Past, Present and Future Perspectives of Indigenous Livestock Production Systems in the Seyhan Basin
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Past, present and future perspectives of indigenous livestock production systems in the seyhan basin, southern turkey Livestock Sub-Group Okan Güney1, Aykut Gül2, Nazan Darcan1, Nafiz Çeliktaş3, İnanç Güney4 , Hilal Işık2 and Masahiro HIRATA5 01330 Balcali, Adana, Turkey 1 University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Adana, Turkey 2 University of Cukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Adana, Turkey 3 University of Mustafa Kemal, Faculty of Agriculture, Antakya, Turkey 4 University of Cukurova, Vocational School of Yumurtalık, Adana, Turkey 5 School of Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine 1. Introduction is often difficult and constrained by several environmental factors such as rainfall, very high Climate change is particularly threatening temperature and poor soil fertility. Diversification in agriculture in undeveloped and developing countries farming is a difficult task to attain, however because sustainable water management measures are integration of livestock production to the system not developed together with land management would make significant contribution to poor farmers policies. and the stability of small farm systems. It is evident An internationally recognized method for that livestock husbandry/pastoralism will continue to assessing the environmental effects of livestock be important for the food producing system in the production should follow a standard pattern and 21st century throughout the world. should be applicable to all sites and to an integrated The purpose of this study is to determine the system of agriculture. In order to satisfy these current livestock activities in the Seyhan basin and requirements, relevant key indicators are selected for predict its changes due to the climate in 2100. The the respective site conditions. The method for testing current and past perspectives of the livestock the environmental impact is demonstrated above in production systems will primarily be evaluated in the flow-chart for selected indicators (Figure 1). the period of 2004-2005, together with future Livestock activities influence ecosystems which lead changes. to a change in societal responses and subsequently, The following items of priority were specified the market structure and prices that are affected by for this aim; the society itself. Since natural resources are - To determine the current situation of the strongly influenced by these changes, some grazing pattern, grazing area and feed resources precautions have to be taken in the management of - To determine the current situation of crop the livestock. The advantages of this method are that cultivation it provides a transparent evaluation and takes -To determine the current economic situation account of the sensivity of the resources. related with the livestock production system The ICCAP (Impact of Climate Changes on -To determine the current social relationships on Agricultural Production System) project focuses on farm/village and inter-village levels predicting the future situation of agricultural -To determine the past situation of pastoralism production systems in 2100 under the above mentioned conditions of climate changes in the 2. Methodology and materials Seyhan basin (Southern Turkey). Livestock products Material provide self-sufficiency for families, in situations Data collection was done with a questionnaire* where the land is of poor quality and crop cultivation interviewing the farmers about their family background in this study. On the other hand some Survey Area points are noted for the Project implementation as The survey area of the Project is indicated below. well. in the following points. Zones Elevation Towns Total Number Villages Selected Names of villages villages I 1300-1400 Tufanbeyli 14 2 1.Kirazlıyurt 2. Kayarcik II 1000 Saimbeyli 9 1 1. Himmetli III 700 Aladag 18 2 1.Kökez 2.Dölekli IV 400 Karaisali 37 3 1.Gildirli 2.Bolacalı 3.Güvenç V 0 Karatas 6 1 1. Ataköy Total 84 9 * Questionnaire form is enclosed at the end of the text -Migration patterns in the Seyhan basin partly Method depend on available natural resources, communal Kind of livestock, daily patterns of grazing (time politics and etc. The migration patterns of several to go out and come back) and feeding (time and indigenous groups differ according to temporal amount per livestock), grazing areas (natural variations. rangeland and/or cultivated field and/or pen) as well -Migration routes as the annual period of its utilization was surveyed -Composition of migrated flocks by interviews in the winter of 2004 and summer of -Seasonal movements of the flocks will be followed 2005. The distribution of the grazing areas was also during the field survey. drawn on topographic maps (1/25.000). -Migration patterns of the historical changes i.e. time 1. To determine the current situation of crop serial changes and transitions in grazing patterns will cultivation be determined. Types of crops, patterns (time of seedling and The public survey has been carried out in the harvesting) as well as the area and production of villages of 5 districts within the borders of Adana each crop cultivation/yield were surveyed by province and in the Seyhan basin. The altitude and interviews in the winter of 2004 and summer of animal population have been taken into 2005. consideration while defining the villages and 2. To determine the current economic situation districts. These data have been obtained from The related to the livestock production system Directorates of Agriculture in districts and provinces Income resources, such as the income obtained from and from the mukhtars. In this context, the animal milk-meat products, crops and labor. farmers in villages of Kirazliyurt and Kayarcik in 3. Determination of the current social on Tufanbeyli, Himmetli in Saimbeyli, Kökez and farm/village structure Dölekli in Aladag, Gildirli, Bolacali and Güvenç in Compiling information on the current education Karaisali, and Ataköy in Karatas have been level and structure of families and sizes of the interviewed. (See Figure 2) The public survey has households and management of plant residues been carried especially on the animal farmers out of (stubble, forage etc.) by cooperative action. the 10 % of the total house number in each village Determination of intra and inter numbers of people by Intentional Illustration Method. The numbers and employed. the frequency of the questionnaires administered are 4. Determination of indigenous pastoralism given in Table 1. Patterns of migration in the area were considered as Table 1. Questionnary Numbers And Distribution By The Villages And Districts (The Data Were Collected By Garmin GPS Device). Research Frequen % Altitude Position Area cy Tufanbeyli 37 31,4 Kirazliyurt 12 10,2 1474m N38 06.239 E36 17.514 Kayarcik 25 21,2 1463 m N38 10.212 E36 16.860 Saimbeyli 17 14,4 Himmetli 17 14,4 680 m N37 51.936 E36 03.495 Aladag 26 22,0 Dölekli 12 10,2 786 m N37 35.257 E35 18.234 Kökez 14 11,9 1083 m N37 35.937 E35 15.147 Karaisali 27 22,9 Gildirli 9 7,6 728 m N37 21.625 E35 03.042 Bolacali 7 5,9 512 m N37 13.741 E34 59.285 Güvenç 11 9,3 236 m N37 13.606 E35 05.339 Karatas 11 9,3 Ataköy 11 9,3 22.5m N36 45.207 E35 06.811 Total 118 100 ,0 Karataş 9,3% Tufanbeyli Karaisalı 31,4% 22,9% Aladağ Saim bey li 22,0% 14,4% Fig. 3. Frequency of Questionnary Totally 118 questionnaires have been carried on pastures for each village. At the end of the grazing aimed at the farmers in the area. As mentioned period, the nets were removed and the space inside before, the frequencies and percentages shown in the of a quadrate (33 x 33 cm) was harvested from the Table 1 and Figure 2 have been realized on the basis soil surface. This is replicated three times for each of the data obtained from the mukhtars. Therefore, net. The plant material harvested was weighted and 37 questionnaires in Tufanbeyli, 17 questionnaires in Saimbeyli, 26 questionnaires in Aladag, 27 the obtained value was converted to the yield for 1 questionnaires in Karaisali and 11 questionnaires in hectare. Karatas have been carried out. Vegetation measurements were done with the loop method modified from the dot quadrate Vegetation analyses techniques especially for the arid and semi arid Plant cover, botanical composition, and grazing regions. In this technique, each 20 cm from the line capacity of these pastures were determined at June of 20 m was identified in relation with plant species. 2005. The nets (60 x 80 x 100 cm) were nailed on to Accordingly a hundred records were obtained along the different parts of pastures at February 2005, a line around the each net. before the grazing period, for determination of the pastures fodder yield and so grazing capacity. Three Identification of plant species nets were placed to the different directions of the Undefined plant species during the measurement were collected, mounted and identified as herbarium flocks of Saimbeyli and Karatas have transferred specimen. The codes temporary given in the field for both in day time and night time. Herds of all towns the undefined ones were replaced the corrected have been grazed even in winter season in whole names after identification. area. In high lands grazing starts at August and ends in Plant Cover September for all species. But in low-land areas such The equation below is used to calculate how as Kozan, Karatas and Karaisali, grazing starts and much land covers with the plant. ends earlier than the others. Both grazing in grasslands and harvested areas stated in day-time. Total Plant Cover The number of goat, sheep, cattle, horse and Plant Cover (%) = x100 Investigated land donkey slump down during 18 years. The reasons of this decrement are political and socio-economical On the other side the place without plant was which will be discussed following sections.