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Il Terrorismo Internazionale Negli Ordinamenti Giuridici Dei Paesi Occidentali E I Relativi Strumenti Di Cooperazione Giudiziaria E Di Polizia

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Il Terrorismo Internazionale Negli Ordinamenti Giuridici Dei Paesi Occidentali E I Relativi Strumenti Di Cooperazione Giudiziaria E Di Polizia CENTRO MILITARE DI STUDI STRATEGICI IL TERRORISMO INTERNAZIONALE NEGLI ORDINAMENTI GIURIDICI DEI PAESI OCCIDENTALI E I RELATIVI STRUMENTI DI COOPERAZIONE GIUDIZIARIA E DI POLIZIA CLAUDIO MARIA POLIDORI Con la collaborazione di: Raffaella Nigra, Paolo Cestra, Edomondo Frumento, Paolo Rota Gelpi e Antonello Formichella 4 INDICE Prefazione ……………...……………………………………………………………………… Introduzione…………………………………………………………………………………… CAPITOLO I TERRORISMO E NEO-TERRORISMO EVOLUZIONE STORICA DEL FENOMENOE DEI PRINCIPALI MEZZI DI CONTRASTO 1. Generalità……………………………………………………………………………………. 2. Dall’attentato ad Alessandro II alla Convenzione di Ginevra del 1937…………………….. 3. Terrorismo e decolonizzazione…………………………………………………………….... 4. Il terrorismo in America Latina……………………………………………………………… 5. L’Europa degli “anni di piombo”……………………………………………………………. 6. Il terrorismo transnazionale………………………………………………………………….. 7. Le origini dello jihadismo……………………………………………………………………. 8. Il neo-terrorismo……………………………………………………………………………… 9. La risoluzione del Consiglio di Sicurezza 1373 (2001)……………………………………… CAPITOLO II L’ATTIVITÀ DI CONTRASTO DEL TERRORISMO DA PARTE DELLE NAZIONI UNITE I. LE CONVENZIONI A CARATTERE UNIVERSALE TRADIZIONALMENTE ASSOCIATE AL TERRORISMO INTERNAZIONALE 1. Premessa……………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Le Convenzioni internazionali adottate nell’ambito di Istituti specializzati delle Nazioni Unite………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Le Convenzioni internazionali adottate nell’ambito delle Nazioni Unite……………………. 5 3.1. La Convenzione contro la cattura di ostaggi e la Convenzione contro la prevenzione e la repressione dei reati contro le persone internazionalmente protette, inclusi gli agenti diplomatici: la questione dei movimenti di liberazione nazionale……………. 3.2. La Convenzione internazionale per la repressione degli attentati terroristici dinamitardi e la Convenzione internazionale per la repressione del finanziamento del terrorismo…. 4. I tentativi di un progetto di Convenzione generale contro il terrorismo internazionale nell’ambito delle Nazioni Unite………………………………………………………………. Segue: Il testo predisposto dall’India e l’art. 18, par. 2………………………………………. 5. Gli obblighi a carico degli Stati previsti nelle Convenzioni a carattere universale…………... II. IL TERRORISMO INTERNAZIONALE NELLE RISOLUZIONI DEL CONSIGLIO DI SICUREZZA DELLE NAZIONI UNITE 1. Premessa………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. Le misure adottate dal Consiglio di Sicurezza………………………………………………... 2.1 il caso della Libia………………………………………………………………………….. 2.2 il caso del Sudan…………………………………………………………………………… 3. Le sanzioni contro Al Qaeda prima dell’11 settembre 2001………………………………….. 4..La reazione del Consiglio di Sicurezza agli attentati dell’11 settembre 2001……………….... 5. La risoluzione 1373/2001 e il potere “legislativo” del Consiglio di Sicurezza………………. 6. I rapporti inviati dagli Stati al Comitato contro il terrorismo…………………………………. 7. Considerazioni conclusive…………………………………………………………………….. CAPITOLO III L’ATTIVITÀ DI CONTRASTO DEL TERRORISMO E GLI STRUMENTI DI COOPERAZIONE NELL’UNIONE EUROPEA I. LA NOZIONE GIURIDICA DI “TERRORISMO INTERNAZIONALE” NELL’ORDINAMENTO DELL’UNIONE EUROPEA 1. La Decisione quadro 2002/475/GAI del Consiglio dell’Unione Europea…………………........ II. LO SVILUPPO DEGLI STRUMENTI DI CONTRASTO E COOPERAZIONE NELL’AMBITO DELL’UNIONE EUROPEA 1. Brevi cenni sulla struttura dell’Unione Europea……………………………………………….. 6 2. Le Componenti dell’ “opera di contrasto”……………………………………………………… 3. Lo Sviluppo dell’”opera di contrasto”………………………………………………………….. 3.1. L’Europol ed il “Piano d’Azione” di Cardiff …………………………………………….. 3.2. Il Consiglio di La Gomena e le successive Azioni comuni………………………………….. 3.3. Il Consiglio Europeo di Tampere, Eurojust, l’Accademia Europea di Polizia ……………… e la Police Chiefs Task Force…………………………………………………………………….. 3.4. Il Joint Situation Center……………………………………………………………………… 3.5. Il Consiglio Europeo di Bruxelles e il “Piano d’Azione 2001”……………………………… 3.6. Le Posizioni comuni 2001/930/PESC e 2001/930/PESC…………………………………… 3.7. I Regolamenti (CE) n. 2580/2001 e n. 881/2002……………………………………………. 3.8. La Decisione quadro 2002/584/GAI ed il Mandato d’Arresto Europeo…………………….. 3.9. Le Decisioni quadro 2002/465/GAI e 2003/48/GAI. La cooperazione nelle indagini di polizia giudiziaria…………………………………………………………………………. 3.10.L’ European Security Strategy………………………………………………………………. 3.11. Il Consiglio europo di Bruxelles e la “Declaration on Combatting Terrorism”…………… 3.12. La Gendarmeria europea e il “Programma dell’Aia”……………………………………… CAPITOLO IV LA LEGISLAZIONE ANTITERRORISMO NEGLI STATI UNITI D’AMERICA I. L’IMPIANTO NORMATIVO ANTERIORE ALL’11 SETTEMBRE 2001. 1. Le leggi federali e gli atti dell’Esecutivo anteriori al 1993……………………………………… 2. L’Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act……………………………………………….. II. LA LEGISLAZIONE SUCCESSIVA ALL’11 SETTEMBRE 2001 1. Lo US Patriot Act………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Il crimine di terrorismo nello US Penal Criminal Code…………………………………………. 3. Il Presidential Executive Military Order on the Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non- Citizens in the War Against Terrorism……………………………………………………………. 3.1. Il trattamento dei prigionieri…………………………………………………………………. 3.2. Le decisioni della Corte Suprema del 28 giugno 2004………………………………………. a) Rasul, Al Odah ed altri contro George W. Bush, Presidente degli Stati Uniti ed altri……. 7 b) Hamdi ed altri contro Rumsfeld, Segretario della Difesa ed altri…………………………. c) Rumsfeld, Segretario alla Difesa contro Padilla ed altri…………………………………... 3.3. La sentenza della Corte Suprema del 29 giugno 2006 nel caso Hamdan contro Rumsfeld, Segretario della Difesa e i successivi provedimenti dell’Amministrazione Bush………………………… ……...................................................... CAPITOLO V LA LEGISLAZIONE ANTITERRORISMO NEL REGNO UNITO 1. Cenni storici…………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Il Civil Authority (Special Powers) Act………………………………………………………… 3. L’Emergency Provision Act del 1973………………………………………………………….. 4. Il Prevention of Terrorism Act del 1974………………………………………………………… 5. Il Prevention of Terrorism Act del 1989………………………………………………………… 6. Il Northern Ireland (Emergency Provision) Act del 1991 e il Criminal Justice and Public Order Act del 1994……………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Il Terrorism Act 2000…………………………………………………………………………… 8. L’ Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001……………………………………………….. 9. Il Prevenction of Terrorism Act 2005…………………………………………………………… 10. Il Terrorism Act 2006 …………………………………………………………………………. CAPITOLO VI LA LEGISLAZIONE ANTITERRORISMO IN ITALIA 1. La legislazione anteriore all’11 settembre 2001…………………………………………………. 2. La legislazione antiterrorismo dopo l’11 settembre 2001……………………………………….. 3.1. La legge 14 dicembre 2001, n. 431…………………………………………………………. 3.2. Le modifiche conseguenti alla ratifica delle convenzioni internazionali ed alle direttive dell’Unione Europea………………………………………………………………. 8 3.3. La legge 31 luglio 2005, n. 155…………………………………………………………….. CAPITOLO VII CENNI SULLE LEGISLAZIONI ANTITERRORISMO BELGA,FRANCESE, SPAGNOLA, TEDESCA, RUSSA E ISRAELIANA 1. La legislazione antiterrorismo in Belgio…………………………………………………………. 2. La legislazione antiterrorismo in Francia………………………………………………………… 3. La legislazione antiterrorismo in Spagna………………………………………………………… 4. La legislazione antiterrorismo in Germania……………………………………………………… 5. La legislazione antiterrorismo in Russia…………………………………………………………. 6. La legislazione antiterrorismo in Israele…………………………………………………………. Conclusioni ……………………………………………………………………………………… Appendice 1. Risoluzione del Consiglio di Sicurezza n. 1373 (2001)………………………………………. 2. Decisione quadro 2002/475/GAI del Consiglio dell’Unione Europea………………………… 3. Regolamento (CE) n. 2580/2001………………………………………………………………. 4. Regolamento (CE) n. 881/2002………………………………………………………………... 5. Legge 22 Aprile 2005 n. 69 …………………………………………………………………… 6. Supreme Court of the United States Shafiq Rasul et Al. v. George W. Bush, President of the United States, et Al………………... 7. Supreme Court of the United States Hamdi et Al. v. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense, et Al……………………………………….. 8. Supreme Court of the United States Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense v. Padilla et Al………………………………………………. 9. Supreme Court of the United States Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense, et Al..................................................................... 10. Sentenza-ordinanza GIP Tribunale di Milano in data 24 gennaio 2005………………………. 11. Sentenza Cassazione penale, Sez. I, n. 35427………………………………………………..... 9 INTRODUZIONE Muovendo dal pensiero di Hobbs è possibile affermare che l’uomo non tende al piacere ma alla sicurezza, in nome della quale, talvolta, si è dimostrato disposto a sacrificare la propria libertà. L’affermazione della sicurezza può realizzarsi mediante l’acquisizione diretta del potere, ovvero, come normalmente accade, demandando tale acquisizione allo Stato che, nel diventare produttore di sicurezza, al contempo, consolida e rafforza il proprio potere. Gli eventi dell’11 settembre hanno confermato tale assioma, riproponendo, in modo violento, al mondo l’esigenza di una nuova sicurezza. Il cambiamento che ne è derivato non poteva non riflettersi in campo giuridico, dove è comparsa la duplice necessità di definire giuridicamente la nuova minaccia e adottare nuovi strumenti in grado di contrastarla. All’interno della Comunità internazionale sono così ricomparse le profonde divergenze esistenti fra il mondo occidentale e gli altri Paesi in ordine alla nozione giuridica di “terrorismo internazionale”, divergenze che a tutt’oggi hanno impedito
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