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Characterization of Molecular Communication Channel for Nanoscale Networks,” in Proc Please use the complete citation as below: M.U. Mahfuz, D. Makrakis, and H. Mouftah, “Characterization of Molecular Communication Channel for Nanoscale Networks,” in Proc. 3rd International Conference on Bio-inspired Systems and Signal Processing (BIOSIGNALS-2010), Valencia, Spain, 20-23 January, 2010, pp. 327-332. CHARACTERIZATION OF MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION CHANNEL FOR NANOSCALE NETWORKS Mohammad Upal Mahfuz, Dimitrios Makrakis and Hussein Mouftah Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Information Technology and Engineering (S.I.T.E.) University of Ottawa, 800 King Edward Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: Molecular communication, Propagation channel, Modeling, Pathloss, Bio-inspired nanonetworks, Throughput, Channel quantum response. Abstract: Recently molecular communication is being considered as a new communication physical layer option for nanonetworks. Nanonetworks are based on nanoscale artificial or bio-inspired nanomachines. Traditional communication technologies cannot work on the nanoscale because of the size and power consumption of transceivers and other components. On the other hand, a detailed knowledge of the molecular communication channel is necessary for successful communication. Some recent studies analyzed propagation impairment and its effects on molecular propagation. However, a proper characterization of the molecular propagation channel in nanonetworks is missing in the open literature. This goes without saying that a molecular propagation channel has to be characterized first before any performance evaluation can be made. Due to the nanoscale dimension of the nanomachines involved in molecular communication a measurement based approach using in vitro experiments is extremely difficult. In addition, a proper tuning of the experimental parameters is mandatory. This is why the authors were motivated to characterize the ‘channel quantum response (CQR)’ or equivalently the ‘throughput response’ of bio-inspired nanonetworks with an alternative approach. This paper considers the molecular channel as particle propagation. The CQR i.e. the throughput response and its characteristics have been found in order to better-understand the molecular channel behavior of nanonetworks. 1 INTRODUCTION to nanonetworks. Nanomachines are artificial or biological machines on the nanoscale dimensions (1 Molecular Communication is a new interdisciplinary nm to 100 nm) responsible for extremely limited field of research that has emerged from the tasks. Conventional artificial dry techniques have amalgamation of three independent research fields several difficulties especially in the fabrication named nanotechnology, biotechnology and phases, for which bio-inspired communication information and communication technology (ICT). techniques started to have been investigated very Molecular communication is one sub-division of the recently (Atakan and Akan, 2007, Moritani et al., large research area of nanoscale communication and 2006, Parcerisa and Akyldiz, 2009, Moore et al., networking. Although scaling down of the macro- 2009). Bio-inspired communication systems are devices leads to nanoscale components and derived from molecular biology and biotechnology. technologies in general, due to several practical In addition to this, their advantages are realized limitations of available technologies it has been when nanotechnology and information and proposed that bio-inspired communications can communication technologies are brought together to solve some key problems and thus nanoscale integrate into technologies based on molecular molecular communication has become a good communications, giving rise to the new field of candidate for the new molecular communication nano-bio-communication technology. Molecular based nanonetworking (Akyildiz, 2008, Lacasa, communication is in fact quite common in the nature 2009). Communication in the form of concentration in living organisms as a means to communicate with encoding and molecular encoding as well as each other by enabling one or more biological networking among several nanomachines give rise phenomena. Short-range molecular communication 327 BIOSIGNALS 2010 - International Conference on Bio-inspired Systems and Signal Processing based on concentration encoding and long-range substance as governed in macroscopic level by communications based on pheromones are some Fick’s law and well documented in Bossert (1963) examples to mention (Akyildiz, 2008, Lacasa, and Berg (1993). However, the same idea could be 2009). Received molecular concentration or even suitable for nanonetworks, too. Unlike RF the transmitted molecules bound with the chemical propagation, molecular propagation should be receptors on the cell boundary of nanomachines treated with the quantum or particle theory of contain biologically meaningful information which propagation. CQR is in fact to some extent triggers one or more biological phenomena to analogous to channel impulse response (CIR) of perform the required task. Biological systems found traditional communication systems. For example, the in nature perform both intra-cellular communication number of molecules received from a point source through vesicles transportation and inter-cellular per unit of volume can be calculated from the well- communication through neurotransmitters, as well as known Roberts equation (Bossert, 1963) as inter-organ communication through hormones r 2 Q 4 D t (1) (Atakan, 2008). Molecular nanonetworks are in fact Urt , 3 e quite significant in the sense that communication 4S Dt 2 and networking among a large number of where r is the distance of the receiver from the nanomachines can create several new applications, emitting source, Q is the amount of released for instance nanoscale distributed computation molecules per second and D is the diffusion constant systems, nanoscale bio-inspired or hybrid sensing in cm2/s unit. D depends on the medium through systems, improved health care systems, which the molecules propagate. To the best of our nanomedicine, chemical sensor networks for micro- knowledge, there isn’t any work in the open nanoscale applications are just a few applications to literature that has made an effort to extract and mention. define the CQR or equivalently to the throughput. There exists some related research in the area of This has given us the main impetus for writing this molecular communication in the last few years. For paper. The CQR and its characteristics could be instance, Atakan (2007) discussed an information deduced from (1). The propagation of information theoretical approach for a molecular communication molecules in a molecular channel in shown in Fig.1. systems based on several infeasible assumptions In order to determine CQR, the molecular channel is (Lucasa, 2009). Akyldiz (2008) presented a survey excited by an instantaneous short duration quanta of nanonetworks with an emphasis on bio-inspired emission of molecules Q(t) for a given time duration molecular communications for short-range and long- tH as shown in Fig.2. Since molecule transmissions range communications. To the best of our in biological nanomachines are in fact slow knowledge none of the papers in the open literature processes, to make it more practical we consider has considered the molecular propagation channel Q(t)=Q for a duration of tH where we also vary tH as from particle propagation perspective and shown in Fig.2. Considering the generalized Q(t) investigated the channel behavior of the same. This eqn. (1) can be written as (Bossert, 1963) 2 has given us the main impetus to write this paper. t r Q W 4 DtW (2) Urt, ed W Section-2 explains the channel behavior in terms of ³ 3 channel quantum response (CQR). Some remarks 0 ^`4SWDt 2 are mentioned and comments are made on the which for our purpose, can be re-written as r2 findings. Finally, section-3 concludes the paper with tH Q W 4DtW (3) Urt, edQtgt W several future research directions. ³ 3 0 ^`4SWDt 2 r2 where e4Dt (4) 2 PERFORMANCE gt 3/2 4S Dt EVALUATION is defined as the CQR of the molecular channel and the symbol indicates convolution operation. In 2.1 Channel Quantum Response this paper we have made a rigorous analysis of this (CQR) Modeling CQR. Please note that propagation impairments are not considered for the time being, but indicated as The idea of CQR for molecular propagation channel future works. Fig.1. shows a generalized molecular in nanonetworks came in fact from the well-known communication channel, the blue circles time-dependent solution to concentration of diffused representing the molecules transmitted by the 328 CHARACTERIZATION OF MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION CHANNEL FOR NANOSCALE NETWORKS transmitter nanomachine (TN), propagated in the channel quantum response (CQR) more solid. Please channel, and finally received by the receiver note that CQR can also be termed as ‘throughput nanomachine (RN). response' as an equivalent term. Molecular Propagation Channel 2.2 Distance and Temporal Dependence TN RN As shown in eqn. (4) the CQR is a function of both Information time, t and distance, r from the transmitting molecules nanomachine (TN). Investigating into g(t) it is clear Figure 1: Propagation of information molecules: A that unlike EM wave propagation modeling the generalized molecular propagation channel between a molecular communication channel cannot be transmitter nanomachine (TN) and a receiving explained in terms of separate distance dependence nanomachine
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