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A Look at the Impacts of Montana's Renewable

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A Look at the Impacts of Montana's Renewable SEPTEMBER 2014 Renewables REWARDS AND RISKS A LOOK AT THE IMPACTS OF MONTANA’S RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD A REPORT TO THE 64TH LEGISLATURE ENERGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS INTERIM COMMITTEE ϮϬϭϯͳϮϬϭϰKDD/ddDDZ^ ĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞĐůŽƐĞŽĨĞĂĐŚůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀĞƐĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞ,ŽƵƐĞĂŶĚ^ĞŶĂƚĞůĞĂĚĞƌƐŚŝƉĂƉƉŽŝŶƚůĂǁŵĂŬĞƌƐƚŽŝŶƚĞƌŝŵ ĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞƐ͘dŚĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞd/͕ůŝŬĞƚŚĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨŵŽƐƚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶƚĞƌŝŵĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞƐ͕ƐĞƌǀĞŽŶĞϮϬͲŵŽŶƚŚ ƚĞƌŵ͘DĞŵďĞƌƐǁŚŽĂƌĞƌĞĞůĞĐƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞ>ĞŐŝƐůĂƚƵƌĞ͕ƐƵďũĞĐƚƚŽŽǀĞƌĂůůƚĞƌŵůŝŵŝƚƐĂŶĚŝĨĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚ͕ŵĂLJƐĞƌǀĞ ĂŐĂŝŶŽŶĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŝŵĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĐŽŵƉůLJǁŝƚŚϮͲϭϱͲϭϱϱ͕D͘ Senate Members House Members ^ĞŶĂƚŽƌůŝī>ĂƌƐĞŶ͕ŚĂŝƌ ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞ<ĞŝƚŚZĞŐŝĞƌ͕sŝĐĞŚĂŝƌ ϴϵϮϱ>ĂǀĂůůĞƌĞĞŬZŽĂĚ ϭϬϳϴ^ƟůůǁĂƚĞƌZŽĂĚ DŝƐƐŽƵůĂ͕DdϱϵϴϬϴͲϵϯϮϰ <ĂůŝƐƉĞůů͕DdϱϵϵϬϭ WŚ͗ϰϬϲͲϱϰϰͲϲϮϲϯ WŚ͗ϰϬϲͲϳϱϲͲϲϭϰϭ ŵĂŝů͗ĐůŝīΛůĂƌƐĞŶƵƐĂ͘ĐŽŵ ŵĂŝů͗ŬƌĞŐŝĞƌΛĐĞŶƚƵƌLJƚĞů͘ŶĞƚ ^ĞŶĂƚŽƌĚƵƩƌĞLJ ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞDŝŬĞ>ĂŶŐ Ϯϳ'ƌĂŶŝƚĞ,ŝůů>ĂŶĞ W͘K͘ŽdžϭϬϵ 'ƌĞĂƚ&ĂůůƐ͕DdϱϵϰϬϱ DĂůƚĂ͕Ddϱϵϱϯϴ WŚ͗ϰϬϲͲϳϱϬͲϲϳϵϴ WŚ͗ϰϬϲͲϲϱϰͲϳϯϱϳ ŵĂŝů͗ĞďƵƩƌĞLJΛƐĞŶĂƚĞϭϯ͘ĐŽŵ ŵĂŝů͗ZĞƉ͘D>ĂŶŐΛůĞŐŵƚ͘ŐŽǀ ^ĞŶĂƚŽƌZŽďLJŶƌŝƐĐŽůů ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞDĂƌLJDĐEĂůůLJ ϰϬϰ,ŽƵůĞƌŝǀĞ W͘K͘ŽdžϮϬϱϴϰ ŝůůŝŶŐƐ͕DdϱϵϭϬϮͲϰϴϲϭ ŝůůŝŶŐƐ͕DdϱϵϭϬϰ WŚ͗ϰϬϲͲϱϯϰͲϰϴϳϰ WŚ͗ϰϬϲͲϲϳϭͲϭϯϳϲ ŵĂŝů͗ƌŽďLJŶΛƌŽďLJŶĚƌŝƐĐŽůů͘ĐŽŵ ŵĂŝů͗ŵĐŶĂůůLJŚĚϰϵΛŐŵĂŝů͘ĐŽŵ ^ĞŶĂƚŽƌůĂŶKůƐŽŶ ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞdŽŵ^ƚĞĞŶďĞƌŐ ϭϴ,ĂůĩƌĞĞĚƌĞĞŬZŽĂĚ ϰϴϬϮƐƉĞŶƌŝǀĞ ZŽƵŶĚƵƉ͕DdϱϵϬϳϮͲϲϱϮϰ DŝƐƐŽƵůĂ͕DdϱϵϴϬϮͲϱϮϭϴ WŚ͗ϰϬϲͲϯϮϯͲϯϯϰϭ WŚ͗ϰϬϲͲϳϮϭͲϱϴϲϵ ŵĂŝů͗ĂũŽůƐŽŶΛŵŝĚƌŝǀĞƌƐ͘ĐŽŵ ŵĂŝů͗ŵƚƐƚĞĞŶďĞƌŐΛďƌĞƐŶĂŶ͘ŶĞƚ W͘K͘ŽdžϮϬϭϳϬϲ ,ĞůĞŶĂ͕DdϱϵϲϮϬͲϭϳϬϲ WŚŽŶĞ͗;ϰϬϲͿϰϰϰͲϯϬϲϰ &Ădž͗;ϰϬϲͿϰϰϰͲϯϵϳϭ tĞďƐŝƚĞ͗ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬůĞŐ͘ŵƚ͘ŐŽǀͬĞƟĐ ŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚdĞůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ/ŶƚĞƌŝŵŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ^ƚĂī dŽĚĚǀĞƌƚƐ͕ƩŽƌŶĞLJ͖^ŽŶũĂEŽǁĂŬŽǁƐŬŝ͕>ĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀĞZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŶĂůLJƐƚ͖:ŽLJ>ĞǁŝƐ͕^ĞĐƌĞƚĂƌLJ dŚŝƐƌĞƉŽƌƚŝƐĂƐƵŵŵĂƌLJŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŽĨƚŚĞŶĞƌŐLJĂŶĚdĞůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ/ŶƚĞƌŝŵŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ͕ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƚŽƚŚĞ d/͛ƐϮϬϭϯͲϮϬϭϰƌĞŶĞǁĂďůĞƉŽƌƞŽůŝŽƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƌĞǀŝĞǁĂƐŽƵƚůŝŶĞĚŝŶƚŚĞd/͛ƐϮϬϭϯͲϮϬϭϰǁŽƌŬƉůĂŶĂŶĚ^ĞŶĂƚĞ :ŽŝŶƚZĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶEŽ͘ϲ͘DĞŵďĞƌƐƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐƚĞƐƟŵŽŶLJŽŶƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚ͕ĂŶĚƚŚŝƐ ƌĞƉŽƌƚŝƐĂŶĞīŽƌƚƚŽŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚŬĞLJŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJƚŚĞd/ŝŶƌĞĂĐŚŝŶŐŝƚƐĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐ͘ dŽƌĞǀŝĞǁĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐǁƌŝƩĞŶŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͕ĞdžŚŝďŝƚƐ͕ĂŶĚĂƵĚŝŽŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ͕ǀŝƐŝƚƚŚĞd/ǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͗ ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬůĞŐ͘ŵƚ͘ŐŽǀͬĞƟĐ TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface .............................................................................................................................................................................1 Findings ...........................................................................................................................................................................2 'ĞŶĞƌĂůĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŝŵƉĂĐƚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŝŵƉĂĐƚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯ ŽŶƐƵŵĞƌŝŵƉĂĐƚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯ /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ .....................................................................................................................................................................2 tŚLJĂŶZW^͍͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯ tŚŽŵĞĞƚƐƚŚĞDŽŶƚĂŶĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͍͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯ tŚĂƚŝƐƌĞŶĞǁĂďůĞ͍͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱ Surveys .............................................................................................................................................................................7 Economic Impacts of Montana’s RPS ................................................................................................................................7 ^ƵƌǀĞLJƐĂLJƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘8 ŶĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐŵŽĚĞů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘9 ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĚƌŝǀĞƌ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬ ĞŶƚƌĂůDŽŶƚĂŶĂǁŝŶƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬ ZĞŶĞǁĂďůĞĞŶĞƌŐLJĐƌĞĚŝƚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭ dƌĂŶƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯ Environmental Impacts of Montana’s RPS .......................................................................................................................13 ^ƵƌǀĞLJƐĂLJƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ ŝǀĞƌƐŝĮĞĚŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐĞĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐĞŽŶĨŽƐƐŝůĨƵĞůƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ dLJƉĞƐŽĨŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶƵƐĞĚŝŶŵĞĞƟŶŐƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϲ ŝƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϳ ,ĞĂůƚŚŝŵƉĂĐƚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϴ ůŝŵĂƚĞĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϮϬ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϮϮ Consumer Impacts of Montana’s RPS ..............................................................................................................................26 ^ƵƌǀĞLJƐĂLJƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϲ ŽƐƚĐĂƉƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϳ ŽŶƐƵŵĞƌŽƵŶƐĞůĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϵ ĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJ͗^ƉŝŽŶ<ŽƉ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϵ YƵĞƐƟŽŶŽĨŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϬ dŚĞZWƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϭ ĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJ͗ZĞƋƵĞƐƚĨŽƌĂƌĂƚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϮ Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................33 Figure Notes ...................................................................................................................................................................33 Appendix A .....................................................................................................................................................................ϯϰ ƉƉĞŶĚŝdž .....................................................................................................................................................................36 Appendix C .....................................................................................................................................................................38 Appendix D ....................................................................................................................................................................ϰϬ Appendix E .....................................................................................................................................................................ϰϳ Appendix F ................................................................................................................................................................... 101 Appendix G .................................................................................................................................................................
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