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Iceland Can Be Considered Volcanologist “Heaven”
Iceland can be considered volcanologist “heaven” 1) Sub-aerial continuation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 2) Intersection of a mantle plume with a spreading ocean ridge 3) Volcanism associated with tectonic rifting 4) Sub-glacial volcanism 5) Tertiary flood (plateau) basalts 6) Bi-modal volcanism 7) Submarine volcanism 8) 18 historically active volcanoes 9) Eruptions roughly every 5 years 1. The North Atlantic opened about 54 Ma separating Greenland from Europe. 2. Spreading was initially along the now extinct Agir ridge (AER). 3. The Icelandic plume was under Greenland at that time. 4. The Greenland – Faeroe ridge represents the plume track during the history of the NE Atlantic. Kolbeinsey ridge (KR) 5. During the last 20 Ma the Reykjanes Ridge (RR) Icelandic rift zones have migrated eastward, stepwise, maintaining their position near the plume 6. The plume center is thought to be beneath Vatnajökull 1 North Rift Zone – currently active East Rift Zone – currently active West Rift Zone – last erupted about 1000-1300 AD [Also eastern (Oræfajökull) and western (Snæfellsnese) flank zones] Rift zones comprise en-echelon basaltic fissure swarms 5-15 km wide and up to 200 km long. Over time these fissures swarms develop a volcanic center, eventually maturing into a central volcano with a caldera and silicic Tertiary volcanics > 3.1 Ma volcanism Late Tertiary to Early Quaternary 3.1 – 0.7 Ma Neo-volcanic zone <0.7 - present Schematic representation of Iceland’s mantle plume. The crust is about 35 – 40 km thick Iceland’s mantle plume has been tomographically imaged down to 400 km. Some claim even deeper, through the transition zone, and down to the core – mantle boundary. -
The Surtsey 1963 Eruption Plume, Characteristics and Tephra Dispersal
Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 21, EGU2019-17144, 2019 EGU General Assembly 2019 © Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. The Surtsey 1963 eruption plume, characteristics and tephra dispersal Einar Sindri Ólafsson (1), Magnus T Guðmundsson (2), and Esther R. Guðmundsdóttir (3) (1) Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland ([email protected]), (2) Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland ([email protected]), (3) Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland ([email protected]) Surtsey is a basaltic island in the south-western end of Vestmannaeyjar archipelago off the south coast of Iceland and is a part of the Vestmannaeyjar volcanic system. It is built from the ocean floor at about 130 m depth in a series of eruptions during 1963-1967, one of the longest eruption in Iceland in historical times. The eruptions can be split into four phases. The first phase of the eruptions was explosive and phreatomagmatic in character. The aim of this study is to put constraints on the mass of tephra transported with the plume. This is done in two ways: (1) Study soil profiles on Heimaey and on the mainland to look for tephra deposits from Surtsey as well as note contemporary descriptions of tephra fallout; and (2) by compiling existing contemporary records of plume height and use plume height – mass transport systematics to estimate the transport. Finally, we compare the outcomes of (1) and (2). Eruption started on 14 November 1963. It was explosive and fed an eruption plume rising typically to 5-9 km in November and December 1963. -
Subglacial and Submarine Volcanism in Iceland
Mars Polar Science 2000 4078.pdf SUBGLACIAL AND SUBMARINE VOLCANISM IN ICELAND. S. P. Jakobsson, Icelandic Inst. of Natural His- tory, P. O. Box 5320, 125 Reykjavik, Iceland Introduction: Iceland is the largest landmass ex- mounds, ridges and tuyas [5]. The thickness of basal posed along the Mid-Ocean Ridge System. It has been basaltic pillow lava piles often exceeds 60-80 meters constructed over the past 16 Ma by basaltic to silicic and a 300 m thick section has been reported. Pillow volcanic activity occurring at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, lavas may also form lenses or pods at a higher level in and is topographically elevated because of the abundant the volcanoes. igneous material produced in association with the Ice- It has been suggested that at a water depth less than land hot spot, the center of which is thought to be lo- approximately 100-150 m, basaltic phreatic explosions cated beneath Vatnajokull glacier [1]. The axial rift produce hydroclastites. It appears feasible to subdivide zones which run through Iceland from southwest to the hyaloclastites of the Icelandic ridges and tuyas, ge- northeast are in direct continuation of the crestal zones netically into two main types. A substantial part of the of the Mid Atlantic Ridge and are among the most ac- base of the submarine Surtsey tuya is poorly bedded, tive volcanic zones on Earth. unsorted, hydroclastite, which probably was quenched Subglacial Volcanism: Volcanic accumulations of and rapidly accumulated below the seawater level with- hyaloclastites which are deposits formed by the intru- out penetrating the surface [6]. Only 1-2 % of the vol- sion of lava beneath water or ice and the consequent ume of extruded material in the 1996 Gjalp eruption fell shattering into small angular vitric particles, combined as air-fall tephra, the bulk piled up below the ice [4]. -
In in Iceland: Pltihpopulationpg Changees and Ditht Main Threats
Atlantic Puff in in Iceland: PltihPopulationpg changees and ditht main threats Aevarea Petersen eese1 &Th& Thhorkello e LL. Thorarinsson o a sso 2 1Icelandic Institute of Natural Historry 2North East Iceland Nature Center 1. The Icelandic populationpp 3. Population chaanges The Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica is Prior to 2000 mean increase of 4.3%/yr believed to be the most common wasas recordedeco ded at tenten colonies,co o es, includingcud g bdibreedingg bibird d speciesp i iin IldIceland. MtMost the largest ones studied (>30000 pairs). recent estimate is 3-4 million pairspairs, or The greatest increease was 15%/yr/yr, about half the world population. The whichc iss exceptioneceptonala andadffoundou d in a populationpplti iis ditibtddistributed mostlytly on colony established in 1975 (Petersen islandsislands, among roughly 800 coloniescolonies, the 2010). largest about 200 thousand pairs. Many off ththe coloniesli are veryy small,ll onlyly a ffew More recently eightt colonies showed a pairs. Some islands only have single mean decline of 4.9%/yr. Same has pairs. takenta e placepace ono thetee Westmanest a Islandssa ds the largest Puffin coolony aggregation in 22. Data Availability the world (Hansenn 2009, Hansen & Although other ffactors may also affectff We reviewed available unpublished and GGardarssonGa da sso 2009009). individual Puffin coloniescolonies, climate ppublished blished information on poppopulationpp lation change and resulting effects on the changes. Colony sizes were estimated No quantitative datta are available for ffood resources is currently the greatest mainly from occupied burrow counts. mostost Icelandicce a d c Puffinuff n coloniesco o es. potential threat to Icelandic Puffins. PopPopulationp lation dedevelopment, elopmentp rangingggfrom 5 to 33 yearsyears, is reviewed for 19 colonies 4. -
Degassing Regime of Hekla Volcano 2012€“2013
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 159 (2015) 80–99 www.elsevier.com/locate/gca Degassing regime of Hekla volcano 2012–2013 Evgenia Ilyinskaya a,b,⇑, Alessandro Aiuppa c,d, Baldur Bergsson b, Rossella Di Napoli c, Thra´inn Fridriksson e, Audur Agla O´ lado´ttir e, Finnbogi O´ skarsson e, Fausto Grassa d, Melissa Pfeffer b, Katharina Lechner b, Richard Yeo b, Gaetano Giudice d a British Geological Survey, Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA, United Kingdom b Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bustadavegi 7-9, 150 Reykjavik, Iceland c DiSTeM, Universita` di Palermo, Palermo, Italy d Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy e Iceland GeoSurvey, Grensasvegi 9, 108 Reykjavik, Iceland Received 24 February 2014; accepted in revised form 9 January 2015; available online 17 February 2015 Abstract Hekla is a frequently active volcano with an infamously short pre-eruptive warning period. Our project contributes to the ongoing work on improving Hekla’s monitoring and early warning systems. In 2012 we began monitoring gas release at Hekla. The dataset comprises semi-permanent near-real time measurements with a MultiGAS system, quantification of diffuse gas flux, and direct samples analysed for composition and isotopes (d13C, dD and d18O). In addition, we used reaction path modelling to derive information on the origin and reaction pathways of the gas emissions. 13 Hekla’s quiescent gas composition was CO2-dominated (0.8 mol fraction) and the d C signature was consistent with pub- lished values for Icelandic magmas. The gas is poor in H2O and S compared to hydrothermal manifestations and syn-eruptive emissions from other active volcanic systems in Iceland. -
The Eruption on Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland
Man Against Volcano: The Eruption on Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland This booklet was originally published in 1976 under the title "Man Against Volcano: The Eruption on Heimaey, Vestmann Islands, Iceland." The revised second edition was published in 1983. This PDF file is a recreation of the 1983 booklet. Cover photograph: View looking southeast along streets covered by tephra (volcanic ash) in Vestmannaeyjar: Eldfell volcano (in background) is erupting and fountaining lava. View of Heimaey before the eruption: Town of Vestmannaeyjar with Helgafell in the right back- ground (photo courtesy of Sólarfilma). Man Against Volcano: The Eruption on Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland by Richard S. Williams, Jr., and James G. Moore Preface The U.S. Geological Survey carries out scientific studies in the geological, hydrological, and cartographic sciences generally within the 50 States and its territories or trusteeships, but also in cooperation with scientific organizations in many foreign countries for the investigation of unusual earth sciences phenome- na throughout the world. In 1983, the U.S. Geological Survey had 57 active sci- entific exchange agreements with 24 foreign countries, and 47 scientific exchange agreements were pending with 30 foreign countries. The following material discusses the impact of the 1973 volcanic eruption of Eldfell on the fishing port of Vestmannaeyjar on the island of Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland. Before the eruption was over, approximately one-third of the town of Vestmannaeyjar had been obliterated, but, more importantly, the potential damage probably was reduced by the spraying of seawater onto the advancing lava flows, causing them to be slowed, stopped, or diverted from the undamaged portion of the town. -
Iceland Straight Baselines
2 STRAIGHT BASELINES: ICELAND Iceland's most recent action altering their system of straight baselines was the issuance on March 11, 1961, of the Regulations Concerning the Fishery Jurisdiction of Iceland. The Regulations were promulgated on April 22, 1961. These 1961 Regulations alter the straight baselines of the preceding decrees of 1952 and 1958. An exchange of notes between Iceland and the United Kingdom, on March 11, 1961, specified the changes that were to be made to the 1958 decree and incorporated in the new 1961 declaration. Iceland claims a four nautical-mile territorial sea and a 12 nautical mile fishery limit, as measured from the straight baselines. Iceland, although a signatory, is not a party to any of the four 1958 Geneva conventions on the law of the sea. These conventions concern the territorial sea and contiguous zone, the high seas, the continental shelf, and fishing and conservation of living resources of the high seas. The pertinent articles of the Regulations concerning the Fishery Jurisdiction of Iceland are as follows: Article 1 The fishery jurisdiction of Iceland shall be delimited 12 nautical miles outside base lines drawn between the following points: 1. Horn 66° 27'4 N Lat. 22° 24'5 W. Long. 2. Asbudarrif 66° 08'1 N 20° 11'2 W. 3. Siglunes 66° 11'9 N 18° 50'1 W. 4. Flatey 66° 10'3 N 17° 50'5 W. 5. Lagey 66° 17'8 N 17° 07'0 W. 6. Raudinupur 66° 30'7 N 16° 32'5 W. 7. Rifstangi 66° 32'3 N 16° 11'9 W 8. -
The Best of Iceland
04_178416-ch01.qxp 5/29/08 8:59 AM Page 1 1 The Best of Iceland On each trip to Iceland, we are always struck by how often other travelers are—or intend to be—repeat visitors. Many come year after year, never exhausting Iceland’s endless variations of magnificent scenery and adventure. Returning travelers immedi- ately recognize the crisp, invigorating polar air, and what W. H. Auden called “the most magical light of anywhere on earth.” Iceland’s astonishing beauty often has an austere, primitive, or surreal cast that arouses reverence, wonderment, mystery, and awe. Lasting impressions could include a lone tuft of wildflowers amid a bleak desert moonscape or a fantastical promenade of icebergs calved into a lake from a magisterial glacier. The Icelandic people—freedom-loving, egalitarian, self-reliant, and worldly—are equally exceptional. They established a parliamentary democracy over a millennium ago, and today write, publish, purchase, and read more books per capita than any peo- ple on earth. Reykjavík, their capital, has become one of the world’s most fashionable urban hot spots. In November 2007, the U.N. named Iceland the world’s best coun- try to live in, based on life expectancy, education levels, medical care, income, and other criteria. 1 The Best Natural Wonders • Glymur: Iceland’s tallest waterfall is • Blue Lagoon: The central activity nimble and graceful: Streamlets at this spa—Iceland’s top tourist descend like ribbons of a maypole attraction—is bathing in a shallow, into a fathomless canyon mantled in opaque, blue-green lagoon amid a bird nests and lush mosses. -
The Most Experienced Whale Watching Company in Iceland!
The most experienced whale watching company in Iceland! 2010 www.northsailing.is www.gamlibaukur.is www.schooner.is WHALE WATCHING PIONEERS AWARDED FOR EXCELLENCE As a pioneer in whale watching, In the past 14 years, we have had the North Sailing has been awarded both pleasure of sharing our experience with domestically and internationally. Owned more than 250 thousand whale watchers and operated by three generations of a in over seven thousand trips. local family, North Sailing was the first company in Iceland to organise and offer QUALITY regular Whale Watching tours. At North Sailing, there are no compromise solutions. Vessels, safety equipment, buildings, and last but not least, services are of the highest quality possible at all times. It is our mission to ensure that the visitors leave happy and Silver Otter Award satisfied with our service 1996 and the experience. SAF SAFETY THE ICELANDIC TRAVEL INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION We operate according to the highest INNOVATION AWARD safety standards. All crew members 2007 regularly attend courses and training in 2003 maritime safety and life saving. Our vessels undergo strict inspections in compliance with the rules and regulations EXPERIENCE of The Icelandic Maritime Administration The North Sailing crews are experienced as well as those of Loyd’s Register of and service minded sailors. Our skippers, Shipping. some of them fishermen for decades, have an average experience of 10 years in whale watching on Skjálfandi Bay. PreservinG National HeritaGE The North Sailing story started with A RECIPÉ FOR SUCCESS the restoration of the wooden fishing - NOT JUST OURS boat Knörrinn, and saving it from destruction. -
Icelandic Seafood and Fishing Industry Innovation - Seafood Software Solutions - Smart Solutions
April // 2013 CoolCool Icelandic Seafood and Fishing Industry Innovation - seafood software solutions - smart solutions seafood solutions FIND US AT BOOTH 6127-2 EUROPEAN SEAFOODHALL 4 EXPOSITION, BRUSSEL APRIL 23RD - 25TH Wise Fishing Wise Processing Wise Trade Wise Quality Wise Peripherals Wise Aquaculture Wise Analyzer Wise Cubes Wise Reports Wise Dynamics Wise Contracts Wise Government Wise Jobs Wise Subscription 2 Wise is an Independent Software Vendor (ISV) for Wise solutions combine the best of standard Microsoft Microsoft Dynamics NAV and a Microsoft Gold Partner. Dynamics NAV with specialty add-on solutions. Founded in 1995, Wise has become one of the largest Under the Wise Dynamics umbrella is a wide range of resellers of Dynamics NAV in Iceland, oering a wide solutions that oer seafood industry-focused packages, range of business solutions for the international markets. business intelligence solutions and analytical tools. TM Borgartún 26, 105 Reykjavík » Hafnarstræti 102, 600 Akureyri Gold Enterprise Resource Planning tel: +354 545 3200 » [email protected] » www.wise.is Silver Independent Software Vendor (ISV) Codland – 100% utilisation New ideas for extracting additional value products. Haustak’s origins go back to 1999 from seafood of are constantly popping up and it is owned by two of Iceland’s best in Iceland’s fisheries sector. Many known seafood companies, Vísir hf and enterprising young companies have in the Thorbjörn hf. last few years and decades been able to build on smart thinking with solid Arnar Jónsson and Haukur Már Gestsson, marketing to give them a market foothold. project managers at the Iceland Ocean Now another green shoots company, Cluster, have both worked extensively on Codland, born of ambitious innovation and improving additional value from seafood. -
Iceland Living in a Plate Tectonic Boundary
Iceland Living in a plate tectonic boundary https://grapevine.is/n ews/2021/05/18/lava -knocking-at-your- back-door/ https://www.agu.org/meetings/chapman/2012/bcal l/pdf/Chapman_Outline_of_Geology_of_Iceland.pdf Accessed 1/4/2018 Iceland is oceanic crust; it is the subaerial part of the Iceland Basalt Plateau (IBP) • The IBP • Rises > 3000 m above the sea floor • Covers 350,000 km2 • 30% is above sea level • A 50 – 200 km-wide shelf slopes gently to depths of ~ 400m before dropping into the abyss • All of the rocks in Iceland are younger than 25 million years • The oldest rocks exposed at the surface in Iceland are 14 – 16 million years old. • Erosion removes ~ 1 million cubic meters/year • Volcanism and sedimentation more than counter-balance that erosion Postglacial_volcanism _in_Iceland.pdf Accessed 4/4/2021 • RR, Reykjanes Ridge; • RVB, Reykjanes Volcanic Belt; SISZ, South Iceland • Seismic Zone; • WVZ, West Volcanic Zone; • MIB, Mid-Iceland Belt; • EVZ, East Volcanic Zone; • NVZ, North Volcanic • Zone; • TFZ, Tjörnes Fracture Zone; KR, Kolbeinsey Ridge; Mantle Plume • • ÖVB, Öræfi Volcanic Belt; SVB, Snæfellsnes Volcanic Belt Distribution of active volcanic systems among volcanic zones/belts Thordarson, T and A. Hoskuldssom.2014. Classic Geology of Europe 3: Iceland. Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. Pahoehoe/helluhraun lavas form from very fluid magma. A’a/apalhraun lavas may form from more viscous magmas. Flows may change from aa to pahoehoe as they cool. Thordarson, T and A. Hoskuldssom.2014. Classic Geology of Effusive eruptions occur when lava pours out from a fissure or Europe 3: Iceland. cone and flows across the surface as coherent bodies of lava. -
40. Magmatic Development of the Southeast Greenland Margin and Evolution of the Iceland Plume: Geochemical Constraints from Leg 1521
Saunders, A.D., Larsen, H.C., and Wise, S.W., Jr. (Eds.), 1998 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 152 40. MAGMATIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTHEAST GREENLAND MARGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE ICELAND PLUME: GEOCHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS FROM LEG 1521 Andrew D. Saunders,2 Hans Christian Larsen,3 and J. Godfrey Fitton4 ABSTRACT Leg 152, located on the southeast Greenland Margin, successfully recovered igneous rocks from three drill sites along a transect at 63°N: 915, 917, and 918. The margin is characterized by a 150-km-wide sequence of seaward-dipping reflectors (SDRS), and thus has an architecture typical of volcanic rifted margins. Site 917 was located close to the inboard, feather-edge of the SDRS, on the continental shelf, and drilling recovered rocks ranging in composition from picrite to dacite. Site 915 was immediately oceanward of Site 917, and Site 918 was located on the continental rise, in the main sequence of the SDRS. Drill- ing at both Sites 915 and 918 recovered basalt. Ash horizons were cored in the sediment column at Site 918 and Site 919 in the Irminger Basin. The oldest recovered lavas (the Lower and Middle Series from Site 917), erupted approximately 61 m.y. ago, sit on steeply dipping pre-rift metasediments. They are variably contaminated by ancient amphibolite- and granulite-facies crust, consistent with eruption in a continental setting before plate breakup. A few of the Lower Series lavas are high-MgO basalts. The amount of contamination decreased dramatically in the succeeding Upper Series lavas, which also show evidence for a rapid shallowing of the average depth of melting, and contain a high proportion of picrites and high-MgO basalts.