Pain Pathways (CN V, VII) Lab 8 March 26, 2021 - Dr
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NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems
NS201C Anatomy 1: Sensory and Motor Systems 25th January 2017 Peter Ohara Department of Anatomy [email protected] The Subdivisions and Components of the Central Nervous System Axes and Anatomical Planes of Sections of the Human and Rat Brain Development of the neural tube 1 Dorsal and ventral cell groups Dermatomes and myotomes Neural crest derivatives: 1 Neural crest derivatives: 2 Development of the neural tube 2 Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Timing of development of the neural tube and its derivatives Gestational Crown-rump Structure(s) age (Weeks) length (mm) 3 3 cerebral vesicles 4 4 Optic cup, otic placode (future internal ear) 5 6 cerebral vesicles, cranial nerve nuclei 6 12 Cranial and cervical flexures, rhombic lips (future cerebellum) 7 17 Thalamus, hypothalamus, internal capsule, basal ganglia Hippocampus, fornix, olfactory bulb, longitudinal fissure that 8 30 separates the hemispheres 10 53 First callosal fibers cross the midline, early cerebellum 12 80 Major expansion of the cerebral cortex 16 134 Olfactory connections established 20 185 Gyral and sulcul patterns of the cerebral cortex established Clinical case A 68 year old woman with hypertension and diabetes develops abrupt onset numbness and tingling on the right half of the face and head and the entire right hemitrunk, right arm and right leg. She does not experience any weakness or incoordination. Physical Examination: Vitals: T 37.0° C; BP 168/87; P 86; RR 16 Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and abdominal exam are within normal limits. Neurological Examination: Mental Status: Alert and oriented x 3, 3/3 recall in 3 minutes, language fluent. -
Activation of Raphe Nuclei Triggers Rapid and Distinct Effects on Parallel Olfactory Bulb Output Channels
Activation of raphe nuclei triggers rapid and distinct effects on parallel olfactory bulb output channels The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Kapoor, Vikrant, Allison Provost, Prateek Agarwal, and Venkatesh N. Murthy. 2015. “Activation of raphe nuclei triggers rapid and distinct effects on parallel olfactory bulb output channels.” Nature neuroscience 19 (2): 271-282. doi:10.1038/nn.4219. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.4219. Published Version doi:10.1038/nn.4219 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29002684 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Nat Neurosci Manuscript Author . Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2016 August 01. Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2016 February ; 19(2): 271–282. doi:10.1038/nn.4219. Activation of raphe nuclei triggers rapid and distinct effects on parallel olfactory bulb output channels Vikrant Kapoor1,2,†, Allison Provost1,2, Prateek Agarwal1,2, and Venkatesh N. Murthy1,2,† 1Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 2Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 Abstract The serotonergic raphe nuclei are involved in regulating brain states over time-scales of minutes and hours. We examined more rapid effects of serotonergic activation on two classes of principal neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb, mitral and tufted cells, which send olfactory information to distinct targets. -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: a Study of Pulse-Technique Efficacy
691 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: A Study of Pulse-Technique Efficacy Val M. Runge1 Forty-two patients with the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis were examined by Ann C. Price1 proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 0.5 T. An extensive protocol was used to Howard S. Kirshner2 facilitate a comparison of the efficacy of different pulse techniques. Results were also Joseph H. Allen 1 compared in 39 cases with high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (CT). MRI revealed characteristic abnormalities in each case, whereas CT was positive in only 15 C. Leon Partain 1 of 33 patients. Milder grades 1 and 2 disease were usually undetected by CT, and in all A. Everette James, Jr.1 cases, the abnormalities noted on MRI were much more extensive than on CT. Cerebral abnormalities were best shown with the T2-weighted spin-echo sequence (TE/TR = 120/1000); brainstem lesions were best defined on the inversion-recovery sequence (TE/TI/TR =30/400/1250). Increasing TE to 120 msec and TR to 2000 msec heightened the contrast between normal and abnormal white matter. However, the signal intensity of cerebrospinal fluid with this pulse technique obscured some abnormalities. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis continues to be a clinical challenge [1,2). The lack of an objective means of assessment further complicates the evaluation of treatment regimens. Evoked potentials, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis , and computed tomography (CT) are currently used for diagnosis, but all lack sensitivity and/or specificity. Furthermore, postmortem examinations demonstrate many more lesions than those suggested by clinical means [3). -
Spinal Tracts.Pdf
Spinal Tracts Andreas Talgø Lie Illustrations by: Peder Olai Skjeflo Holman Previous material: Maja Solbakken Definitions to bring home Nerve Ganglion Neuron Nucleus Tract Collection neurons Collection of nerve A single cell Collection of Collection of axons that transmits cell bodies in the transmitting nerve cell bodies in traveling up or sensation or motor PNS, typically linked electrical impluses. the CNS, typically down the spinal impulses depending by synapses. linked by synapses. cord, depending on the function and Location: both on function destination. Location: PNS Location: CNS and destination. Location: PNS Location: CNS - does it matter? Tract - highway to pass anatomy exam? • Highway = Tract • Lane = Neuron • Car = Signal Slow... Fast!! Just to make sure... • Ipsilateral or contralateral • Ventral = anterior • Dorsal = posterior High yield points to understand • What does the tract transmit - Motor or sensory? If sensory: which sensation? • Where does the neurones synapse - 1.st, 2nd and 3rd order neron? Which ganglion/nuclei? • Where there are decussations - If there are any decussations at all? ASCENDING / SENSORY TRACTS Sensations * Temperature NOT transmitted by the tracts: * Pressure * Visualization * Pain * Audition * Fine touch * Olfaction * Crude touch * Gustation * Proprioception * Vibration Sensations Precise sensation Primitive sensation Fine touch Crude touch Pressure Pain Vibration Temperature Proprioception Other: sexual, itching, tickling Ascending tracts / Sensory tracts Dorsal coulmn Lat. Spinothalamic Ant. -
Brainstem: Structure & Its Mode of Action
Journal of Neurology & Neurophysiology 2021, Vol.12, Issue 3, 521 Opinion Brainstem: Structure & Its Mode of action Karthikeyan Rupani Research Fellow, Tata Medical Centre, India. Corresponding Author* The brainstem is exceptionally little, making up around as it were 2.6 percent of the brain's add up to weight. It has the basic parts of directing cardiac, and Rupani K, respiratory work, making a difference to control heart rate and breathing rate. Research Fellow, Tata Medical Centre, India; It moreover gives the most engine and tactile nerve supply to the confront and E-mail: [email protected] neck by means of the cranial nerves. Ten sets of cranial nerves come from the brainstem. Other parts incorporate the direction of the central apprehensive Copyright: 2021 Rupani K. This is an open-access article distributed under the framework and the body's sleep cycle. It is additionally of prime significance terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted within the movement of engine and tangible pathways from the rest of the use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author brain to the body, and from the body back to the brain. These pathways and source are credited. incorporate the corticospinal tract (engine work), the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway and the spinothalamic tract [3]. The primary part of the brainstem we'll consider is the midbrain. The midbrain Received 01 March 2021; Accepted 15 March 2021; Published 22 March 2021 (too known as the mesencephalon) is the foremost prevalent of the three districts of the brainstem. It acts as a conduit between the forebrain over and the pons and cerebellum underneath. -
Scaling Our World View: How Monoamines Can Put Context Into Brain Circuitry
HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY published: 20 December 2018 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00506 Scaling Our World View: How Monoamines Can Put Context Into Brain Circuitry Philipp Stratmann 1,2*, Alin Albu-Schäffer 1,2 and Henrik Jörntell 3 1 Sensor Based Robotic Systems and Intelligent Assistance Systems, Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany, 2 German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics, Weßling, Germany, 3 Neural Basis of Sensorimotor Control, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Monoamines are presumed to be diffuse metabotropic neuromodulators of the topographically and temporally precise ionotropic circuitry which dominates CNS functions. Their malfunction is strongly implicated in motor and cognitive disorders, but their function in behavioral and cognitive processing is scarcely understood. In this paper, the principles of such a monoaminergic function are conceptualized for locomotor control. We find that the serotonergic system in the ventral spinal cord scales ionotropic signals and shows topographic order that agrees with differential gain modulation of ionotropic subcircuits. Whereas the subcircuits can collectively signal predictive models of the world based on life-long learning, their differential scaling continuously adjusts these models to changing mechanical contexts based on sensory input on a fast time scale of a few 100 ms. The control theory of biomimetic robots demonstrates that this precision scaling is an effective and resource-efficient -
Facial Sensory Symptoms in Medullary Infarcts
Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2005;63(4):946-950 FACIAL SENSORY SYMPTOMS IN MEDULLARY INFARCTS Adriana Bastos Conforto1, Fábio Iuji Yamamoto1, Cláudia da Costa Leite2, Milberto Scaff1, Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie1 ABSTRACT - Objective: To investigate the correlation between facial sensory abnormalities and lesional topography in eight patients with lateral medullary infarcts (LMIs). Method: We reviewed eight sequen- tial cases of LMIs admitted to the Neurology Division of Hospital das Clínicas/ São Paulo University between J u l y, 2001 and August, 2002 except for one patient who had admitted in 1996 and was still followed in 2002. All patients were submitted to conventional brain MRI including axial T1-, T2-weighted and Fluid attenuated inversion-re c o v e ry (FLAIR) sequences. MRIs were evaluated blindly to clinical features to deter- mine extension of the infarct to presumed topographies of the ventral trigeminothalamic (VTT), lateral spinothalamic, spinal trigeminal tracts and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Results:S e n s o ry symptoms or signs w e re ipsilateral to the bulbar infarct in 3 patients, contralateral in 4 and bilateral in 1. In all of our cases with exclusive contralateral facial sensory symptoms, infarcts had medial extensions that included the VTT t o p o g r a p h y. In cases with exclusive ipsilateral facial sensory abnormalities, infarcts affected lateral and posterior bulbar portions, with slight or no medial extension. The only patient who presented bilateral facial symptoms had an infarct that covered both medial and lateral, in addition to the posterior re g i o n of the medulla. Conclusion: Our results show a correlation between medial extension of LMIs and pres- ence of contralateral facial sensory symptoms. -
L4-Physiology of Motor Tracts.Pdf
: chapter 55 page 667 Objectives (1) Describe the upper and lower motor neurons. (2) Understand the pathway of Pyramidal tracts (Corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts). (3) Understand the lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts. (4) Explain functional role of corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts. (5) Describe the Extrapyramidal tracts as Rubrospinal, Vestibulospinal, Reticulospinal and Tectspinal Tracts. The name of the tract indicate its pathway, for example Corticobulbar : Terms: - cortico: cerebral cortex. Decustation: crossing. - Bulbar: brainstem. Ipsilateral : same side. *So it starts at cerebral cortex and Contralateral: opposite side. terminate at the brainstem. CNS influence the activity of skeletal muscle through two set of neurons : 1- Upper motor neurons (UMN) 2- lower motor neuron (LMN) They are neurons of motor cortex & their axons that pass to brain stem and They are Spinal motor neurons in the spinal spinal cord to activate: cord & cranial motor neurons in the brain • cranial motor neurons (in brainstem) stem which innervate muscles directly. • spinal motor neurons (in spinal cord) - These are the only neurons that innervate - Upper motor neurons (UMN) are the skeletal muscle fibers, they function as responsible for conveying impulses for the final common pathway, the final link voluntary motor activity through between the CNS and skeletal muscles. descending motor pathways that make up by the upper motor neurons. Lower motor neurons are classified based on the type of muscle fiber the innervate: There are two UMN Systems through which 1- alpha motor neurons (UMN) control (LMN): 2- gamma motor neurons 1- Pyramidal system (corticospinal tracts ). 2- Extrapyramidal system The activity of the lower motor neuron (LMN, spinal or cranial) is influenced by: 1. -
(Corticobulbar) Tract
Cor$cospinal (cor$cobulbar) Tract 6/18/12 1. Appreciate the functions of the corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts. 2. Distinguish corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts. Theodore Tzavaras MD2015 3. Identify the locations of both Laurie L. Wellman Ph.D. tracts through the forebrain, Eastern Virginia Medical School brainstem and spinal cord. 4. Identify the level of decussation of the corticospinal tract, and it’s clinical importance. Dr. Craig Goodmurphy Anatomy Guy Pathway Overview Pathway Overview Corticospinal Corticobulbar ² Begin in primary motor cortex. ² Begin in primary motor cortex. ² Upper ² Travel through the posterior limb Travel through the posterior limb Upper of the internal capsule (somatotopic). Motor of the internal capsule (somatotopic). Motor ² Descend through the middle 3/5 of Neuron ² Descend through the middle 3/5 of the crus cerebri (somatotopic). the crus cerebri (somatotopic). Neuron ² Travel through the brainstem as ² Travel through the brainstem and the descending pyramidal system. synapse on brainstem nuclei. Crosses Lower ² Decussate at the caudal medulla in Midline ² α-Motor neurons project along the pyramidal decussation. cranial nerves for facial movements Motor ² Descend in the spinal cord as the and voice production. Neuron corticospinal tract Lower ² All cranial nerve nuclei receive ² Synapse on α-motor neurons Motor bilateral UMN input* ² Exit spinal cord in ventral rami Neuron *Part of CN VI is the exception AnatomyGuy.com 1 Cor$cospinal (cor$cobulbar) Tract 6/18/12 Overview Corticospinal ² Primary motor cortex Don’t ü ² Try to learn all the details on your first Posterior limb of the internal pass. capsule (somatotopic). Do ü Try to sketch out each brain, ² Middle 3/5 of the crus cerebri brainstem, and cord level we showed (somatotopic). -
Spinal Cord Organization
Lecture 4 Spinal Cord Organization The spinal cord . Afferent tract • connects with spinal nerves, through afferent BRAIN neuron & efferent axons in spinal roots; reflex receptor interneuron • communicates with the brain, by means of cell ascending and descending pathways that body form tracts in spinal white matter; and white matter muscle • gives rise to spinal reflexes, pre-determined gray matter Efferent neuron by interneuronal circuits. Spinal Cord Section Gross anatomy of the spinal cord: The spinal cord is a cylinder of CNS. The spinal cord exhibits subtle cervical and lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargements produced by extra neurons in segments that innervate limbs. The region of spinal cord caudal to the lumbar enlargement is conus medullaris. Caudal to this, a terminal filament of (nonfunctional) glial tissue extends into the tail. terminal filament lumbar enlargement conus medullaris cervical enlargement A spinal cord segment = a portion of spinal cord that spinal ganglion gives rise to a pair (right & left) of spinal nerves. Each spinal dorsal nerve is attached to the spinal cord by means of dorsal and spinal ventral roots composed of rootlets. Spinal segments, spinal root (rootlets) nerve roots, and spinal nerves are all identified numerically by th region, e.g., 6 cervical (C6) spinal segment. ventral Sacral and caudal spinal roots (surrounding the conus root medullaris and terminal filament and streaming caudally to (rootlets) reach corresponding intervertebral foramina) collectively constitute the cauda equina. Both the spinal cord (CNS) and spinal roots (PNS) are enveloped by meninges within the vertebral canal. Spinal nerves (which are formed in intervertebral foramina) are covered by connective tissue (epineurium, perineurium, & endoneurium) rather than meninges. -
Prominent Activation of Brainstem and Pallidal Afferents of the Ventral Tegmental Area by Cocaine
Neuropsychopharmacology (2008) 33, 2688–2700 & 2008 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/08 $30.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Prominent Activation of Brainstem and Pallidal Afferents of the Ventral Tegmental Area by Cocaine 1,3 2 1 1 1 Stefanie Geisler , Michela Marinelli , Beth DeGarmo , Mary L Becker , Alexander J Freiman , 2 2 ,1 Mitch Beales , Gloria E Meredith and Daniel S Zahm* 1 2 Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA Blockade of monoamine transporters by cocaine should not necessarily lead to certain observed consequences of cocaine administration, including increased firing of ventral mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons and accompanying impulse-stimulated release of DA in the forebrain and cortex. Accordingly, we hypothesize that the dopaminergic-activating effect of cocaine requires stimulation of the dopaminergic neurons by afferents of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We sought to determine if afferents of the VTA are activated following cocaine administration. Rats were injected in the VTA with retrogradely transported Fluoro-Gold and, after 1 week, were allowed to self-administer cocaine or saline via jugular catheters for 2 h on 6 consecutive days. Other rats received a similar amount of investigator- administered cocaine through jugular catheters. Afterward, the rats were killed and the brains processed immunohistochemically for retrogradely transported tracer and Fos, the protein product of the neuronal activation-associated immediate early gene, c-fos. Forebrain neurons exhibiting both Fos and tracer immunoreactivity were enriched in both cocaine groups relative to the controls only in the globus pallidus and ventral pallidum, which, together, represented a minor part of total forebrain retrogradely labeled neurons. -
Identification of Discrete Functional Subregions of the Human
Identification of discrete functional subregions of the human periaqueductal gray Ajay B. Satputea,1, Tor D. Wagerb, Julien Cohen-Adadc, Marta Bianciardid, Ji-Kyung Choid, Jason T. Buhlee, Lawrence L. Waldd, and Lisa Feldman Barretta,f aDepartment of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115; bDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309; cDepartment of Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1J4; Departments of dRadiology and fPsychiatry, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129; and eDepartment of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027 Edited by Marcus E. Raichle, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, and approved September 9, 2013 (received for review March 30, 2013) The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) region is organized into Unfortunately however, standard fMRI is fundamentally lim- distinct subregions that coordinate survival-related responses ited in its resolution, making it uncertain which fMRI results lie during threat and stress [Bandler R, Keay KA, Floyd N, Price J in the PAG and which lie in other nearby nuclei. The overarching (2000) Brain Res 53 (1):95–104]. To examine PAG function in humans, issue is size and shape. The PAG is small and is shaped like a researchers have relied primarily on functional MRI (fMRI), but tech- hollow cylinder with an external diameter of ∼6 mm, a height of nological and methodological limitations have prevented research- ∼10 mm, and an internal diameter of ∼2–3 mm. The cerebral ers from localizing responses to different PAG subregions.