vespula vulgaris bioassays. 68 Chapter FOllr 4.1 Isaria farinosa on arthropod hosts. 95 4.2 Conidia and phialides of Isaria farinosa. 96 4 4.3 Isaria tenuipes on lepidopteran pupae. 97 4.4 Conidia and phialides of Isaria tenuipes. 98 4.5 Isaria cicadae on insect hosts. 99 4.6 Conidia, phialides, and conidiophores of Isaria cicadae. 100 4.7 Maximum parsimony analysis of ITS sequences from Isaria species. 103 4.8 Maximum parsimony analysis ofEF1-a and p-tubulin sequences from Isaria species 105 5 LIST OF TABLES Chapter Two 2.1 Collection sites. 23 2.2 PCR and sequencing primers used in this study. 25 Chapter Three 3.1 Records of Beauveria species infecting insects in New Zealand. 32 3.2 Beauveria specimens from the PDD herbarium examined in this study. 36 3.3 Genbank sequences included in phylogenetic analyses of Beauveria isolates. 38 3.4 Total numbers of Beauveria specimens from different host orders and regions. 41 3.5 Host associations of Beauveria species. 41 3.6 Regional collections of Beauveria species. 41 3.7 Beauveria specimens collected and examined in this study. 42 3.8 Conidial sizes of B. bassiana from different host orders. 47 3.9 Conidial sizes of B. malawiensis from different host orders. 48 3.10 Conidial sizes of B. caledonica from different host orders. 48 3.11 Measurements of conidia from Beauveria specimens and cultures. 49 Chapter Four 4.1 Host ranges of species accepted in Isaria by Luangsa-ard et al. (2005). 78 4.2 Genbank sequences included in phylogenetic analyses of Isaria. 82 6 4.3 Total numbers of Isaria specimens from different host orders and regions. 84 4.4 Host associations of Isaria species. 84 4.5 Regional collections of Isaria species 4.6 Isaria specimens collected and examined in this study. 85 4.7 Conidia and phialide sizes of Isaria farinosa from different host orders. 89 4.8 Measurements of Isaria conidia and phialides. 91 7 ABSTRACT Species of the entomopathogenic fungal genera Beauveria and Isaria were collected and isolated from diverse arthropod hosts in native forests. Morphological observations and analysis of DNA sequence data from three nuclear gene regions were used to identify taxa and examine phylogenetic relationships. Several new host associations were found for Beauveria species. The recently described species Beauveria malawiensis is reported infecting insects in New Zealand for the first time. The known host range of this species is extended to include Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera and Phasmatodea. Beauveria caledonica, previously only recorded in New Zealand from introduced bark beetles in pine forests, is reported for the first time in native
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