Gilenya; FTY720
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Retinamide Increases Dihydroceramide and Synergizes with Dimethylsphingosine to Enhance Cancer Cell Killing
2967 N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide increases dihydroceramide and synergizes with dimethylsphingosine to enhance cancer cell killing Hongtao Wang,1 Barry J. Maurer,1 Yong-Yu Liu,2 elevations in dihydroceramides (N-acylsphinganines), Elaine Wang,3 Jeremy C. Allegood,3 Samuel Kelly,3 but not desaturated ceramides, and large increases in Holly Symolon,3 Ying Liu,3 Alfred H. Merrill, Jr.,3 complex dihydrosphingolipids (dihydrosphingomyelins, Vale´rie Gouaze´-Andersson,4 Jing Yuan Yu,4 monohexosyldihydroceramides), sphinganine, and sphin- Armando E. Giuliano,4 and Myles C. Cabot4 ganine 1-phosphate. To test the hypothesis that elevation of sphinganine participates in the cytotoxicity of 4-HPR, 1Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, cells were treated with the sphingosine kinase inhibitor University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; D-erythro-N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS), with and 2 College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, without 4-HPR. After 24 h, the 4-HPR/DMS combination Monroe, Louisiana; 3School of Biology and Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, caused a 9-fold increase in sphinganine that was sustained Atlanta, Georgia; and 4Gonda (Goldschmied) Research through +48 hours, decreased sphinganine 1-phosphate, Laboratories at the John Wayne Cancer Institute, and increased cytotoxicity. Increased dihydrosphingolipids Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, California and sphinganine were also found in HL-60 leukemia cells and HT-29 colon cancer cells treated with 4-HPR. The Abstract 4-HPR/DMS combination elicited increased apoptosis in all three cell lines. We propose that a mechanism of N Fenretinide [ -(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR)] is 4-HPR–induced cytotoxicity involves increases in dihy- cytotoxic in many cancer cell types. -
BƯỚC ĐẦU NGHIÊN CỨU CHI NẤM Isaria TẠI NÚI LANGBIAN THUỘC CAO NGUYÊN LÂM VIÊN
HỘI NGHỊ KHOA HỌC TOÀN QUỐC VỀ SINH THÁI VÀ TÀI NGUYÊN SINH VẬT LẦN THỨ 6 BƯỚC ĐẦU NGHIÊN CỨU CHI NẤM Isaria TẠI NÚI LANGBIAN THUỘC CAO NGUYÊN LÂM VIÊN ĐỖ THỊ THIÊN LÝ, PHẠM NỮ KIM HOÀNG, PHAN HỮU HÙNG, NGUYỄN VIẾT TRƯỜNG Viện Nghiên cứu Khoa học Tây Nguyên, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam LÊ HUYỀN ÁI THÚY Trường Đại học Mở Tp. Hồ Chí Minh TRƯƠNG BÌNH NGUYÊN Trường Đại học Đà Lạt Nấm ký sinh côn trùng (entomogenous fungi) là nhóm nấm rất phong phú về thành phần chi và loài. Một số chi được quan tâm bởi tính chất dược lý hay khả năng kiểm soát sinh học như Cordyceps, Beauveria và đặc biệt là chi nấm Isaria. Chi Isaria bao gồm các loài nấm ký sinh côn trùng phân bố khá rộng và thường gặp, dễ dàng thu thập. Isaria là giai đoạn sinh sản vô tính (giai đoạn hình thành bào tử đính) của chi Cordyceps thuộc lớp Ascomycetes. Các nghiên cứu trước đây đã xem xét Isaria farinose và Paecilomyces variotii là những loài thuộc chi Isaria Pers. ex Fr. do chúng có những đặc điểm tương tự nhau trong cấu trúc cuống sinh bào tử nên đã đề xuất Isaria nên được sử dụng cho tất cả các loài Paecilomyces [3][9][10]. Năm 1974, dựa trên sự phân nhánh của cuống bào tử đính, thể bình, cấu trúc thể bình và bào tử, Samson và cộng sự đã chia chi Paecilomyces thành hai phần là Paecilomyces sect. -
Neurological S1P Signaling As an Emerging Mechanism of Action of Oral FTY720 (Fingolimod) in Multiple Sclerosis
Arch Pharm Res Vol 33, No 10, 1567-1574, 2010 DOI 10.1007/s12272-010-1008-5 REVIEW Neurological S1P Signaling as an Emerging Mechanism of Action of Oral FTY720 (Fingolimod) in Multiple Sclerosis Chang Wook Lee1, Ji Woong Choi2, and Jerold Chun1 1Department of Molecular Biology, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA and 2Department of Pharmacology, Division of Basic Medicine and Science, Gachon University of Medi- cine and Science, Incheon 406-799, Korea (Received August 15, 2010/Revised August 23, 2010/Accepted August 24, 2010) FTY720 (fingolimod, Novartis) is a promising investigational drug for relapsing forms of multi- ple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous sys- tem. It is currently under FDA review in the United States, and could represent the first approved oral treatment for MS. Extensive, ongoing clinical trials in Phase II/III have sup- ported both the efficacy and safety of FTY720. FTY720 itself is not bioactive, but when phospho- rylated (FTY720-P) by sphingosine kinase 2, it becomes active through modulation of 4 of the 5 known G protein-coupled sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. The mechanism of action (MOA) is thought to be immunological, where FTY720 alters lymphocyte trafficking via S1P1. However, MOA for FTY720 in MS may also involve a direct, neurological action within the cen- tral nervous system in view of documented S1P receptor-mediated signaling influences in the brain, and this review considers observations that support an emerging neurological MOA. Key words: FTY720, Fingolimod, Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors, Multiple sclerosis, Cen- tral nervous system INTRODUCTION factors that initiate MS are still unknown. -
CPY Document
54 Transactions British Mycological Society 55 (i i) GALLØE, o. Natural History of the Danish Lichens, i (1927), II (1929). (i 2) HARMAND, i. Guide élémentaire du Lichénologue accompagné de nombreuses espèces typiques en nature (i 904). NOTES ON ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI (13) HUE, A. M. Lichens. Deuxième Expédition Antarctique Française (1908- I9IO), commandée par Ie Dr Jean Charcot, Paris (1915). By T. PETeR (14) KRABBE, G. Entwickelungsgeschichte und Morphologie der polymorphen Flechten- gattung Cladonia (i 89 i ). (With 4 Text-figures) (i 5) NEUBNER, E. "Untersuchungen über den Thallus und die Fruchtanfånge der Calycieen." Wiss. Beil. des iv. Jahresber. k. Gymnas. z. Plauen i.IV. (i893). I. BEA UVERIA PETELOTI Vincens (16) NIENBURG, W. "Ueber die Beziehungen zwischen den Algen und Hyphen im Flechtenthallus." Zeitsch.j. Bot. ix (1917), 529-543. BEAUVERIA PETELOTI Vincens was described by Vincens in Bull. Soc. (17) PAULSON, R. "The sporulation ofgonidia in the thallus of Everniaprunastri Ach." Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. VII (1922),44-46. Bot. France, Sér. 4, xv (1915), 132-144, from three collections from (18) PAULSON, R. and HASTINGS, S. "The relation between the alga and fungus oft fBrazil, one on the wasp, Polybia chrysothorax, another on the wasp, a lichen." Journ. Linn. Soc. XLIV (1920), 497-506. i ¡polystes canadensis, and the third on bees, the fungus being so different (19) Natuiforsch.SCHWNDENER, S. "Ueber Gesell. den Bau und in das WachsthumZürich des (1860). Flechtenthallus."! ;i Hn appearance in the three cases, that, as remarked by Vincens, one would consider them three different species, were it not that a study (20) - "Ueber die Apothecia primitus aperta und die Entwicklung der Apothecieni im Allgemeinen." Flora, XLVII (1864),321-332. -
Fingolimod (FTY720): Discovery and Development of an Oral Drug to Treat Multiple Sclerosis
REVIEWS CASE HISTORY Fingolimod (FTY720): discovery and development of an oral drug to treat multiple sclerosis Volker Brinkmann*, Andreas Billich*, Thomas Baumruker*, Peter Heining‡, Robert Schmouder§, Gordon Francis||, Shreeram Aradhye¶ and Pascale Burtin# Abstract | The discovery of fingolimod (FTY720/Gilenya; Novartis), an orally active immunomodulatory drug, has opened up new approaches to the treatment of multiple sclerosis, the most common inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. Elucidation of the effects of fingolimod — mediated by the modulation of sphingosine 1‑phosphate (S1P) receptors — has indicated that its therapeutic activity could be due to regulation of the migration of selected lymphocyte subsets into the central nervous system and direct effects on neural cells, particularly astrocytes. An improved understanding of the biology of S1P receptors has also been gained. This article describes the discovery and development of fingolimod, which was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in September 2010 as a first‑line treatment for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, thereby becoming the first oral disease‑modifying therapy to be approved for multiple sclerosis in the United States. Demyelination Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder Treatment strategies for MS usually involve the man- Damage of the myelin sheath of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterized agement of symptoms and the use of disease-modifying of axons. A demyelinating by inflammation leading to astrogliosis, demyelination, drugs to reduce the frequency of relapses and to slow disease is any disease of and loss of oligodendrocytes and neurons1. MS is the the progression of disability. Established first-line the nervous system in which the myelin sheath is damaged. -
Targeting the Sphingosine Kinase/Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling Axis in Drug Discovery for Cancer Therapy
cancers Review Targeting the Sphingosine Kinase/Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling Axis in Drug Discovery for Cancer Therapy Preeti Gupta 1, Aaliya Taiyab 1 , Afzal Hussain 2, Mohamed F. Alajmi 2, Asimul Islam 1 and Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan 1,* 1 Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; [email protected] (P.G.); [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (A.I.) 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; afi[email protected] (A.H.); [email protected] (M.F.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Cancer is the prime cause of death globally. The altered stimulation of signaling pathways controlled by human kinases has often been observed in various human malignancies. The over-expression of SphK1 (a lipid kinase) and its metabolite S1P have been observed in various types of cancer and metabolic disorders, making it a potential therapeutic target. Here, we discuss the sphingolipid metabolism along with the critical enzymes involved in the pathway. The review provides comprehensive details of SphK isoforms, including their functional role, activation, and involvement in various human malignancies. An overview of different SphK inhibitors at different phases of clinical trials and can potentially be utilized as cancer therapeutics has also been reviewed. Citation: Gupta, P.; Taiyab, A.; Hussain, A.; Alajmi, M.F.; Islam, A.; Abstract: Sphingolipid metabolites have emerged as critical players in the regulation of various Hassan, M..I. Targeting the Sphingosine Kinase/Sphingosine- physiological processes. Ceramide and sphingosine induce cell growth arrest and apoptosis, whereas 1-Phosphate Signaling Axis in Drug sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) promotes cell proliferation and survival. -
Omics Data Reveal the Unusual Asexual-Fruiting Nature And
Lu et al. BMC Genomics (2017) 18:668 DOI 10.1186/s12864-017-4060-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Omics data reveal the unusual asexual- fruiting nature and secondary metabolic potentials of the medicinal fungus Cordyceps cicadae Yuzhen Lu1,2†, Feifei Luo1,3†, Kai Cen1,2, Guohua Xiao4, Ying Yin1, Chunru Li5, Zengzhi Li5, Shuai Zhan1, Huizhan Zhang3* and Chengshu Wang1* Abstract Background: Ascomycete Cordyceps species have been using as valued traditional Chinese medicines. Particularly, the fruiting bodies of Cordyceps cicadae (syn. Isaria cicadae) have long been utilized for the treatment of chronic kidney disease. However, the genetics and bioactive chemicals in this fungus have been largely unexplored. Results: In this study, we performed comprehensive omics analyses of C. cicadae, and found that, in contrast to other Cordyceps fungi, C. cicadae produces asexual fruiting bodies with the production of conidial spores instead of the meiotic ascospores. Genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis indicate that the protein families encoded by C. cicadae are typical of entomopathogenic fungi, including the expansion of proteases and chitinases for targeting insect hosts. Interestingly, we found that the MAT1-2 mating-type locus of the sequenced strain contains an abnormally truncated MAT1-1-1 gene. Gene deletions revealed that asexual fruiting of C. cicadae is independent of the MAT locus control. RNA-seq transcriptome data also indicate that, compared to growth in a liquid culture, the putative genes involved in mating and meiosis processes were not up-regulated during fungal fruiting, further supporting asexual reproduction in this fungus. The genome of C. cicadae encodes an array of conservative and divergent gene clusters for secondary metabolisms. -
Cordycepin, a Metabolite of Cordyceps Militaris, Reduces Immune-Related Gene Expression in Insects
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology xxx (xxxx) xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Invertebrate Pathology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jip Cordycepin, a metabolite of Cordyceps militaris, reduces immune-related gene expression in insects Victoria C. Woolley a,*, Graham R. Teakle a, Gillian Prince a, Cornelia H. de Moor b, David Chandler a a Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK b School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Hypocrealean entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) are natural regulators of insect Cordycepin populations in terrestrial environments. Their obligately-killing life-cycle means that there is likely to be strong Cordyceps militaris selection pressure for traits that allow them to evade the effects of the host immune system. In this study, we Secondary metabolite 0 quantifiedthe effects of cordycepin (3 -deoxyadenosine), a secondary metabolite produced by Cordyceps militaris Entomopathogenic fungi (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae), on insect susceptibility to EPF infection and on insect immune gene expression. Insect immunity µ 1 Galleria mellonella Application of the immune stimulant curdlan (20 g ml , linear beta-1,3-glucan, a constituent of fungal cell walls) to Drosophila melanogaster S2r+ cells resulted in a significant increase in the expression of the immune effector gene metchnikowin compared to a DMSO-only control, but there was no significantincrease when curdlan was co-applied with 25 µg ml 1 cordycepin dissolved in DMSO. Injection of cordycepin into larvae of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) resulted in dose-dependent mortality (LC50 of cordycepin = 2.1 mg per insect 6 days after treatment). -
Toxicologic Assessment of Paecilomyces Tenuipes in Rats: Renal Toxicity and Mutagenic Potential
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 70 (2014) 527–534 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yrtph Toxicologic assessment of Paecilomyces tenuipes in rats: Renal toxicity and mutagenic potential Jeong-Hwan Che a,b,1, Jun-Won Yun b,1, Eun-Young Cho b, Seung-Hyun Kim b, Yun-Soon Kim b, ⇑ Woo Ho Kim c, Jae-Hak Park d, Woo-Chan Son e, Mi Kyung Kim f,g, Byeong-Cheol Kang a,b,h, a Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea b Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea c Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea d Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea e Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea f Biofood Network, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea g BiofoodCRO, Seoul, Republic of Korea h Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea article info abstract Article history: Paecilomyces tenuipes is entomogenous fungus that is called snow-flake Dongchunghacho in Korea. Received 31 July 2014 Although it is widely used in traditional medicines, its safety has not yet been comprehensively investi- Available online 16 September 2014 gated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity, acute and subchronic toxicity of P. tenuipes. The acute oral LD50 of P. -
A Renal-Protective and Vision-Improved Traditional Chinese Medicine - Cordyceps Cicadae
SMGr up A Renal-Protective and Vision-Improved Traditional Chinese Medicine - Cordyceps cicadae Jui-Hsia Hsu1, Bo-Yi Jhou2, Shu-Hsing Yeh3, Yen-Lien Chen4 and Chin-Chu Chen5 1 2 Grape King Bio Ltd, Taiwan 3Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical Biotechnology, Shin Chien Univer- 4 sity, Taiwan 5Department of Applied Science, National Hsin-Chu University of Education, Taiwan *CorrespondingBiotechnology Center, author Grape: King Bio Ltd, Taiwan Chin-Chu Chen , Biotechnology Center, Grape King Bio Ltd, NO.60, Sec. 3, Longgang Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan (R.O.C.), Tel: +886 3 4572121; Fax:Published +886 3 Date: 4572128; Email: [email protected] February 18, 2016 CLASSIFICATION OF C. CICADAE Cordyceps cicadae (C. cicadae ), also known as Clavicipitaceae Cordyceps cicadae flower, Chanhua and Sandwhe, belongs Cicada flammate, Platypleura kaempferi, Cryptotympana pustulata and to the family and the genus (Table 1), which strictly parasitize on Patylomia pieli cicada nymph or larva of . The host larva were consumed as nutrition and became a tightly packed mass of mycelium, then formed flower bud-shaped stroma from mouth, head or bottom of cicada larva. It is a C.wonderful cicadae biological complex of fungusCordyceps and larva. cicadae C. cicadae Cordyceps sobolifera (C. sobolifera C. can be roughly divided into Shing ( Shing) and cicadae ) based on their morphology (Figure 1) [1]. The parasitic nymphs of C. Shing are relatively large with pale or pale yellow bodies of about 3 cm long and 1-1.5 Recentcm wide. Advances Heads in Chineseof the nymphsMedicine |are www.smgebooks.com clavate, displaying white at the front. -
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4 State of the World’s Fungi State of the World’s Fungi 2018 4. Useful fungi Thomas Prescotta, Joanne Wongb, Barry Panaretouc, Eric Boad, Angela Bonda, Shaheenara Chowdhurya, Lee Daviesa, Lars Østergaarde a Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK; b Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Switzerland; c King’s College London, UK; d University of Aberdeen, UK; e Novozymes A/S, Denmark 24 Positive interactions and insights USEFUL FUNGI the global market for edible mushrooms is estimated to be worth US$42 billion Per year What makes a species of fungus economically valuable? What daily products utilise fungi and what are the useful fungi of the future for food, medicines and fungal enzymes? stateoftheworldsfungi.org/2018/useful-fungi.html Useful fungi 25 26 Positive interactions and insights (Amanita spp.) and boletes (Boletus spp.)[2]. Most wild- FUNGI ARE A SOURCE OF NUTRITIOUS collected species cannot be cultivated because of complex FOOD, LIFESAVING MEDICINES AND nutritional dependencies (they depend on living plants to grow), whereas cultivated species have been selected to ENZYMES FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY. feed on dead organic matter, which makes them easier to grow in large quantities[2,3]. The rise of the suite of cultivated Most people would be able to name a few species of edible mushrooms seen on supermarket shelves today, including mushrooms but how many are aware of the full diversity of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), began relatively edible species in nature, still less the enormous contribution recently in the 1960s[3]. The majority of these cultivated fungi have made to pharmaceuticals and biotechnology? mushrooms (85%) come from just five genera: Lentinula, In fact, the co-opting of fungi for the production of wine and Pleurotus, Auricularia, Agaricus and Flammulina[4] (see leavened bread possibly marks the point where humans Figure 2). -
Cytotoxic Xanthone–Anthraquinone Heterodimers from an Unidentified
The Journal of Antibiotics (2012) 65, 3–8 & 2012 Japan Antibiotics Research Association All rights reserved 0021-8820/12 $32.00 www.nature.com/ja ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cytotoxic xanthone–anthraquinone heterodimers from an unidentified fungus of the order Hypocreales (MSX 17022) Sloan Ayers1, Tyler N Graf1, Audrey F Adcock2, David J Kroll2, Qi Shen3, Steven M Swanson3, Susan Matthew4, Esperanza J Carcache de Blanco4,5, Mansukh C Wani6, Blaise A Darveaux7, Cedric J Pearce7 and Nicholas H Oberlies1 Two new xanthone–anthraquinone heterodimers, acremoxanthone C (5) and acremoxanthone D (2), have been isolated from an extract of an unidentified fungus of the order Hypocreales (MSX 17022) by bioactivity-directed fractionation as part of a search for anticancer leads from filamentous fungi. Two known related compounds, acremonidin A (4) and acremonidin C (3) were also isolated, as was a known benzophenone, moniliphenone (1). The structures of these isolates were determined via extensive use of spectroscopic and spectrometric tools in conjunction with comparisons to the literature. All compounds (1–5) were evaluated against a suite of biological assays, including those for cytotoxicity, inhibition of the 20S proteasome, mitochondrial transmembrane potential and nuclear factor-kB. The Journal of Antibiotics (2012) 65, 3–8; doi:10.1038/ja.2011.95; published online 9 November 2011 Keywords: acremonidin; anthraquinone; cytotoxicity; fungus; moniliphenone; 20S proteasome; xanthone INTRODUCTION the 20S proteasome, nuclear factor (NF)-kB inhibition assay and Fungi have been a valuable source for drug leads.1,2 As just one mitochondrial transmembrane potential activity. contemporary example that originated in The Journal of Antibiotics, the fungal metabolite, myriocin, initially called ISP-1 by Fujita et al.