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FAUNISTIEK EN ECOLOGIE VAN HET ZWEEFVLIEGENGENUS EPISTROPHE in NEDERLAND (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) Menno Reemer

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FAUNISTIEK EN ECOLOGIE VAN HET ZWEEFVLIEGENGENUS EPISTROPHE in NEDERLAND (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) Menno Reemer FAUNISTIEK EN ECOLOGIE VAN HET ZWEEFVLIEGENGENUS EPISTROPHE IN NEDERLAND (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) Menno Reemer Zweefvliegen staan de laatste tijd sterk in de belangstelling. Veel soorten zijn fraai gekleurd en makkelijk op naam te brengen. De soorten van het genus Epistrophe zijn relatief groot en kleurrijk, maar niet altijd even makkelijk te determineren. Onlangs zijn in Duitsland zelfs drie nieuwe soorten voor de wetenschap beschreven. Dit was de aanleiding om het Nederlandse collectiemateriaal te onderzoeken. Hieruit bleek dat alledrie de nieuw beschreven soorten in ons land voorkomen. In dit artikel worden de verspreiding, vliegtijd en biologie van de tien Nederlandse soorten van het genus uitgebreid beschreven. Zweefvliegen (Syrphidae) staan sinds het begin nog niet werd behandeld, is het genus Epistrophe van de studie der Diptera in Nederland in een Walker, 1852. Van dit genus waren, als men Epistro- groeiende belangstelling. Het vaak mooie uiterlijk phella euchroma (Kowarz, 1885) meerekent, acht en de interessante ecologie hebben hier in belang- soorten uit Nederland bekend (Barendregt 1991). rijke mate aan bijgedragen. De vliegen zijn nage- Met betrekking tot het voorkomen van Epistrophe- noeg allemaal bloembezoekers en voeden zich met soorten bestonden enkele onduidelijkheden. Zo nectar en stuifmeel. De levenswijze van de larven hadden verschillende verzamelaars het vermoeden van de verschillende onderfamilies lopen zeer dat E. melanostoma (Zetterstedt, 1843) en E. flava uiteen. Zo leven sommige larven in delen van Doczkal & Schmid, 1994 (als E. melanostomoides planten, andere zijn carnivoor en voeden zich met Strobl, 1880, sensu Van der Goot 1981; zie onder) bladluizen, larven van haantjes (Chrysomelidae) of de afgelopen jaren in Nederland een toename poppen van mieren (Formicidae). Weer andere vertoonden. Daarnaast was het onderscheid tussen filteren hun voedsel uit waterige substraten. E. melanostoma en E. ochrostoma (Zetterstedt, Ondanks het grote aantal personen dat zich met de 1849) onduidelijk (zie bijvoorbeeld Zeegers 1987a). studie van deze familie bezighoudt is er nog veel Als gevolg daarvan was de verspreiding van deze onbekend over het voorkomen en de ecologie van soorten niet goed bekend. Ook wat betreft de de Nederlandse soorten. Van enkele genera zijn alle andere soorten liet de kennis van de verspreiding beschikbare gegevens reeds bewerkt door medewer- te wensen over. Over de ecologie van de kers van de European Invertebrate Survey - Epistrophe-soorten is, evenals van veel andere Nederland (EIS-Nederland). Barendregt (1980, zweefvliegsoorten, nog weinig gepubliceerd. 1985, 1992) behandelde Helophilus s.l. Meigen, 1822 De recente beschrijving van drie nieuwe en Brachyopa Meigen, 1822, en Van der Linden Epistrophe-soorten uit Duitsland (Doczkal & (1986) nam de bewerking van het genus Schmid 1994) was de directe aanleiding om de Platycheirus Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 op zich. Nederlandse gegevens van dit genus te verzamelen en Voorts zijn al veel collectiegegevens van andere aan de hand hiervan de faunistiek en de ecologie van soorten van de subfamilie Eristalinae in het EIS- de soorten in Nederland te onderzoeken. Het onder- bestand opgenomen en aan enkele andere genera zoek werd uitgevoerd in 1995 en 1996 als doctoraal- wordt nog gewerkt. Een groep, die tot op heden stage biologie (VU Amsterdam). De hier gepresen- reemer ‒ EPISTROPHE in nederland 33 Figuur 1a Figure 1a Epistrophe grossulariae. Foto Wouter van Steenis. Epistrophe grossulariae. Photo Wouter van Steenis. teerde gegevens zijn verwerkt in de ‘Voorlopige atlas en de duur van het hierop volgende popstadium van de Nederlandse zweefvliegen’ (NJN 1998). varieert van negen dagen tot een maand. levenswijze van de EPISTROPHE-soorten methode De soorten van het genus Epistrophe zijn middel- Voor dit onderzoek zijn waarnemingen tot en met grote, bloembezoekende zweefvliegen (fig. 1a) met 1995 opgenomen. Er werd zoveel mogelijk collectie- één generatie per jaar (univoltien) en een lange, materiaal bekeken en gedetermineerd met de tabel obligate diapauze in het larvestadium (zie bijvoor- van Doczkal & Schmid (1994). Daarnaast zijn van beeld Schneider 1948, Goeldlin de Tiefenau 1974). verschillende verzamelaars veldwaarnemingen Alle soorten zijn in meer of mindere mate gebon- opgenomen van niet verzamelde dieren. den aan bossen (zie onder andere Kormann 1988, Er is voor gekozen om ook veldwaarnemingen op Torp 1994). De eieren worden gelegd bij bladluis- te nemen om zo een completer beeld van versprei- kolonies op verschillende planten, voor zover ding en vliegtijd te verkrijgen. Er zijn echter alleen bekend meestal struiken of bomen. In labora- betrouwbare veldwaarnemingen opgenomen. Dit toriumproeven (Schneider 1948) kwamen de eieren betrof voornamelijk waarnemingen van de algeme- na twee à drie dagen uit, waarna de larven zich ne en goed herkenbare soorten E. eligans (Harris, gedurende circa acht dagen met bladluizen 1870), E. grossulariae (Meigen, 1822) en E. nitidi- voedden, om vervolgens in diapauze te gaan. collis (Meigen, 1822). Dit is anders bij E. ochrosto- Diapauze vindt plaats tussen opgerolde, dode ma. De exemplaren onder deze naam in collecties bladeren en dergelijke in de strooisellaag bleken nogal eens tot andere soorten te behoren, (Schneider 1969, Rotheray 1986). De diapauze vooral tot E. melanostoma. Van E. ochrostoma is duurt bij alle soorten tot in het volgende voorjaar dan ook alleen gecontroleerd collectiemateriaal 34 nederlandse faunistische mededelingen 8 ‒ 1999 Figuur 1b Figuur 2 Vindplaatsen van Epistrophe in Nederland. Overzicht van aantal records van overige bij EIS- Figure 1b Nederland ingevoerde zweefvlieggroepen (enkele Distribution of Epistrophe in The Netherlands. Eristalinae en Platycheirus). Figure 2 Total number of records of other Syrphidae in the data- base of EIS - The Netherlands (some Eristalinae and Platycheirus). Figuur 3 Verdeling van de vangsten van Epistrophe over verschil- lende biotopen, afgeleid uit de beschikbare EIS- ecocodes. Figure 3 Distribution of Epistrophe records over the habitats, derived from the EIS ecological code. reemer ‒ EPISTROPHE in nederland 35 opgenomen. Veldwaarnemingen van de overige statistische berekeningen uitgevoerd. soorten zijn slechts gebruikt indien deze van In de grafieken zijn de ‘basisgegevens’ verwerkt ervaren vangers afkomstig waren. zoals Geijskes & Van Tol (1983) deze definieerden. Er is materiaal opgenomen uit de volgende muse- Een voorbeeld: drie op dezelfde dag en plaats verza- umcollecties: Fries Natuurmuseum, Leeuwarden melde exemplaren van de zelfde sekse vormen één (fnml), Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen (luw), basisgegeven. Hier is voor gekozen omdat de grafie- Milieu-educatiecentrum Eindhoven (mece), ken anders teveel beïnvloed zouden worden door Natuurhistorisch Museum Enschede (nhme), het verzamelgedrag van verschillende verzamelaars. Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht (nhmm), De weergegevens zijn ontleend aan de jaarlijkse trek- Noordbrabants Natuurmuseum, Tilburg (nbnm), vlinderverslagen vanaf 1940 van B. J. Lempke (later Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis met R. de Vos en A. L. M. Rutten), welke versche- (voorheen: Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke nen in Entomologische Berichten vanaf 1941. Alleen Historie), Leiden (rmnh), Zoölogisch Museum, die verslagen waar daadwerkelijk naar wordt verwe- Amsterdam (zman). De overige gegevens zijn uit zen zijn opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. particuliere bronnen afkomstig. De volgende personen verleenden hun medewerking, waar bij Statistiek ‘c’ voor collectiegegevens staat en ‘v’ voor veld- De Kolgomorov-Smirnov-test werd gebruikt om te waarnemingen: B. van Aartsen (’t Harde) (c), onderzoeken of de spreidingen van twee reeksen B. Achterkamp (Zwolle) (v), A. Barendregt gegevens in de tijd gelijk zijn (Siegel & Castellan (Voorthuizen) (cv), P. L. Th. Beuk (Haarlem) (c), 1988). Deze test is slechts geldig als beide reeksen B. Brugge (Purmerend) (c), A. Deelman (Den uit meer dan 25 gegevens bestaan. De berekende Haag) (v), A. van Eck (Tilburg) (cv), W. waarde p drukt de kans uit dat gevonden verschil- Hurkmans (Zwolle) (c), R. Ketelaar (Deventer) len tussen de twee reeksen veroorzaakt worden (cv), L. Lankreijer (Wageningen) (v), J. van der door toeval. Als p < 0,05 dan wordt het verschil Linden (St. Michielsgestel) (c), J. A. W. Lucas significant genoemd. (Rotterdam) (c), D. Prins (Rhenen) (c), De Chi2-test is geschikt om pieken in de vlieg- M. Reemer (Amstelveen) (cv), J. Reichwein tijden (de medianen) van soorten met één genera- (Oisterwijk) (cv), W. Renema (Gouda) (c), J. T. tie te vergelijken. De waarde die uit deze test Smit (Utrecht) (cv), J. van Steenis (Uppsala) (cv), komt, geeft een indicatie voor de mate waarin W. van Steenis (Wageningen) (cv), D. Tempelman pieken van elkaar verschillen. (Amsterdam) (v), S. Turnhout (Amstelveen) (cv), M. van Veen (Amsterdam) (cv), A. Veltman Analyse van de jaarlijkse vangsten (Zevenaar) (c), B. Wakkie (Diemen) (cv), M. Door de aantallen van soorten als fractie af te Wasscher (Utrecht) (v), T. Zeegers (Enschede) beelden van de jaarlijkse vangsten van een andere (cv), J. W. A. van Zuijlen (Tilburg) (cv). soort of alle Epistrophe-soorten, werd inzicht De literatuur leverde nog een kleine aanvulling op verkregen in aantalsveranderingen door de jaren het bestand (Barendregt 1995, Delfos 1992-1995, heen. Dit is alleen gedaan met soorten waarvan Jansen 1988, Jansen et al. 1989, Slomp & Hartog minimaal 25 vangsteenheden voorhanden waren. 1983, Van der Linden 1984). Voor de zeldzaamste
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