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Survey Data Analysis of the Related Risk Factors of Echinococcosis in Inner Mongolia of China and Mongolia

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Survey Data Analysis of the Related Risk Factors of Echinococcosis in Inner Mongolia of China and Mongolia dcc.sciedupress.com Discussion of Clinical Cases 2019, Vol. 6, No. 1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Survey data analysis of the related risk factors of echinococcosis in Inner Mongolia of China and Mongolia Shengbin Zhang1, Zhelin Yun∗1, Erdengsuhe E2, Baoqin Liu1 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baogang Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China 2Mongolian Hospital, Erenhot, China Received: February 1, 2019 Accepted: March 7, 2019 Online Published: March 10, 2019 DOI: 10.5430/dcc.v6n1p17 URL: https://doi.org/10.5430/dcc.v6n1p17 ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the study is to analyze the risk factors of hepatic echinococcosis in mass epidemiological studies in Inner Mongolia of China and Mongolia and provide a basis for related authorities to make appropriate preventive measures. Methods: Eight areas in Inner Mongolia and Zamyn-Üüd region of Mongolia were selected as epidemiological fields. By distributing epidemiological questionnaires to local residents and performing serological examinations and abdominal ultrasound examinations, the data results were collected and analyzed to obtain the risk factors. Results: In this research, there were 7,373 cases of valid data in the area of Inner Mongolia and 1,500 cases in the area of Mongolia. The mean age of the whole survey samples was 52.86 ± 13.90, and the ratio of the female (58.35%) was much higher than that of the male (41.65%). Both univariate analysis and multivariate analysis in this study showed that the female (14.7%) had a higher risk of hepatic echinococcosis than the male (10.9%). From the perspective of profession, children, educators and medical personnel had a lower incidence, herdsmen had the highest positive rate of the disease (15.8%). Living in pastoral areas, having been to pastoral areas, eating uncooked food and drinking unboiled water, raising dogs and surrounding activities of foxes and voles can also increase the risk of positivity. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that the most important risk factor of hepatic echinoccosis is unhealthy lifestyles and customs in farmers and herdsmen. It is possible to provide a basis for related authorities to make effective protective measures aiming at hepatic echinococcosis. Key Words: Hepatic echinococcosis, Epidemiological study, Inner Mongolia of China, Mongolia 1.I NTRODUCTION granulosus is distributed worldwide, and echinococcus mul- tilocularis is only distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Echinococcosis is a common zoonotic parasitosis in the pas- They are main pathogens which cause human diseases. Mon- toral and the farming-pastoral regions.[1] It is made up of cys- golia, along with the pastoral region in Inner Mongolia of tic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). our country, is the affected area of echinococcosis.[2–4] West- Echinococcus granulosus can induce CE in humans, and ern China is a high-prevalence area of echinococcosis. Ac- echinococcus multilocularis can lead to AE. Echinococcus ∗Correspondence: Zhelin Yun; Email: [email protected]; Address: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baogang Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014010, China. Published by Sciedu Press 17 dcc.sciedupress.com Discussion of Clinical Cases 2019, Vol. 6, No. 1 cording to a survey, the infection rate of echinococcosis in Bator, the capital of Mongolia. Besides, Zamyn-Üüd is adja- humans is 3.1%-31.5%, with the prevalence ranging from cent to Erenhot, with a population of no more than 10,000 0.5% to 5.0%. For herdsmen and farmers, this type of dis- and a backward in economy. Most of herdsmen raise dogs ease is the main reason of “falling into poverty for illness”.[5] and livestock, take domestic slaughter as the conventional However, the current therapeutic options are very limited, slaughter manner, and feed dogs with abandoned livestock especially for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. This type of offals. This lifestyle makes people susceptible to echinococ- disease shows concealed clinical symptoms and a malignant cosis. In the earlier stage, the survey team mainly focused tendency. Therefore, it is of great harm to human health. on site visit for the epidemiological study, which was started Most of patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis accom- officially in 2012 and lasted for 4 years. By cooperating with panying obstructive jaundice are found to be in the terminal local centers for disease control and hospitals, the team exe- stage of disease when they admit to the hospital. At this time, cuted the sampling survey aiming at residents above 5 years the lesions have invaded important great vessels of the liver old, which were given physical examinations at home or in and biliary tract, so that there is no opportunity to make a rad- hospital. All respondents were given questionnaire survey, ical operation[6] and it is urgent to seek for proper solutions. hepatic ultrasound examinations and serological examina- Hence, it is imperative to make a specific analysis of the tions. The questionnaire covers general information (such as epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of hepatic name, gender, nationality, religion, profession, degree of ed- echinococcosis to establish corresponding prevention and ucation, living pattern, raising livestock or not and slaughter treatment measures. Even though some current researches manner) and epidemiological profile for hepatic echinococ- have revealed conceivable risk factors and behaviors for the cosis (including working or living in the pastoral area or prevalence of echinococcosis,[7–9] there is no large sample not, contacting with livestock, diet, past medical history and study with regard to the population in Inner Mongolia of treatment condition) in detail. China and Mongolia. Based on 8,873 cases of related data in the epidemiological study of hepatic echinococcosis in this 2.2 Diagnostic methods of echinococcosis region, this research is designed to analyze the risk behav- 2.2.1 Serological examination for echinococcosis iors of hepatic echinococcosis and explore the risk factors 2 ml of blood was taken from each case of respondent by in Inner Mongolia and Mongolia respectively, providing an use of blood collection tube. After autoagglutination, the epidemiological evidence to establish appropriate prevention blood sample was centrifuged at the rotate speed of 4,000 and treatment measures of hepatic echinococcosis. r/min for 5 min, with the serum taken and placed at -80◦C. ELISA was used to measure the level of IgG antibody to 2.O BJECTS AND METHODS echinococcosis in the respondent’s serum, with the posi- tive rate of antibodies considered as the infection rate of 2.1 Survey sites and respondents echinococcosis. All detection reagents are ELISA kits (made Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, located in the north by Haitai Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) of IgG antibody to 2 of our country, has an overall area of 1,180,000 km . It is echinococcosis. The registration number of ELISA kit is one of the most important bases of animal husbandry. The GXZZ 20153400132, the specification is 98 potions/box, prairies, the area of which accounts for 50% of the overall and the sensitivity is 100%. The principle is that the kit is area, are distributed in 8 leagues and cities. Echinococco- made up of a microplate coated with purified echinococcosis sis is a serious parasitosis which is prevalent in the pastoral antigens, enzyme conjugate of monoclonal antibody IgG and area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and it is also other types of reagents. The principle of ELISA is applied the main cause which leads to the poverty in farmers and to the detection of IgG antibody level to echinococcosis in herdsmen and impedes the development of local economy. human serum, with the advantage of rapidly determining Cluster sampling was applied to this research on the basis of whether people are infected by hepatic echinococcosis anti- geographical position and economic status, i.e., epidemiolog- gens. Nevertheless, the limitation of this method is that it ical survey sites of echinococcosis were selected designedly is necessary to diagnose the type of hepatic echinococcosis and systematically in the pastoral and the farming-pastoral with the help of imageological examinations. regions in the east, the middle, the west and the north of Inner Mongolia. Erenhot, Sonid Left Banner, Sonid Right Banner, 2.2.2 Ultrasound examination for echinococcosis Dongsheng, Baotou, Wuhai, Alxa and Hulun Buir were sur- Portable B-mode ultrasound system was used to perform the veyed in Inner Mongolia. In addition, Zamyn-Üüd region abdominal scan to determine whether hydatid cysts existed in was surveyed in Mongolia. Zamyn-Üüd is a frontier town in the liver. The examination result was required to be recorded the southeast of Mongolia, and it is 550 km away from Ulan in the following way: 1 = Normal (including CE patients 18 ISSN 2375-8449 E-ISSN 2375-8473 dcc.sciedupress.com Discussion of Clinical Cases 2019, Vol. 6, No. 1 without relapse and patients with normal B-mode image); 2 3.R ESULTS = CE (including CE patients with relapse after surgery); 3 3.1 Prevalence and positive rate through serological ex- = AE; 4 = Suspected (including patients with calcification amination more than 1 cm); 5 = Isolated calcification; 6 = Other ab- In Inner Mongolia, 7,373 cases of respondents were given normal images (such as gallstones an so on). The carriage serological examinations, 869 cases showed positive results, rate of hydatid cysts was considered as the infection rate of and the positive rate was 11.7%; in Zamyn-Üüd of
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