Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean

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Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean

Toni Font, Josep Lloret & Catherine Piante

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Publication lead: WWF-France, Port-Cros National Park Copyright: © WWF-France, Port-Cros National Park Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Font T., Lloret J., Piante C. 2012. Recreational fishing within Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean. MedPAN North Project. WWF- France. 168 pages. ISBN 979-10-92093-03-2 9791092093032 This work is dedicated to the memory of our friend Coordination: C. Piante, N.Gérardin and J.P. De Palma and colleague, Alex Lorente, marine biologist at the English translation: Francis Boyle Marine Reserve of Costa del Montgrí, Illes Medes & Layout: Si Disseny, S.C. Baix Ter, who died recently. We hope our work contri- Produced by: WWF-France www.wwf.fr butes in some way to consolidating the task of marine Cover photo credit: Toni Font © conservation to which Alex, with enormous enthu- Available from: www.medpan.org siasm, dedicated his working life. November 2012

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Editors Authors

The WWF is the largest global conservation organisation Toni Font & Josep Lloret – University of Girona

It has more than 5 million donors throughout the world. >>www.udg.edu The organisation has an operational network in 100 countries offering 1,200 nature protection programmes. WWF’s mission is to halt and then reverse the process of degra- dation of the planet >>[email protected] >>> www.wwf.fr

>>[email protected] The MedPAN North project is a transnational European project whose general aim is to improve the effectiveness of the management of the marine protected areas of the north Mediterranean. It is conducted under the auspices of the MedPAN network and is coordinated by the WWF-France. It unites 12 partners from 6 European countries that Catherine Piante - WWF France border the Mediterranean: Spain, France, Greece, Italy, Malta and Slovenia. The project is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund Med Programme, and has a >>[email protected] budget of €2.38 million. The project began in July 2010 and will end in June 2013

>>www.medpannorth.org

Port-Cros National Park

is a marine, coastal and insular national park. It was established in 1963 and is the first national marine park created in Europe. Financial support >>> www.portcrosparcnational.fr

MED Programme

The MED Programme is a European transnational cooperation programme in the framework of the «territorial cooperation» objective of the European Union’s cohesion

>>www.programmemed.eu

Generalitat de Catalunya Departament d’Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Alimentació i Medi Natural

The Generalitat is the institutional system in which the self-government of Cata- lonia, Spain, is organized. It manages several parks, including marine protected areas.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all the managers, technicians and scientists in the marine protected areas for their involvement to this work through their valuable input via questionnaires and email. We are especially grateful for the continuous support we have received from Catherine Piante (North MedPAN project coordinator) and Nicolas Gerardin (Parc National de Port-Cros). The generous assistance provided by Catherine Piante and Jean Pierre de Palma (WWF-France) enabled us to contact all the MPAs very efficiently. We also thank Alessandra Accornero (Chargée de mission MER du GIP des Calanques), Eric Charbonnel (Parc Marine de la Côte Bleue), Jérôme Payrot (Reserve marine de de Cerbère-Banyuls), Sandra Cariou (Agence des Aires Marines Protégées) and Gauthier Verbeke (Forum des Aires Marines Protégées), for their helpful comments and corrections regarding an earlier draft of this document. We are also grateful to Milena Tempesta and Rita Marino (WWF Italy; Riserva Naturale Marina di Miramare), and the Agence des Aires Marines Protégées (France) who, from the beginning of our project, have generously offered us their collaboration in collecting data.

6 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 7 5.8.3 Profession...... 67 5.8.4 Fishing experience (expertise)...... 68 5.8.5 Origin...... 71 5.8.6 Fishing alone or in company?...... 71 5.8.7 Most commonly-used kind of vessel for recreational fishing...... 72 5.8.8 The fishermen’s perspective...... 73 Table of contents 5.8.9 Conflicts between recreational fishermen and other users...... 75 5.8.10 Recreational fishing associations or federations ...... 76 5.8.11 Environmental education...... 78 5.9 Economic aspects...... 89 5.9.1 What is the economic importance of recreational fishing at the local, regional or national level?...... 89 1.Summary ...... 10 5.9.2 How much do fishermen spend on fishing?...... 91 2.Introduction...... 11 5.9.3 A different economic approach (Contingent Valuation Method and Travel Cost Method)...... 93 2.1 The importance of recreational fishing worldwide...... 12 5.10 Regulation and legislation...... 94 2.2 What is the role of the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)?...... 12 5.10.1 European Regulations...... 94 2.3 Definitions of Recreational Fishing...... 13 5.10.2 National legislation...... 94 2.4 The main environmental impacts associated with recreational fishing ...... 15 5.10.3 Regional regulations...... 96 2.5 Interaction with commercial fishing...... 15 5.10.4 How is each MPA regulated?...... 96 5.10.5 Specific Regulations in MPAs...... 98 3. Objectives...... 16 5.11 Other non-legislative documents...... 100 4. Methodology...... 18 4.1 How the information was obtained...... 18 6. Recommendations...... 101 4.2 Questionnaires...... 19 6.1 Monitoring...... 101 4.3 Scientific literature and other documents...... 22 6.1.1 Drawing up a methodological guide for the MPAs in the MedPAN network...... 101 4.4 How the available data was analyzed...... 23 6.1.2 What to consider before beginning a study ...... 102 4.5 Other considerations...... 23 6.1.3 Sampling methodology...... 102 6.1.3.1 Methods for carrying out a census and for interviewing fishermen...... 104 5. Results...... 25 6.1.3.2 Training the interviewers ...... 104 5.1 Sampling...... 25 6.1.3.3 Seasonality...... 104 5.1.1 Sampling methods...... 25 6.1.3.4 The regularity of the studies ...... 104 5.1.2 Sampling effort...... 27 6.1.3.5 Differentiation between areas with different levels of protection...... 105 5.2 Fishing techniques used (combined data from all MPAs)...... 30 6.1.3.6 Distribution of fishing pressure...... 105 5.3 Data analysis: statistical methods used...... 33 6.1.3.7 What impact does each type of fishing generate? (Differential analysis)...... 105 5.4 Fishing effort...... 34 6.1.4 Preparation of database...... 105 6.1.5 Analyzing compliance with regulations within the MPAs ...... 105 5.4.1 How many hours per year do fishermen spend fishing?...... 34 6.1.6 Catches...... 106 5.4.2 Quantity of fishing gear per fisherman (according to type of fishing)...... 34 5.4.3 Number of hooks used per fisherman (according to type of fishing)...... 36 6.1.6.1 Should catches be weighed or measured?...... 106 5.4.4 Number of fishermen...... 36 6.1.6.2 Typology of species depending on the type of fishing...... 106 5.4.5 What season and what time of day do fishermen prefer?...... 38 6.1.6.3 Factors affecting CPUE ...... 107 5.4.6 Catchability...... 38 6.1.6.4 Vulnerability Index ...... 107 5.4.7 Selectivity of fishing gear...... 40 6.1.6.5 Competition for resources...... 107 6.1.6.6 Including more species in European monitoring ...... 108 5.5 Fishing yield...... 41 6.1.7 Social aspects...... 108 5.5.1 Catch per unit effort (CPUE)...... 41 6.1.7.1 The fishermen’s perspective...... 108 5.5.1.1 Interannual variability ...... 41 6.1.7.2 The degree of experience of the fisherman ...... 108 5.5.1.2 Seasonality...... 42 6.1.7.3 Other modes of recreational fishing that need to be considered...... 108 5.5.1.3 Location (MPA)...... 44 6.1.8 Economic aspects...... 108 5.5.1.4 Fishing techniques ...... 45 6.1.8.1 Economic Valuation...... 108 5.5.1.5 Another way to assess fishing yields...... 46 6.1.8.2 Average income of fishermen ...... 108 5.5.2 Total biomass extracted in each MPA...... 46 6.1.8.3 Consumer surplus (economic valuation techniques)...... 109 5.5.2.1 What type of fishing causes the greatest impact in terms of biomass removed?...... 46 6.1.8.4 Economic variables included in European monitoring ...... 109 5.5.2.2 Competition between recreational fishing and commercial and artisanal fishing...... 47 6.1.9 Exploratory fishing...... 109 5.6 Direct impacts on coastal marine resources...... 49 6.2 Management...... 110 5.6.1 Number of species caught in each MPA...... 49 6.2.1 Importance of the involvement of fishermen in management ...... 110 5.6.2 Most caught species in each MPA...... 52 6.2.2 Drawing up specific rules for MPAs ...... 110 5.6.3 Most caught families in each MPA ...... 55 6.2.3 Fishing licences ...... 111 5.6.4 Minimum Landing Size and size at maturity...... 55 6.2.4 Other regulatory measures ...... 111 5.6.5 Vulnerable species...... 57 6.2.5 Greater involvement by the authorities in the monitoring and management of recreational fishing...... 111 5.7 Indirect impacts on coastal marine resources...... 64 6.2.6 Positive and negative aspects of catch and release ...... 112 5.7.1 Catch & Release and fish welfare...... 64 6.2.7 Obligatory clipping of the caudal fin aimed at preventing illegal selling of catches...... 112 5.7.2 Is there bycatch in recreational fisheries?...... 65 6.3 Environmental Education...... 113 5.7.3 Bait used (ecological impact) ...... 65 6.3.1 Recreational fishing website ...... 113 5.7.3.1 Potential effects of exotic baits...... 67 6.3.2 Informing recreational fishermen of regulations ...... 113 5.7.3.2 Overexploitation of bait ...... 67 6.3.3 Informing recreational fishermen of environmental issues and raising their awareness ...... 114 5.7.4 Lost or abandoned fishing gear: potential impacts...... 67 7. Conclusions...... 115 5.8 Social profile of recreational fishers...... 71 8. Bibliography...... 120 5.8.1 Gender...... 71 5.8.2 Age...... 71 9. Annex (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX)...... 131

8 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 9 Part 1 Part 2 economic dimension that is completely different to our current understanding - but such methods are rarely applied to recreational fishing. 2. Introduction 1. Summary Other aspects, such as how experienced the fishermen are or their perceptions of their activity and the environment are other variables that are rarely considered, despite the fact that they can affect fishing yields. Similarly, a better unders- Recreational fishing is a booming activity in Mediterranean coas- tanding of the social profile of the fisherman and closer It is easy to assume that recreational fishing has very little impact on the environ- tal areas, especially in marine protected areas (MPAs). Despite contacts with them can make managing fishing activities ment, especially when we picture the huge factory trawlers that pull in hundreds of generating a variety of impacts and imbalances on resources much easier. In this regard, the new information technolo- tons of fish. But the fact is that more and more studies from around the world show and on marine ecosystems, there is much less research into gies and the Internet are suggested as a platform to be used that recreational fishing has a significant impact on coastal and marine protected recreational fishing than there is into commercial fishing. In this to inform and raise awareness among recreational fishermen areas. Such areas are often small in size, but are nevertheless host to large num- study, which is one of the first of its kind in the Mediterranean, as a whole. bers of fishermen which results in much greater fishing pressure. we aim to analyse and identify the biological and socioecono- Of all the activities currently taking place in coastal areas worldwide, recreational mic impacts of recreational fishing in Mediterranean MPAs (in Having reviewed the various studies, it became clear that fishing is one of the most common, involving a considerable number of people and particular the MPAs that are members of the MedPAN North there was enormous variation among existing study me- thus implying a significant strain on resources [92, 93, 94]. Evidently, it is not only network) and sets out recommendations for research, manage- thods, making it difficult to make useful comparisons among the mere extraction of natural resources that has an impact on the environment; ment and environmental education with regard to recreational the results from individual MPAs. The solution lies partly pollution, waste generation and excessive numbers of people are all direct results fishing in these protected areas. This study is based on a review in the development of a methodological guide that would of the increases in mass tourism in coastal areas in recent decades. of approximately 140 studies as well as interviews with mana- serve as a resource for MPA managers and technicians. This gers of 31 of these MPAs. The results illustrate the diverse im- present work may be considered a first step in the develop- Several studies support the idea that both commercial and recreational fishing can pacts caused by recreational fishing on the marine ecosystems ment of such a guide. have similar environmental effects on fish populations [69, 96, 61, 62, 97, 98]. The of the Mediterranean MPAs. The prime causes of these impacts impact of fishing is apparent on fish stocks as well as on aquatic ecosystems. It are (i) the immense pressure exerted by the various types of Based on the results of this study, we also propose a num- is worth pointing out that the causes which have led to the present state of global recreational fishing on coastal marine resources, particularly on ber of recommendations for the study and management fisheries are similar as far as commercial and recreational fisheries are concerned vulnerable species; (ii) anchoring in sensitive habitats, in parti- of recreational fishing, as well as environmental education, [97, 61]; nevertheless, recreational fishing is not as controlled nor as well investi- cular those of interest to the European Community (Posidonia particularly in terms of the biological and socioeconomic im- gated as commercial fishing. pacts it produces in Mediterranean MPAs. The list of recom- meadows, coralligenous reefs, etc.) in the context of the Nature In fact, in the Mediterranean, recreational fishing is particularly important because it mendations is directed at the MedPAN network as a whole, 2000 Network; (iii) lost or abandoned fishing gear (iv) the use of represents more than 10% of the total production of all fishing [99] and yet, despite the managers of MPAs and their technical staff and the Eu- exotic baits and (v), the practice of catch and release. In addition its importance, there are few studies looking into this activity and even fewer in the ropean, national and regional authorities that are responsible there is a degree of interaction with commercial (artisanal) fishing Mediterranean itself [100, 51, 53]. which is usually a source of conflict over space and resources. for the evaluation and management of recreational fishing. Having said that, concern about overfishing has been increasing in recent years Nevertheless, there are also significant economic implications Overall, this report supports the idea that MPAs not only and more and more importance is now being given to studying the impact of re- (especially with regard to boat fishing) that, along with the so- help sustain coastal marine resources and biodiversity, pre- creational fishing on marine resources [101, 102, 103, 96], using innovative sam- cial implications, are rarely taken into account despite the huge serve habitats and promote the conservation of our maritime pling techniques different to those used for commercial fisheries[93, 102] economic and social importance of recreational fishing in the cultural heritage, but also provide resources for fisheries, in Mediterranean. Important aspects such as the money fisher- particular recreational fishing, facilitating the enjoyment of men spend and the direct and indirect economical benefits de- these areas and the development of local economies. For rived from recreational fishing are generally given only a passing a sustainable use of the sea and its resources, there is an mention in most studies. Furthermore, non-market economic urgent need for further research and proactive management valuation methods, properly applied, can shed light on a socio- with regard to recreational fishing in Mediterranean MPAs.

10 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 11 - In the U.S.A., only 12% of the population have produces considerable pressure on resources which, 2.3 Definitions of recreational fishing never practiced recreational fishing.[61] in turn, reduces the benefits of excess biomass. For this reason, it is essential to identify the degree of the fishing Recreational fishing as a leisure activity has been defined impact and to adopt the appropriate regulatory measures in various different ways over the years. In fact, different Canada that adapt to the circumstances of each area. countries have their own definitions based on the associated regulations. - In Canada, 3.6 million fishermen made 47.9 million Indeed, partially-protected reserves with varying degrees For example, the latest report of the General Fisheries fishing trips, caught 232.8 million fish, of which 84.6 of restrictions on resource extraction, or fully-protected million were retained. Fishermen spent $6.7 billion, Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) in 2011 [78], reserves with no-take policies, are among the most useful considered that since the existing previous definitions were of which 4.7 billion was attributed exclusively to their tools for marine area management, as they offer a number fishing activity (data from 2003).[61] too generic, it was necessary to establish a common lan- of biological and environmental benefits to habitats and the guage to facilitate communication between different sec- Australia species of flora and fauna that inhabit them.[63, 65] tors (fishermen, scientists and administrators). The following - In 2002, it was estimated that 3.4 million fishermen A study conducted in 2008 [67] in Italian MPAs, evalua- definitions were agreed to be best suited to this activity: in Australia were involved in more than 20.6 million ted the degree to which compliance with the regulations in fishing trips, capturing more than 70 million fish. Total each MPA was enforced, concluding that effective protec- expenditure on recreational fishing exceeded $1.3 tion caused significant increases in the density of certain • Recreational fishing: Fishing activities exploiting billion. [61] species (especially large piscivores and predators of sea marine living aquatic resources from which it is urchins) when enforcement was greater. Species density prohibited to sell or trade the catches obtained. - In a 2011 study, it was estimated that 25% of all was not affected in any way in areas where there were no Australians go fishing at least once a year, creating • Leisure fishing is defined as fishing practiced for efforts to enforce the restrictions. However, aspects such an industry worth around $2 billion. [70] pleasure. as inspection, the degree to which recreational fishermen • Sport fishing is defined as fishing contests accept and comply with the rules and also the economic practiced within an established institutional resources available to them, are key elements in the effec- Global Statistics framework which sets rules, collects data on tiveness of each MPA. - In 1995, it was estimated that the total volume catches and informs on the outcomes of the of the world’s catch was around 2 million tonnes, Another study conducted in New Zealand in 2004 [95], event. representing an important source of animal protein in showed that only fully-protected reserves (no-take zones) • Charter fishing: Recreational fishing practiced are effective in terms of conservation, as opposed to par- Photo: Man fishing from a jetty at dusk. (Toni Font) many developing countries. [61] from a rented boat, with a captain or fishing tially-protected reserves. This idea was corroborated in a - In 2004, (using statistics from North American guide on board, for leisure or sport purposes. 2010 study of the Torre Guaceto MPA [68] in Italy, which fisheries) it was estimated that total global catches deals with the efficiency of MPAs with a no-take zone. A • Underwater fishing (spearfishing) activity prac- 2.1 The importance of recreational fishing were about 47 billion fish per year, of which two worldwide recent study released in 2012 concerning the Great Barrier ticed as a sport or for leisure by snorkelling tech- thirds were returned to the sea. [61] Reef (Australia) [128], concluded that the populations of niques without the help of mechanical devices A number of estimates for different years in different Plectropomus maculatus and Lutjanus carponotatus, both (e.g. scooter). countries lend support to the idea that recreational fishing is of which were resident species within a network of three of the enormous importance worldwide: MPAs, exported 83% and 55% of their larvae, respectively, Europe 2.2 What is the role of the Marine Protec- to fished reefs. It was estimated that these reserves, which Other definitions have been used in a study published in ted Areas (MPAs)? account for just 28% of the local reef area, produced ap- 2008 [71] Annex I. - A 1998 study estimated that there were 21.3 mil- proximately half of all juvenile recruitment to both the MPAs lion fishermen from 22 European countries, 10 of At present, the Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) Clearly, anyone can interpret these definitions and decide and the fished reefs within 30 km. which involved an estimated total expenditure of are the most important tool in terms of biodiversity whether to accept them as sufficiently valid or not. over $10 billion. [61] conservation and fisheries management. The impact Such studies show that well-managed MPAs with fully-pro- For this reason, and without wanting to detract from the of recreational fishing can be particularly significant in tected zones are important fishing management tools. definitions outlined above, we thought it would be more - Another study in 2004 estimated that total expen- marine protected areas, where the number of visitors diture on recreational fishing exceeded €25 billion useful to adopt a single definition that synthesizes all the who fish for sport has increased in recent decades information and corresponds to the type of fishing analyzed across Europe (with more than 10 million fishermen) [61]. and that the total catch of commercial fishing in in this study. 1998, in the 15 member states, was worth about Environmental protection agencies play an essential role in Thus, in the context of this study, it shall be understood that €20 billion. [72] promoting the sustainability of resources, in many cases recreational fishing in the Mediterranean is basically as fol- becoming ideal instruments for fisheries management, lows: all non-commercial fishing that is carried out mainly whether commercial or recreational. In fact, several studies for pleasure or sport, where the catch - the selling of which U.S.A. carried out in Mediterranean MPAs [e.g. 64, 87] indicate is illegal - is used for one’s own consumption (or for one’s fa- - In 2001, U.S. fishermen in the Atlantic, Gulf, and that fishing (especially commercial and artisanal fishing, but mily and friends). This definition would change considerably Pacific, made 84.3 million fishing trips catching more also recreational) is one of the main factors that limits the if we were to talk about this activity beyond the Mediterra- than 440 million fish, of which an estimated 187 mil- potential benefits of thereserve effect and its implicit spil- nean, for example, certain places in Northern Europe, such lion were retained. [61] lover effect. This is due to excess numbers of fishermen in as Norway, or French overseas territories, such as Réunion areas closest to the boundaries of a protected area which Photo: Trachurus mediterraneus caught from a boat. (Toni Font) Island (in the case of tuna or swordfish), where recreational

12 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 13 fishermen are allowed to sell their catches. derwater fishing 2.4 The main environmental impacts asso- 2.5 Interaction with commercial fishing There are three kinds of recreational fishing that our defi- • Catch & Release ciated with recreational fishing nition does not include and for which this report does not • Offshore (or deep sea) fishing provide an in-depth analysis. These are: As we have pointed out, the impact of recreational fishing It could be argued that fishing competitions should not be Recreational fishing is an extractive activity and this implicitly as a major extractive activity should not be underestimated, a) recreational fishing practiced for subsistence included in our definition, since the main objective differs involves a number of impacts that need to be taken into since in certain areas it has been seen that the total catch of purposes. It should be remembered, especially in from recreational fishing per se. Some studies do exist that account by area and resource managers. Obviously, the recreational fishing is comparable or may even exceed that the context of the current global economic crisis, are based on data obtained from fishing competitions[51, degree of impact may be greater or lesser depending on of commercial fishing[97, 61, 45, 48]. Moreover, a large that recreational fishing for subsistence is not sport 53], but they are not wholly suitable for comparison with the degree of awareness of each fisherman with respect to percentage of the species fished by recreational fishermen fishing nor is it carried out for pleasure, but rather, the fishing carried out purely for pleasure because, in general, the environment they are operating in. The most prominent are also sought by commercial fishermen. Thus, recrea- main aim is to obtain food. It usually involves the use the fishermen who take part in competitions usually have effects, which have been studied in different seas, oceans, tional fishermen can have a significant impact on the final of fairly primitive fishing technology, is artisanal and is a higher level of experience than the average recreational rivers and lakes around the world, are: catches - and therefore the incomes - of the professionals. usually carried out by people with few resources. In fisherman. The data obtained on competitive fishing and This can sometimes lead to conflicts [25] between the two fact, this issue was discussed at a recent European - the possible introduction of alien species via the ordinary recreational fishing are significantly different from groups, creating a difficult coexistence with disputes over Science Foundation Workshop in the Algarve (Portu- use of bait from other countries (Korea, USA, China, each other and therefore not comparable. In any case, space and resources. gal) in September 2011 [77] on the preservation of etc.), which can end up posing a threat to the envi- many MPAs prohibit competitions within their boundaries ronment into which they are released [81, 82, 83, coastal species that focused on the biological and (e.g., Port Cros, Calanques, Isla de Alborán, Bergeggi, Por- socioeconomic aspects of recreational and artisanal 84]; tofino, etc.), due to the significant impact of such an eleva- fishing (http://www.esf.org/activities/exploratory- ted and highly localized fishing pressure in a small space - the impact generated by fishing gear that is lost workshops/workshops-list/ workshops-detail. of time. Boat fishing competitions take place fairly often or abandoned by fishermen at fishing sites (lines, html?ew=10784). It was felt that, under the current in countries such as Spain, Italy, France and Croatia and hooks, lead weights and sinkers, etc.) [38, 61]. For economic climate, this type of fishing is increasing in spearfishing competitions in countries such as Tunisia and example, abandoned lines remain on the sea bed certain areas. Turkey. However, there is no significant data available on for many years causing the strangulation of sessile organisms; toxic accumulation of lead from sinkers b) the activity of retired professional fishermen. An im- shore fishing competitions in this respect. can be harmful to birds [61]. Detrimental effects portant factor which is often not taken into account Offshore fishing is a major part of recreational fishing, as it is the fact that retired professional fishermen who such as these are known as ghost fishing among is highly focused on big game fishing and has a significant professional fishermen; carry on fishing after retirement are considered to impact on large pelagic species. It also tends to be carried be recreational fishermen. For these people, it stops out almost exclusively by fishermen with a high purchasing - the pressure on vulnerable species; being a purely economic activity and becomes more power, using large vessels and high quality gear (with the - the impact on the reproductive potential of certain like that of recreational fishermen since they can no consequent economic impact that this can have). Obvious- fish communities: catching fish that are too big (acti- longer sell their catch at the official fish market. Ne- ly deep sea fishing is also practiced to a certain degree, but vely-breeding adults) or too small (juveniles, under- vertheless, at least as far as the Spanish Mediterra- this much less important. However, it is not included in this sized catches); nean is concerned, it appears that most retirees who study mainly because all the MPAs cover only coastal and remain active reach some kind of unofficial agree- shallow waters where offshore fishing is not practiced. (See - alterations in sensitive algal communities (Cysto- ment with the guild to which they belonged, allowing http://www.pescarecreativaresponsable.es) seira mediterranea, Cystoseira amentacea var. Stricta them to sell a certain amount of their catch - subject, (habitat status in N2000) and trottoirs=Lithophyllum theoretically, to certain limitations. Shellfish gathering (carried out on foot or by freediving and sp.) which are exposed to trampling by shore fisher- which involves gathering sea urchins, mussels, snails, etc. men; Photo: Lichia amia caught using the trolling method in the Gulf c) charter fishing (which is a commercial activity car- by hand) takes place in many Mediterranean areas, as indi- of Roses. (Toni Font) ried out for profit with professional guides assisting cated by some MPA managers in their responses to our - the impact of anchoring or mooring in sensitive recreational fishermen). Fishing charters appear to questionnaires (Bonifacio, Côte Bleue, Torre del Cerrano, habitats, in particular European habitats (Posidonia be relatively common in the Mediterranean and even Cap de Creus, etc.), however, there are no specific studies meadows, coralligenous reefs, etc.) in the context of within some MPAs (although charters are specifically on the subject. (There is one study in Camargue (France) the Nature 2000 Network; prohibited in MPAs such as the Tavolara Punta Coda on commercial cockle fishing, in which mention is made of - the indirect effects of the toxicity of antifouling Cavallo in Italy). amateur cockle fishing[0] and three other studies in Italy paints for fishing vessels, the negative effects of an- Having said that, within our definition of recreational fishing, on the purple sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus [34, 44, 35] chors on the seabed (e.g. on Posidonia Oceanica) or we consider that there are seven different sub-modalities but all of these are too specific to be used in this work). This discarded rubbish, plastic bags and so on; that need to be considered individually: type of fishing has also been left out of this study. - The effects of catch & release - a practice that may • Boat fishing seem positive, but which can have serious impacts on fish survival [60, 88]. • Shore fishing Some of these impacts are magnified by Illegal fishing which • Spearfishing is carried out by fishermen who work with prohibited fishing • Shellfish gathering gear in areas where such fishing is restricted or where the • Competitions including boat, shore or un- capture of certain species is prohibited.

14 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 15 g) to propose future management actions within of recreational fishing in MPAs. Indeed, this is the MPAs to protect marine resources and ecosys- first study of its kind in Mediterranean waters which tems, which take into consideration the existing is intended - from a scientific perspective - to be legislation, non-legislative agreements and the key of practical use in the management of recreational stakeholders. fishing in Mediterranean MPAs. It should also be of interest to the stakeholders involved (e.g. recreatio- It should be noted that the objective of this work is nal fishermen’s associations and individual fisher- not simply to provide a merely descriptive report. men) because it attempts to raise awareness about Part 3 More exactly, it is a comparative analysis of results the environmental impacts associated with their collected from the various different Mediterranean activity which, in itself, will lead to better fishing MPAs which aims to shed light on the possible pat- practices in the MPAs. terns involved in the biological and socioeconomic 3. Objectives impacts of recreational fisheries in these areas. In While this study is mostly concerned with the MPAs that addition, we propose a series of recommendations are members of the MedPAN North project, we have also for MPA and fisheries managers that are widely ap- taken into account other Mediterranean MPAs, and even plicable with regard to the study and management certain other coastal areas where there is relevant information about coastal recreational fishing. The overall aim of this work is to provide an outline of the current situation as regards recreational fishing in the Mediterranean marine protected areas, to compare these areas and to establish common methodological foundations that will facilitate the management of this activity. This project includes data from the Mediterranean coasts of Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, Croatia and Tunisia.

It was notable that during the process of obtaining the data, the aforementioned lack of available information became more and more evident, especially in the MPAs.

The specific objectives of the project are as follows: a) to define and characterize each of the different types of fishing in the Medi- terranean, and to describe which of these are used within the MPAs of the MedPAN North project; b) to define and compare the biological impact of recreational fishing on marine resources in the MPAs, particularly the most vulnerable coastal species and those included in biodiversity conservation programmes or international conventions for the protection of flora and fauna (Barcelona Convention, Berne Convention, CITES and the IUCN Red List); c) to summarize and compare the emerging and potential ecological impacts of recreational fishing on the marine ecosystem in MPAs that have not, thus far, been taken into account (for example, exotic species of bait, fishing gear loss, etc.); d) to establish and compare the social nature and the economic impact of recreational fishing in MPAs; e) to establish recommendations for common basic methods (i.e., standardized methods) for the control and monitoring of recreational fishing in the different MPAs which can then serve as the basis for a common methodological guide for all MPAs in the future; f) to compare current legislation and management action with regard to recreational fishing in the various MPAs in the MedPAN North project, along with other, non-legally binding agreements (such as codes of conduct) and educational programs; Photo: Anthias Anthias caught by bottom fishing from a boat. (Toni Font)

16 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 17 as far as possible, at regional or state level. In the for which reason there is a significant shortage of related case of French legislation, this was done in col- studies and therefore little information was obtained from laboration with the Forum des Aires Marines Pro- these countries. tégées. An exhaustive report on the legislation on The case of Spanish MPAs was somewhat different, as recreational fishing in France was compiled by this there are a large number of MPAs, but we did not re- Forum [130]. In the case of Italian legislation, this ceive the expected number of completed questionnaires. was done in collaboration with Federparchi. However, a significant number of studies have been car- • Review of information leaflets and other docu- ried out on recreational fishing in the Spanish Mediterra- Part 4 ments relating to activities, zoning, etc. of MPAs. nean, although only a few are specific to MPAs. A total of 31 questionnaires were answered by MPA managers (Figure 1): 4. Methodology 4.2 Questionnaires With regard to the data we obtained directly from the questionnaires we distributed, we were particularly grateful for the large number of surveys received from mana- This study has been carried out by the University of Girona with support and fi- gers of MPAs in Italy and France which, in the case of nance from the MedPAN North project which comprises 7 Mediterranean countries Italy has compensated for the lack of existing studies on (see MedPAN North documentation). In essence, the study was subcontracted by this activity. Other countries such as Tunisia, Malta, Slo- the National Park of Port-Cros (France) and supervised by WWF-France, while other venia and Croatia have a much smaller number of MPAs MPAs have provided funding for the translation and editing of the work. The completion of this work would not have been possible without the widespread involvement of the vast majority of management teams in the various MPAs of those countries involved in the MedPAN North project (and those of other MPAs), along Nº of completed questionnaires with a number of scientists who had conducted related studies in the study areas. 14 12

4.1 How the information was obtained 8

In this study, we have not considered original, raw data from the MPAs to 6 test a particular hypothesis. Instead, we have used existing studies and results to evaluate common patterns involved in the biological and socioe- 4 conomic impacts of recreational fisheries in Mediterranean MPAs. 2

The sources used for data gathering are diverse: 0 • Questionnaires initially distributed by email and fax to MPA managers, de- Italy France Spain Croatia Slovenia Greece Turkey Malta signed to obtain useful and specific data from each MPAs on recreational fishing (types of fishing, regulation, vulnerable species, etc.) so that managers Figure 1. Number of completed questionnaires per country could provide us with information that we would probably otherwise not have been able to get (in close collaboration with Federparchi for the Italian areas). • Direct contact via email with the managers of MPAs to resolve certain small problems or doubts. • Review of scientific literature found through various internet resources commonly used in research (ASFA, ScienceDirect, the ISI Web of Knowledge, etc.), international online magazines and Google. • Review of grey literature; unpublished studies carried out by the MPAs themselves and which the MPAs have provided us with. • Review of regulations (laws, decrees, etc.) currently in effect in MPAs and,

18 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 19 The following is a list of the MPAs 6. Réserve Naturelle des Italy 20. AMP Porto Cesareo 27. Parque Natural de Cap de Slovenia Creus that completed our question- Bouches de Bonifacio 11. AMP del Plemmirio 21. AMP Punta Campanella 31. Rt Madona Natural Monu- naires: 7. PNM Golfe du Lion 28. Parque Natural del Montgrí, ment 12. AMP Torre Guaceto 22. AMP Capo Carbonara les Illes Medes i el Baix Ter 8. Site Natura 2000 “Posido- 23. AMP Isola di Bergeggi nies du Cap d’Agde” FR- 13. AMP Tavolara Punta Coda France Cavallo 9104414 Croatia The following map shows the location of all the MPAs mentioned 1. Natura 2000 FR9101413 14. AMP Capo Rizzuto Posidonies de la côte pala- 9. Site Natura 2000 “Baie et Spain 29. Lastovo Archipelago Nature in this work: vasienne Cap d’Antibes – Iles de Lé- 15. AMP di Miramare Park rins» 24. Reserva Marina y Pesquera 2 . Parc National de Port-Cros 16. AMP di Portofino de la Isla de Alborán 30. Brijuni National Park 10. Parc National des Ca- 3. Parc Maritime des Iles du lanques 17. AMP Isole di Ventotene e 25. Reserva Marina de Levante Frioul S.Stefano de Mallorca (Cala Ratjada)

4. Parc Marin Côte Bleue 18. AMP delle Cinque Terre 26. Reserva Marina del Cabo (PMCB) de Gata-Nijar Map showing the 33 MPAs mentioned in this study. Source: own 19. AMP Torre del Cerrano elaboration (from Google Earth). 5. PNRC Scandola

20 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 21 4.3 Scientific literature and other docu- PAMPA programme: http://wwz.ifremer.fr/pampa, from MPAs. Thus the extent to which each technique is used could ments which we gathered information on the Cerbère-Banyuls not be analyzed, but it did let us know whether these techniques are used or not in a particular MPA. It also allowed us to compile and Côte Bleue MPAs [129]). Other examples focus on The main sources of information - which has enabled a complete list of fishing techniques used in the Mediterranean. the management of MPAs as management tools for fishe- us to carry out a comparative analysis in this study - are ries, such as the EMPAFISH project: http://www.um.es/ 3. Third, when data was of a nature that was unsuitable for the ‘grey’ literature (reports and documents that are not empafish/ [124]). Others aim to create a network of MPA quantitative analysis, a separate, individualized analysis easily accessible through online searches) and online managers and stakeholders, in order to promote their was carried out in order to provide additional comment. scientific literature relating to MPAs that are members of proposals on MPA designation, governance and mana- For example: although some quantitative data was available for the MedPAN North project, as well as to other, non-mem- gement on an international scale, such as the MAIA pro- Catch & Release, there was too little and it was too varied in nature ber Mediterranean MPAs. However, the information has ject: http://www.maia-network.org/inicio, although this to draw any definite conclusions. Therefore we chose to under- been complemented using other studies in other Medi- take a qualitative analysis. organisation focuses primarily on professional fishing. terranean coastal areas outside the MPAs, and even from other parts of the world, which provide perfectly exploi- table approaches for this work. 4.5 Other considerations In total, more than 140 documents were reviewed (Figure 2). The complete list of documents consulted appears - It should be noted that, in many of the studies reviewed, sampling within the MPAs was divided into different sectors of the in the bibliography; they are listed by country and coas- Photo: Spondyliosoma cantharus caught from a There are also various European and national programmes reserve itself. This makes it easier to see which areas within a tal area to make it easy for MPA managers to see which boat. (Toni Font) and networks that incorporate recreational fishing in their MPA are most frequented by fishermen, which is very useful documents from their MPAs were used in the course of socio-economic and environmental evaluations of all the 4.4 How the available data was analyzed for managers who can apply specific policies for each area. this study. Although this makes sense when considering each MPA in- activities (scuba-diving, recreational boating, professional In order to analyze the information obtained from the MPAs, we dividually, it is irrelevant when making comparisons between fishing, etc.) that take place in the MPAs (for example, the had to take into account the huge variety in the types of data col- them. Consequently, in this study we have ignored compari- lected, which meant a great deal of effort went into standardizing sons between different sectors of individual MPAs. the data where possible. Where this was not possible, a separate, individualized analysis was carried out. - Where the data obtained has allowed, we have compared the different types of fishing (boat, shore and underwater fishing) As for the scientific studies we reviewed, the processes used to because it was felt that each one deserves specific, differenti- obtain results vary considerably from one study to another. This ated attention. creates an additional difficulty when it comes to making comparisons between different MPAs, since the data generated also - Typically, data such as this would be provided with stan- Scientific literature varies considerably. For this reason, in each section of this study dard deviations (SD) but, the fact that a large volume of the data was collected without this measure means that making 45 and depending on the nature of the data, we carried out one or more of the following types of analysis: comparisons would have been even more difficult and mea- 40 ningless. 35 1. Firstly, comparisons were made according to existing - In the section on regulations, we have included all of the infor- 30 quantitative data that had the same units of measure, or mation gathered from various sources (FAO, questionnaires, had been obtained in similar ways. Within this type of data, 25 reviews, internet, etc.). However, it should be remembered in turn, it was necessary to perform the separate analyses 20 that it has been difficult to access information beyond that in the following situations: 15 Non-MPA studies which we have presented, and we do not rule out the exis- 10 MPA studies • when the data presented did not differentiate tence of any further examples of specific legislation. between boat, shore and underwater fishing. 5 - Some of the studies we reviewed, in which statistics play an 0 • when the data did differentiate between the three important role in analyzing the data, were highly complex. We types of fishing and thus allowed a specific analy- have made no attempt in this work to carry out an exhaustive sis for each type. evaluation of the different statistical techniques employed; we have assumed that the research teams and MPA managers For example: a clear case is the analysis of different fishing gear for involved have used the most appropriate technique in each each method (boat, shore and underwater fishing) in the different study. MPAs. We analyzed the percentage use of each technique, which allowed us to make comparisons between different MPAs and, at - It was not possible to carry out a separate analysis of bait Figure 2. Studies reviewed per country (in red, studies carried out in areas outside MPAs; in the same time, to see which techniques are generally most used. types according to fishing method since most of the data did blue, studies from within MPAs). “Other Studies” indicates studies from areas that are not part of not distinguish between the types of bait used for boat fishing the MPAs of this project, including some from outside the Mediterranean 2. Secondly, we evaluated the qualitative data (data that lacks and those used for shore fishing. a scientific basis, or else data with a scientific basis, but lacking in numerical values since they are based on the - Boat fishing competitions are well developed in Spain, Italy, presence or absence of, for example, a certain technique, France and Croatia, and the same goes for underwater fishing type of bait or species, etc.). in Tunisia and Turkey. However, there is no relevant data on shore fishing competitions. For example: in the case of fishing techniques, not all the data obtained was quantitative (i.e., % use), but instead was focused - Regrettably, we have only been able to take into account the on the presence or absence of these techniques in each of the CPUE values in terms of weight of catch because the vast

22 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 23 majority of studies we reviewed did not did not provide CPUE •Isla de Tabarca values in terms of the number of individuals captured. Never- •The marine reserve of Levante de Mallorca-Cala Ratjada theless, it should be noted that it is always better to present Part 5 CPUE data in both weight and number. •The marine nature reserve of Cerbère-Banyuls - The percentages have been calculated from the studies we •Posidonies du Cap d’Agde reviewed, while the presence/absence records - given the absence of more precise data - was obtained from the ques- •Posidonies de la Côte des Albères 5. Results tionnaires filled in by MPA managers. •Posidonies de la Côte Palavasienne - The data we have used concerning the Archipel de Riou, •Baie et Cap d’Antibes - Iles de Lérins which became a French nature reserve in 2003, is taken from studies that were carried out prior to its recent inclusion into •Port-Cros National Park and Porquerolles island 5.1 Sampling the Parc National des Calanques which was established in •The Fondali Noli area of the Bergeggi (nature reserve) 2012. Within this park, a no-take zone has been established around the island of Riou, which is the largest island in the •Portofino MPA archipelago. •Isole di Ventotene e Santo Stefano MPA 5.1.1 Sampling methods - The data on the Port-Cros National Park is taken from studies •Torre del Cerrano MPA that were carried out prior to the expansion of the Park in 2012 •Nature Reserve of the Bouches de Bonifacio - Within the perimeter (and its 100Km of coastline) of the PNM The methods that can be used to collect data on recreational fishing are di- Golfe du Lion, there is the protected area of Cerbère-Ba- •Calanques National Park verse. Lockwood et al., (2000) [75] lists the following types: (see also [119]) nyuls and the RN2000 zone (FR 910 1482) of Posidonies de la Côte des Albères. • Aerial-access: using a light aircraft, a census of the number of fishermen - All French MPAs are wholly or partially part of the Natura 2000 in the study target area is carried out, while an interviewer uses question- network. Other MPAs mentioned in this study that are part of naires to interview fishermen at the end of their day’s fishing. the Natura 2000 network are as follows: [127] • Aerial-roving: using a light aircraft, a census of the number of fishermen Photo: Serranus cabrilla (with a crustacean in its mouth) in the study target area is carried out, while an interviewer uses question- caught from a boat. (Toni Font) naires to interview fishermenin-situ (wherever they are actually fishing). In this case, therefore, the data will be incomplete, since it will not take into account the whole day’s fishing.

• Roving-access or access point: when the interviewers themselves carry out both the census and the interviews once the fishermen have completed their day’s fishing («full interview»). This method is employed especially in areas where access points to the fishing are limited and easily controlled by the interviewers.

• Roving-roving or Roving creel survey: when the interviewers themselves carry out both the census and the interviews, but again, in situ, resulting in “incomplete interviews” because it will not take into account the whole day’s fishing.

• Mail or telephone surveys: with questionnaires applied by mail or telephone.

Of all the studies carried out in the MPAs, the most commonly used is clearly the Roving-roving method. Only two studies within the MPAs (Ta- barca and Bonifacio) have used the Roving-access method. It is usually difficult to apply this sampling method in very large areas or areas that have numerous points of access. For example in Bonifacio, surveys were carried out in three different marinas. Similarly, a telephone survey was used in only one case. In fact, telephone surveys, along with mail or email surveys, are more often used for major studies covering large national or regional territories [30, 54, 43]. Over 70% of the studies we have reviewed, in addition to direct interviews, per-

24 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 25 formed some kind of estimate of the total number that changes is the mode of transport, on foot or Other ways to make contact with fishermen that have been - taking advantage of the terrain to conduct a head count, of fishermen in each area: in some cases, census by vehicle for sampling shore fishing activity and used in some of the studies and which complement other such as at Cap d’Agde, where the number of fishermen studies were conducted prior to fieldwork in order various types of boats (inflatable, rigid, etc.) used methods include: can be monitored by telescope from a nearby stretch of to determine the approximate number of fisher- for sampling boat fishing. Boats were also used for coastline. - taking advantage of the moment when fishermen collect men; others were carried out during field work, sampling underwater fishing activity (spearfishing), their fishing permits to give them a questionnaire orlogbook alternating field trips solely for interviews with field although the most effective way to sample spear (as occurs in Port Cros, Cerbère-Banyuls and Plemmirio; trips solely for counting fishermen, while others got fishermen is to interview them once they have fi- Sampling methods that are independent of normal fishing although it should be pointed out that, in Port Cros, this tool their interviewers to carry out the interviews and nished fishing, just as they leave the water. Note activities are common in commercial fishing but rare in re- is thought to be somewhat cumbersome and impractical). head counts at the same time. Only one study, in that, in the study on underwater fishing in theCap creational fishing. Several studies in Cerbère-Banyuls have Note also that the managers at Plemmirio will carry out a the Parque Marino de Serra Gelada (Alicante, Spain) de Creus [46] it was decided to obtain the data involved parallel fishing experiments in areas where fishing field study in order to compare the data obtained from the carried out a comprehensive assessment of the from a network of friends and acquaintances who is strictly protected in order to study the reserve effect, focu- logbooks, as it seems there may be some errors caused overall numbers of fishermen with 12 days of aerial practiced spear fishing, given that spear fishermen sing on the most caught species (S. cabrilla). Other studies mainly by a lack of experience in species identification, or a surveys (Aerial-access or Aerial-roving, by light air- who were unknown to researchers were highly have studied the benefits of using fishing experiments to lack of trust in the monitoring system. craft) from June to September 2007 [50b], in the unlikely to collaborate with the study (in contrast look at ways of preventing potential hazards associated same way as other surveys carried out in Australia to shore and boat fishermen who generally colla- with the types of gear or bait used [104]. [115], Portugal [113] and New Zealand [116]. borate readily).

No differences in sampling methods for different Table 1 summarizes the sampling methods at each Photo: Lichia amia caught by trolling. (Toni Font) fishing techniques were established. The only thing AMP:

Roving-‐ Roving-‐ access roving Telef. Census Others Cerbère -‐Banyuls X X X** Cap d'Agde X X X* Bonifacio X X X X Côte Bleue X X Porquerolles X X (Port-‐Cros) AMPs Tabarca X 5.1.2 Sampling effort Côte des Albères X X Cap de Creus X X Table 2 shows the seasons of the year in which the studies vast majority were carried out in the warmest months of were carried out, according to fishing method. It also shows the year. This makes sense when the financial and human Illes Medes i the totals for both the number of field trips made and the resources available are limited and monitoring efforts have Costa del X number of interviews completed - since many of the studies to be concentrated on a few months - and the months cho- Montgrí did not differentiate the sampling effort according to fishing sen are usually those of highest frequentation (in general, Plemmirio X X** method, we chose to indicate the total values (boat, shore coastal tourism in summer causes a proportional increase and spearfishing) in the first two columns. An «X» in the box Archipel de Riou X X X of fishermen). indicates in which season or seasons the sampling was Côte Sableuse No-‐ X X carried out, so the year round surveys have an «X» corres- Catalane AMPs ponding to all four seasons. In some studies, not all the fishermen that researchers came across were interviewed. This is an important point Menorca 2002 X At first glance it can be seen thatthe sampling effort to remember when making estimates of the total biomass Mallorca 2005 X X X*** varies wildly among the various studies, further com- extracted in an MPA. Other ways of obtaining information plicating comparative analysis. This table serves as a refe- about the frequentation of fishermen were derived from the rence for determining which studies can be compared with Table 1. Sampling methods carried out in MPAs and non-reserve areas. The column number of licenses issued by managers. “others” includes x* = census using telescopes from nearby shores; x** = number of fisher- each other and which cannot. Only 4 studies conducted in men issued with a fishing permit; x*** = logbooks 4 MPAs have taken into account a full year and these are therefore especially representative. On the other hand, the

26 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 27 Table 2. Seasons of the year in which the sampling was carried out in each study, the total number of field trips; the total number of fishermen interviewed; the total number of fishermen included in the census. “*”The Tabarca study was conducted over a period of 21 months. ** The census of 10,751 fishermen in the Côte Bleue was carried out on 59 different days during a period of 135 days in which the interviews were carried out.

Boat Shore Spearfishing Total Total Total number of number number fishermen Win Spr Sum Aut Win Spr Sum Aut Win Spr Sum Aut MPA of field of censused trips surveys Archipel de Riou 59 181 19250 X X X X X X 1998 (no-MPA) Archipel de Riou 10 2033 X X X 1999 (no-MPA) Cerbere-Banyuls Photo: Left: a researcher surveying a boat fisherman using the Roving-roving method in the Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue. 2005 128 625 X X X X Right: measuring and weighing fish caught by a boat fisherman (Coris julis, Symphodus spp., etc.). (Eric Charbonnel) Cerbere-Banyuls 236 354 X X X X 2007-08 Cerbere-Banyuls 136 490 X X X X 2008-09 Cerbere-Banyuls 421 742 1247 X X X X X X X X X 2010 Cap d'Agde 2011 25 168 X X

Cap d' Agde 16 24 1793 X X 2006 Côte Bleue 2007 52 507 X X X

Côte Bleue 2008- 09 270 1795 10751** X X X X X X X X X X X X Porquerolles 37 75 X X X X (Port-Cros) 2008 Porquerolles 26 80 X (Port-Cros) 2007 Isole Ciclopi 10 64 X

Côte des Albères 2010-11 184 750 1715 X X X X X X X X X X X X Cap de Creus 229 1079 1700 X X X X X X 2010 Medes Islands 15 75 X X 2012 Tabarca 2010* 120 2290 X X X X Plemmirio 2011 315 X X X X X X

28 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 29 Shore fishing Although it is difficult to get comprehensive details, the With regard to charters, only one study - carried out in Cap number of spearguns carried by underwater fishermen and d’Agde in 2006 [1] - has examined the activity of fishing • Cast net what type (length, number of rubber slings, power, etc.), charters, concluding that, from April to September, an ave- • “Llencetes” (simple handline, single hook) can give a basic idea of the different types of fishing that rage of about 20 recreational fishermen set off every mor- • Handline are practiced. Furthermore, according to the type of fishing ning in 3 chartered boats, generally heading for the Brescou • Bottom fishing with rod involved, certain species will be captured in preference to area. others (e.g. E. marginatus, D. sargus or S. umbra when “hole • Cork float (fishing cap) fishing” i.e. searching holes and crevices in the sea bed; S. Another technique that must be taken into account when • Spinning dumerili, Sphyraena sp., D. labrax o D. dentex when “ambush monitoring this activity is kayak fishing, which is an increa- • “au toc” fishing fishing” i.e., lying in wait for fish to pass by.). singly popular option and another aspect of recreational fishing that requires consideration when monitoring. This is • Treble hooks certainly the case in the Cap de Creus MPA where, in recent • Squid jig (for cephalopods) years, there has been a significant increase in practitioners. • Octopus jig Although it seems to be the only place so far where kayak • Octopus fishing with chicken feet as bait fishing is experiencing significant growth, it is also found occasionally in Plemmirio, Côte Bleue, Posidonies de la Côte Photo: Seriola dumerili caught from a boat using the jigging • Surfcasting Palavasienne and the Medes Islands and the Montgrí Coast). method. (Toni Font) • Bubble floats It is a highly versatile fishing technique and takes advantage • Trident of the latest technology. Kayak fishermen - equipped with GPS and depth sounders - have been seen using methods • “Nattelli” (Trad. Italian surface fishing method) such as coastal trolling, spinning and jigging, as well as 5.2 Fishing techniques used (combined bottom fishing (though this is much less common). There data from all MPAs) Shellfish gathering appears to be, therefore, a boom in this activity and the Below, we present a list of all the fishing techniques that appear situation needs to be monitored. in the MPA studies we revised, the descriptions of which appear • Underwater in Annex II. • On foot www.youtube.com/watch?v=kU8EuTWVyR8

www.youtube.com/watch?v=JP8ADbtN1UI) Boat fishing Underwater fishing (spearfishing) • Handline • From the shore • Trolling • From a boat • Spinning • Submodalities: • Jigging -Hole fishing • Cork float -Stalking (hiding & waiting) • Bottom fishing with rod -Stalking (“Indian hunting”) • Fishing for cephalopods using squid jigs -Ambush fishing (gliding) • Longline • Chumming (adrift or anchored) Competition fishing • Bottom fishing for gilthead bream (Sparus aurata) “à la • Shore fishing pierre” (Trad. In France) • Boat fishing • Xyrichthys novacula bottom fishing (Trad. in Mallorca) • Spearfishing • Fish trap However, it must be said that information on the use of some of • Fishing charters (trolling) these techniques is somewhat anecdotal (e.g. Octopus fishing • Fishing charters (bottom fishing) with chicken feet as bait). • Treble hooks It can be seen that the boat fishing involves the highest number of fishing techniques used (16), followed by shore • “Nattelli” (Trad. Italian surface fishing method) fishing (15). In contrast, only four different types of unde- Photo: Spearfisher in the waters of Mallorca. (Toni Font) Photo: Kayak equipped for fishing, with GPS and rod holders, in rwater fishing techniques were found. the MPA of Cap de Creus. (Josep Lloret)

30 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 31 Subsistence fishing, which was discussed in the intro- pared to other techniques, bottom fishing with a rod is duction, should also be taken into account. Its importance by far the most commonly-used fishing technique may be increasing in the context of the economic crisis by both boat and shore fishermen. This is probably Fishing techniques (shore) Cap de Creus 2010 affecting some countries like Spain or Greece. because bottom fishing is relatively simple and does not 350% require much fishing expertise; the gear used is easy to Côte des Albères 2010-11 Finally, there is the impact that can be generated by retired handle and put together and there are no special tech- 300% Cap d'Agde 2006 professional fishermen who continue their activities as niques involved (unlike, for example, the more specialized recreational fishermen. This aspect needs to be taken into techniques of jigging or spinning). In addition, the fishermen 250% Cerbère-Banyuls 2010 account when assessing the general impact on fish popu- can catch quite large numbers of different species (usually Cerbère-Banyuls 2007-08 lations in a particular area, because it has to be considered benthic) which are considered to be good for eating. 200% as recreational fishermen even though, in some countries, Cerbère-Banyuls 2005 these “retired” fishermen have certain privileges. In most The second most popular boat fishing technique is a han- 150% countries, once the fisherman retire, they are no longer dline, which is basically the same kind of bottom fishing but 100% allowed to continue their activity; nevertheless, there is evi- without the rod. Trolling is in third place. In shore fishing, the dence of such activity continuing in areas such as the Cap second most commonly-used techniques are spinning and 50% de Creus, the Medes islands/coast of Montgrí, Golfe du Lion, fishing with cork floats. All the other techniques are used to Cap d’Agde and Posidonies de la Côte Palavasienne. a much lesser extent, as shown in Figures 3 & 4. 0% handline spinning cork float bottom surfcasting bubble shellfish trident treble undefined However, although it is known that these types of fishing are However, not all the studies provide quantitative data on fishing with float gathering hooks practiced in some MPAs, there is very little data with which the use of fishing techniques (although they do tell us if the rod to carry out any kind of analysis, and therefore they have technique is present/absent), therefore certain techniques been omitted from this study. may be more commonly used than is suggested by these Figure 4. Accumulated percentages of shore fishing techniques from each of the studies reviewed that provided quantitative data. The graphs. That is to say, many of the studies only looked at sum of the percentages may exceed 100% because the fishermen may indicate more than one fishing technique. We have also omitted data on deep sea trolling and bottom whether a fishing technique was used or not in the MPA in fishing for pelagic species (e.g., tuna) since these are both question, but did not define the most commonly used in techniques that are employed well away from the coastline percentage terms. Thus, the extent of a technique such It is important to note that in 30% of the studies reviewed measures within the MPA and outside it during the at depths that are not normally included within the bounda- as jigging from a boat may be underestimated, because here, the information is presented generically, i.e., without various years under study. Perhaps the most com- ries of the MPAs. although it is practiced in many MPAs, the only quantitative specifying whether the data concerns one fishing technique plex study in this regard is that of Gonson 2010 in data on jigging that was available to us comes from just two or another. Cerbère-Banyuls [24]. Other studies in Cerbère-Ba- If we consider only the quantitative results that we managed studies of two different MPAs. nyuls have employed PERMANOVA to study how to obtain from some of the studies, it appears that, com- season and protection affect CPUE; the Mann-Whit- 5.3 Data analysis: statistical methods ney U test has allowed researchers to see the rela- Fishing techniques (boat) Cala Ratjada used tionships or differences between seasons, within the Medes Islands 2012 MPA and outside it and the fishing techniques. 450% Around 40% of the MPAs we analyzed have used Cap de Creus 2010 statistical techniques of a certain complexity such 2 400% • In Posidonie de la Côte des Albères [26], Chi was as the Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis tests (the percen- used to evaluate and standardize the sampling effort 350% Bonifacio tage increases slightly if we include studies in non-reserve Cap d'Agde 2006 and the spatial distribution of fishermen. 300% areas), while the remaining 60% use basic statistical metho- Cap d'Agde 2010-11 • In the Cap d’Agde [3], dendrograms were used to 250% dologies such as calculating mean values. 200% Cerbère-Banyuls 2010 analyze the interrelationships between the sizes of Below are some examples showing the variety of statistical hooks and the size of captured fish. 150% Cerbère-Banyuls 2007-08 techniques employed: 100% Cerbère-Banyuls 2005 • In the Côte des Albères [25], Multiple Corres- 50% • In Cerbère-Banyuls [17, 19, 20, 21], different pondence Analysis (MCA) was used to establish 0% tests have been used, such as the Kruskal-Wallis relationships between fishing gear, bait and catches, test to analyze the differences in extracted biomass, allowing managers to see the impacts of certain fishing effort and CPUE for different months of the types of fishing gear and bait on certain species. year and whether these differences were significant; These species can then be managed differently if the Mann-Whitney test was used to see whether they are in decline or under threat (for example, if there were significant differences in extracted bio- S. cabrilla or P. acarne are over-exploited, the use mass, fishing effort and CPUE between shore and of certain gear and bait by which these species are Figure 3. Accumulated percentages of boat fishing techniques from each of the studies reviewed that provided quantitative data. The sum boat fishermen, during the entire period of study; of the percentages may exceed 100% because the fishermen may indicate more than one fishing technique. caught can be limited or banned). the Tukey test was used to compare the same three

32 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 33 Mean fishing hours/year according to fishing technique 700 the average number of fishing hours per fisherman may be Boat low, the fishing effort may still be substantial if the number of 600 fishermen in an area is very high. 500 Shore

Figure 5, below, shows the mean number of hours that 400 Underwater fishermen spend fishing per year, according to the type of 300 fishing. To standardize the values we have analyzed the 200

studies that provided the following data: average number hours/year fishing of fishing hours per day and average number of fishing days 100 per year. Thus it has been possible to estimate the annual fishing effortin hours per year. There is tremendous varia- 0 bility in the data from the various MPAs. For example, in the MPAs of Archipiel de Riou, Cap d’Agde and Cote Bleue, the shore fishermen are the ones who spend more time fishing, while in the MPAs of Porquerolles, Cap de Creus and the Photo: Shore fisherman with his catch: Oblada melanura. (Toni Medes islands, it is the spearfishers. And in Serra Gelada, as Font) we mentioned earlier, boat fishermen spend more than 570 hours per year fishing MPA/non-MPA 5.4 Fishing effort Fishing effort is a measure of the intensity of fishing opera- Figure 5. Mean number of hours per year spent fishing in each study. In order to complete the data for some MPAs that did not have sufficient information to determine hours of fishing per year, we have used average tions. The definition of the fishing effort depends on the type 5.4.2 Quantity of fishing gear per fisherman values from other MPAs to provide a logical reference point. of gear used and, often, on the type of information available: (according to type of fishing) in the case of recreational fishing, the fishing effort may be Another factor influencing the fishing effort is the quantity expressed by the number of hours or days of fishing per Table 3. Average number of rods or lines per fisherman according to type of fishing: B+S of gear used by fishermen, usually measured in terms of year, the number of hooks or lines per fisherman and per (boat +shore); (B) boat; (S) shore number of rods, hand lines or spear guns. Although spear- day’s fishing, or simply by the total number of fishermen. fishers can only fire one spear gun at a time, they usually MPA B+S (B) boat (S) Shore carry more than one by way of replacement or because Archipel de Riou 1998 2.2 they practice more than one type of technique (hole fishing, 5.4.1 How many hours per year do fisher- Archipel de Riou 1999 1.46 stalking, etc.). men spend fishing? Cerbere-Banyuls 2010 1.41 1.32 According to the data available to us, it appears that A priori there seems to be no clear pattern relating Cap d'Adge 2011 3.04 shore fishermen generally use higher quantities of the number of hours per year spent fishing to the fishing gear (up to a maximum of 20 rods per angler [1]) 50% less than 5 various fishing techniques. For instance, both the 58% more than 5 than those fishing from boats. This is supported by the Cer- rods lowest and highest values were for boat fishing: 84 hours Cap d'Adge 2006 rods bère-Banyuls study (2005) [17], which suggested that it 20% between per year in Porquerolles [9] and 573 hours per year in max: 20 rods may simply be because they have more space available for 10-15 rods Serra Gelada [50]. The huge difference between these placing more rods. Cap d'Adge 2008 2 two places is probably due to their location in relation to large urban centres. Serra Gelada is located a short dis- As shown in Table 3, there is great variety in how the data Côte Bleue 2008-09 2 1.8 2.1 tance from a large city, Benidorm, from which access is was collected and how it is presented. Some studies give 2.3 rods very easy. Thus, boat fishermen arrive in greater numbers the average number of rods per angler; others give various Porquerolles (Port-Cros) and more often than they do in Porquerolles and Illes ranges of values and attribute a percentage to each range; 0.4 handlines 2008 0.05 longlines Medes, where the closest large urban centres (Toulon and some separate the data depending on the type of fishing Barcelona, respectively) are much further away. while others separate the data according to the sub-modalities. However, in general, it seems that shore fishermen devote 2.31 rods Porquerolles (Port-Cros) 0.24 handlines 1.1 more hours to the activity (except in Cap de Creus where 2007 0.04 longlines the trend is reversed [47]). It is possible that this huge variability is due to factors such as weather and sea conditions Cap de Creus 2010 2 2.2 throughout the year, access to the fishing areas or simply the preferences of fishermen. 1 deep sea rod Nevertheless, this measure must be placed in the context Medes Islands 2012 1.6 trolling fishing of the estimated total number of fishermen since, although rods

34 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 35 5.4.4 Number of fishermen

It is very important to know the approximate number of Table 4. Mean number of hooks or spear guns: B+S (boat +shore); (B) boat; (S) shore; spear fishing (SP) fishermen who come to an area to fish each year. As we said earlier, there are various sampling methods for produ- B SP cing a general census (by air, by boat, etc.). This informa- MPA B+S (hooks) (hooks) S (hooks) (spearguns) tion is essential for estimating the total biomass removed Archipel de Riou 1998 (Non-MPA) 2.86 1.8 annually in a particular area. Archipel de Riou 1999 (Non-MPA) 3.11 Since the vast majority of studies have been carried out Cerbere-Banyuls 2005 1.93 1.51 only in certain seasons, these cannot be taken into account Cerbere-Banyuls 2008 2.06 1.25 when calculating the total biomass extracted per year. Only in the following studies, did we believe that the census was Cerbere-Banyuls 2009 3.48 5.03

sufficiently accurate to assess the total annual fishing (Table Cerbere-Banyuls 2010 0.88 5), since they were carried out throughout a whole year and with a significant sampling effort: Cap d'Agde 2011 8.62 Photo: Boat fisherman reeling in a bonito (Sarda sarda) in Medi- Cap d'Agde 2008 4 terranean waters. (Toni Font) Côte Bleue 2007 2.3 According to this data, when considered in terms of Côte Bleue 2008-09 3 2.4 1.5 the area of the MPAs (in hectares), the density varies between 0.4 fishermen/ha in Côte des Albères Porquerolles 2008 4.6 2

and 1.9 fishermen/ha in Cerbère-Banyuls. Taking into Porquerolles 2007 5 1.3 account that the density of fishermen in the Cerbère-Banyuls Côte des Albères 2010-11 3.8 reserve (an area that has specific regulations for recreational 5.4.3 Number of hooks used per fisherman fishing) is greater than the overall density in the Côte des Al- Cap de Creus 2010 3.6 (according to type of fishing) bères (which has large areas without specific restrictions for 1.12 1.25 Medes Islands 2012 In calculating the fishing effort where hooks are involved, it recreational fishing), we may conclude that fishermen prefer is perhaps more important to establish the average number protected areas with certain restrictions (for example, some of hooks used in each fishing trip rather than the number may think that yields are higher in restricted areas). of lines (rods, hand lines or other) per fisherman, (e.g., if 4 When density is calculated for shore fishermen only, it rods are used with only one hook per rod, the impact will would make sense to use the number of fishermen per kilo- be less than when 4 rods are used with 3 hooks per rod). metre of coastline as a measure, rather than per hectares Thus, whenever possible, it is important to establish of sea. However, if boat fishermen, who operate at various the number of lines and the number of hooks. distances from the coast, are also included (as in this case), According to the available data, there is no clear density per hectare provides a more accurate picture. trend that indicates which fishing technique uses Table 5. Census of total number of fishermen in single MPAs, according to annual studies and density per the largest average number of hooks. However, it hectare. The asterix * indicates that, although the study is an annual one, spearfishing was not taken into appears that boat fishermen use more hooks than account. shore fishermen, with 3.36 and 2.6 hooks on ave- Density rage, respectively. This makes sense considering that, Total fishermen MPA (number of fishermen since boat fishermen use fewer lines per fisherman (see counted 5.4.2), they choose to use a larger number of hooks per per hectare) line. Côte Bleue 2009 10750 1.08 In Table 4, we see some examples from various studies. Some have combined data from boat and shore fishing, Côte des Albères 1715 0.4 while others show separate data. It appears that a single 2010-11 fisherman can use, on average, between 1.5 and 8.6 Cap de Creus 2010 1700 0.6 hooks, although most commonly, the number is between 2 and 4. Cerbère-Banyuls 2010* 1247 1.9 The last column shows the average number of spear guns employed when spearfishing. Photo: Fishermen with their rods fishing from a jetty (Toni Font)

36 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 37 5.4.5 What season and what time of day do In the same area, it was concluded that the more expe- mercial fishing (though often it is not relevant because it is fishermen prefer? rienced fishermen concentrated their activities mainly considered constant), but not in recreational fishing, where in the winter months (which was when more interesting it has hardly ever been evaluated. Knowing the time of day and season of the year when catches could be made). fishing activities are carried out gives us information that is - A year-long survey of the Côte des Albères [26] deter- In recreational fisheries, catchability must have increased essential for assessing the seasonality of the fishing effort. mined that numbers were highest in the period from March in recent decades because the efficiency of recreational to September (spring and summer), especially for boat fishing gear has been increasing year after year with the From the examples discussed below, we would suggest fishermen, and highest in the morning for boat and shore emergence of new and better equipment, materials and that, for boat fishermen, it is generally more com- fishermen and in the afternoon/evening for spearfishers. baits (along with GPS technologies and sonar probes, mon to set out in the morning, during the warmer - Another year-long survey in the Côte des Albères [25], which can sometimes be even more sophisticated than that months and with better weather. In contrast, shore also concludes that the period of greatest activity is in which is used commercial fishing). In this sense, innovative fishermen are not so dependent on weather condi- summer. companies (e.g. www.humminbird.com) are introducing tions and their activity is distributed more widely throu- - A year-long study in Cerbère-Banyuls, in 2010 [22], smart technology and cutting-edge products such as new ghout the year and throughout the day. There is no clear states that 87% of boat fishermen go fishing in the morning fishfinders, depth sounders, marine radios and GPS sys- pattern among spearfishers although it seems that the and 13% go late in the afternoon when the sea is calmer, tems for recreational anglers. more experienced spearfishers go fishing more often in the but especially in spring and summer and generally in fair winter months when there are generally less other people. weather. In contrast, the numbers are more balanced for Similarly, the existence of expert recreational fishermen will shore fishermen: 53% usually go fishing in the morning and surely increase catchability, but this is rarely taken into ac- As for the data on fishing preferences during the week, 47% usually in the afternoon, distributed throughout the count in the treatment of the data. As an example, it is inte- weekends or holidays, again, no specific conclusions can year with numbers being highest in spring. resting to see that in the area of the Archipel de Riou, the be drawn, although in general, it seems that weekends - A year-long study in the Côte Bleue [6] confirmed that CPUE in winter is much higher than it is in summer (838g to over 70% of boat fishermen went fishing in the morning Photo: Fishermen surfcasting from a breakwater. (Toni Font) and holidays draw increased numbers of fishermen 146g) [11]. This was explained by researchers by the fact to the different fishing techniques. and more than 50% fished throughout the year: - occasions when these factors depend on season, that, in winter, the fishermen tend to be more experienced, Due to the enormous variability of the data and how they on average, than they are in summer because in summer Type of fishing Time of year Time of day age, environment and other species were obtained in most studies, we cannot provide a tho- there is a heavy influx of tourists among which more inex- Boat 50% all year round 70% mornings rough analysis of the fishermen’s fishing preferences. Fur- Technological factors: perienced anglers can be found. Furthermore, because of Shore 53% all year round 47% mornings thermore, the results can change dramatically if the sam- overcrowding in summer, the more experienced fishermen Spear fishing 64% all year round 51% mornings - type of fishing gear, design, colour and material pling trips were made at a particular time of day or year prefer not to fish in this area. (See sections 5.4.6 and 5.8.4 - duration, handling and position of fishing gear as the fishermen’s preferences would depend heavily on - In Tabarca [50bis], it appears that shore fishermen pre- on experience) when they were interviewed. In fact, it is important not to fer to fish during the summer months (although more than - experience of fishermen A similar effect on catchability occurs with bait since, accor- confuse the preferences of fishermen and the actual peaks 50% fish all year) and at weekends. - occasions when some of these factors depend on ding to a study in Cerbère-Banyuls [18], the type of bait of activity since, in the warmer months of the year, tourism - In Serra Gelada [50bis] boat fishermen prefer wee- biological changes used depends on the experience of fishermen.The more increases in coastal areas and therefore the proportion of kends, mornings and summer months. experienced fishermen use mainly crustaceans, fishermen may increase while having no bearing on such Catchability is a concept that has been studied in com- - In the Cap de Creus, shore fishermen prefer to fish while the more occasional fishermen use, above all, preferences. usually in the mornings and weekends, but there is no worms. (Figure 6) Taking into consideration only the results of those studies clear preference regarding seasons of the year or holidays [47]. that followed whole years (all seasons) and distributed the sampling effort in a balanced way between morning and All the other data from the other studies show no particular pattern, evening, the following observations can be made: and some of them even show variations from one year to another within the same MPA.. Bait used according to fishing experience - The clearest example of seasonal variability is Cerbère-Banyuls found in the studies carried out in the Archipel de 5.4.6 Catchability 50% Occasional fishermen Riou (non-MPA) in different seasons of the year for Catchability is the probability that a particular specimen will a total of 2.5 months [11, 12], where the number of Experienced fishermen be captured and is a term associated with selectivity. In 40% fishermen counted at each season varied conside- turn, this probability depends on two types of factors: biolo- rably, with summer being the busiest: 30% gical and technological.

Biological factors 20% Figure 6. The use MPA Fishermen counted of different type of - availability of fish in the fishing zone 10% Archipel de Riou 1998 3120 bait according to the (Winter) degree of experience - fish behaviour in relation to fishing gear Archipel de Riou 1998 16130 0% of the fishermen. (Summer) - size, shape and external characteristics fish fish crustaceans worms artificial lures bivalve gastropod undefined Source: [18] Archipel de Riou 1999 2033 molluscs molluscs (Spring)

38 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 39 Moreover it is possible that the type of bait actually used - Cap d’Agde (2010/11) [3]: using statistical tech- differences in the units used to measure CPUE in the dif- affects catchability. It is therefore an additional potential fac- niques, researchers looked at whether there was ferent studies reviewed, we have standardized the data to tor to be taken into account, but for which no studies exist, any significant relationship between hook size and estimate the grams per hook and hour. as yet. fish size in the catches of individual species. Howe- The data from the various different studies reveals that ver, the conclusion was that there was no significant CPUE can vary considerably depending on the year, relationship (which contradicts the theory put forward on the time of year, on the location (reserve, depth in the previous section). and type of habitat), on the fishing gear used and on 5.4.7 Selectivity of fishing gear - A non-MPA in Menorca (2002) [55]: more catches the experience of the fisherman (see Section 5.4.6 on Selectivity is the probability that the fishing gear will cap- were recorded overall with Nº12 hooks than with Nº6 catchability), but can also vary depending on the weather ture fish of a certain size. In the case of recreational fishing hooks. In contrast, it was found that hook size had and the characteristics of the gear (e.g. hook size, mate- where rods/lines are used with hooks, selectivity depends no effect on catches of S. cabrilla or S. scriba, but rials) or the type of bait. With this in mind, we can only com- basically on the size of the hooks. did have an effect on C. julis and D. annularis (the pare studies (and MPAs) that have been carried out at the smaller the hook, the more catches were made). same time of year or throughout a particular period (Figures Controlling hook size is a means by which some MPAs 7, 8 and 10), and those that do not combine the data on control the quantity and size of catches and some studies Photo: Dentex dentex caught from the shore using live bait. trolling and bottom fishing into the same value (Figure 12). have obtained information on the sizes of the hooks com- Table 6. Data on most commonly-used hook sizes in 3MPAs and (Toni Font) monly used by fishermen. one non-MPA. 5.5.1.1 Interannual variability According to the data shown in Table 6, there is no clear MPA Characteristics of hooks used 5.5 Fishing yields overall pattern. However, it seems that the more expe- Mean hook number (lower number = bigger There is highly significant variation in some of the results rienced a fisherman is, the bigger the hooks they hook) according to fishing experience: obtained in the long term monitoring studies of recreatio- - Occasional fishermen: 7.3 5.5.1 The catch per unit effort (CPUE) use. No differences were detected between the fishing Cerbere- - Frequent fishermen: 4.8 nal fishing carried out over several years. One of the clea- techniques. In this regard it would be best to express the Banyuls (2007- - Most frequent fishermen: 3.2 is the most important statistical tool used for studying fishing rest examples is that of the Cerbère-Banyuls MPA, which size of the hook in mm for length and width as in the case 08) Mean hook number on boats: 3.6 includes data collected over a number of years (from 2005 Mean hook number from shore: 2.4 yields, and represents the catch (by number or weight) per of Côte Bleue (2009) [6]. In fact, MPAs that include some unit effort while taking into account a specific degree of cat- to 2010) [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22], and which clearly shows form of regulation in this regard, usually refer to size in mm. chability (which is assumed constant). It is used to estimate such variability from one year to another in terms of, among (See Section 5.10 on regulation) 59% used hook sizes between nº 4 and 6 the relative abundance of stocks in the sea (assuming this others, CPUE, frequentation, fishing techniques, species Cap d'Agde 33% used hook sizes between nº 0 and 3 (2010-11) constant catchability). caught, etc. This evidence highlights the importance of 8% used hook sizes between nº 7 and 18 monitoring fishing activities on a regular basis (not neces- In the case of fishing gear involving hooks, the optimum In the market there are plenty of types of hooks (e.g. sarily annually, but at least recurrently) over the years that Côte Bleue Mean hook size boat fishing: 8.3 ± 3.8 mm formula for calculating CPUE is as follows: Aberdeen hooks with long shanks; straight or curved short- (2007-09) Mean hook size shore fishing: 8.1 ± 3.9 mm an MPA exists because the results can change significantly shanked hooks; circle hooks which appear to have the Menorca from year to year. least impact of the well-being of the fish, etc.) and many (2002) (Non- Hook sizes between nº 6 and 12 To give an example, the Réserve Naturelle Marine de Cer- different sizes of hooks. Which hooks are used depends MPA) CPUE = number or weight of fish / (fishing hours x on the kind of fish to be captured. The higher the number number of hooks) bère-Banyuls itself has data for the years 2005, 2008, 2010 on fishing techniques and their percentage use in the MPA: ascribed to the hook, the smaller they are in size, i.e., a Nº7 Finally, a study carried out in 2010, in the Balearic Islands hook is smaller than a Nº3 hook (although it appears that [114] focused on the importance of regulating the minimum For underwater fishing, CPUE is calculated according to the measures are not standardized and vary depending on size of the hooks. It demonstrated that there is a strong number or weight of fish per hour of fishing. the manufacturer). negative relationship between CPUE and hook size, We see that the use of different fishing methods varies Table 7, in the following section, shows the seasons in greatly over the years, especially the use of the handline Table 6 shows the only results we managed to obtain from which reflects the fact that the smaller the hook which a variety of studies were performed (marked with an and the bottom fishing rod. In such cases researchers need studies in 3 MPAs and 1 non-MPA area. They data is merely size, the higher the proportion of small species in X) and the related CPUE values (in grams per hook and to estimate average percentages over many years of moni- informative as it is not possible to make any comparisons. the catch (especially small-mouthed species such as, hour) for the different fishing techniques. Because of certain toring in order to discern and define any useful patterns. However it is worth pointing out the following: C . julis or D. annularis, although this is not as evident in the case of S. cabrilla and S. cantharus). In the same way, - Cerbère Banyuls (2007/08) [18]: It is interesting catches below minimum size are reduced by increasing bottom to see how less experienced, occasional fishermen hook size. cork Year handline trolling spinning float fishing use smaller hooks, followed by frequent fishermen with rod with slightly larger hooks and finally the very regu- This is therefore an aspect that should be considered by lar, most experienced fishermen who use the largest MPA managers when drafting regulations for the MPA. 2005 20.0% 10.0% 3.0% 2.0% 66.0% hooks. This leads us to understand that greater ex- 2008 27.5% 4.6% 2.6% 0.6% 26.6% perience leads to using larger hooks and therefore higher probabilities of catching larger species. 2010 40.7% 12.8% 0 0 39.6%

40 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 41 Figure 7, below, which shows CPUE values for threedif- It should be remembered that the diversity of species CPUE for shore fishing (summer months) ferent years, is another example of how much these figures caught in each season vary greatly. Not only does this af- 140 vary from year to year in the Cerbère-Banyuls MPA. 116.78 fect the data on the species caught, but also the CPUE 120 105.74 values. It is logical therefore, to analyze the CPUE in each It is therefore important to try to reduce the bias caused by 100 season separately, as researchers did in the Archipel de this yearly variation. A good solution would be to plan and 80 Riou (98-99) [11, 12] with boat fishing carry out the study in the same way year after year, 60 44.06 using the same parameters and taking into account 40

g/hook/hour/fisherman 20 the sampling periods, the number of sampling trips, Table 8. Example of seasonal variability in species and CPUE in the 0 the types of fishing being evaluated, the weather Cerbere-Banyuls 2005 Cerbere-Banyuls 2007-08 Cerbere-Banyuls 2008-09 Archipel de Riou (boat fishing). conditions, the interviewer’s experience, etc. in ad- MPA dition to developing a single database in order to Area, year & Most captured Mean CPUE collect as much information as possible in order to Figure 7. Example of interannual variability of CPUE values accor- season species (g/hour/fisherman) ding to studies from different years in Cerbère-Banyuls. draw more precise conclusions. 52% L. vulgaris, Archipel de Riou 29% C. julis, 3% D. 1998 labrax, 3% P. 956 g/h/f Photo: A woman fishing Oblada melanura and Diplodus sar- (Winter) erythrinus, 1,5% S. gus from the shore (“au toc” fishing). (Toni Font) Sarda, etc. 38% C. julis, 23% Archipel de Riou S. cabrilla, 6% B. 1998 boops, <5% D. 125 g/h/f 5.5.1.2 Seasonality (Summer) vulgaris, A. Anthias, etc. There is evidently a great disparity in the CPUE values de- 62,2% C. julis, 17,1% B. boops, pending on the seasons in which the studies were carried Archipel de Riou 4,9 S. cabrilla, <4% out. 1999 167 g/h/f Table 7. Seasons in which the studies were carried out (marked X) and CPUE values for the three different types of D. labrax, D. (Spring) fishing, where available. The CPUE values are given in g/hook/hour/fisherman (for fishing with lines) and g/hour/ In order to group the data and simplify the calculations, cervinus, D. fisherman (for spearfishing) sargus, etc. we considered two periods of the year: one in which the waters are warmest (late spring, summer and early autumn) Season / Type of fishing CPUE As we can see in the Archipel de Riou data (Table 8), the which is when most of the studies analyzed here took place Boat Shore Spearfishing Boat Shore Spearfish. types of species caught and the average CPUE vary greatly. (Table 7), and the other in which the waters are cooler (late Both squid (L. vulgaris) and bonito (S. sarda) - a pelagic fish autumn, winter and early spring). MPA g/hook/ g/hook/ g/hour/ that can weigh more than 6 or 7 kg each – are present to a

Spring Spring Spring hour/fisher hour/fisher fisher Winter Winter Winter Autumn Autumn Autumn

Summer Summer Summer significant degree in winter catches and this has a conside- For boat fishing inCerbère-Banyuls [22], Côte Bleue [6] and rable impact on the mean CPUE values for winter, which are Archipel de Riou Sum.=43.7 Sum.=51 Sum =146 X X X X X X 1998 (Non-MPA) Win.=334.2 Win.=90.5 Win.=838 Côte des Albères [25] (Figure 8), the data can be compa- much higher than they are in summer or spring. Archipel de Riou red perfectly since the data was collected at all three sites X X X 53.8 However, it should be also remembered that these results 1999 (Non-MPA) throughout the year. The same is true for shore fishing and it may be affected to some extent by the degree of fishing Cerbère-Banyuls X X X X 249 116.78 2005 seems that CPUE is slightly higher in Cerbère-Banyuls than experience of those fishermen who are active in the different it is in the other two areas, for both types of fishing. Cerbère-Banyuls seasons. Indeed, in these same studies, it appears that the X X X X 219.17 105.74 2007-08 more experienced fishermen tend to fish mostly in winter, Cerbère-Banyuls CPUE boat fishing (complete year) X X X X 146.23 44.06 and this may have affected the value of the CPUE. 2008-09 350 326.9 Cerbère-Banyuls 300 As a counterpoint, the Tabarca study [50bis] concluded X X X X X X X X 326.9 137.8 2010 250 227.6 the very opposite of the Archipel de Riou study, with the Cap d'Agde 2011 X X 53.87 200 highest mean CPUE values for shore fishing being found Côte Bleue 2007-09 X X X X X X X X X X X X 109.83 15.74 178.47 150 109.83 in summer (420g/hour/fisherman) and the lowest in winter Porquerolles (Port- 100 X X X X 91.8 720 (90g/hour/fisherman), as shown in Figure 9. Cros) 2008 50 g/hook/hour/fisherman Porquerolles (Port- 0 X 136.8 Cros) 2007 Cerbere-Banyuls Côte bleue Côte des Albères MPA Côte des Albères X X X X X X X X X X X X 227.6 61.3 2010-11 Cap de Creus 2006- X X X X X X 90.2 34.4 1347 11 Figure 8. Mean CPUE for boat fishing in three different Medes Islands 2012 X X 67.32 896.6 French MPAs.

42 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 43 5.5.1.3 Location (reserve) Furthermore, differences in CPUE can be used also to evaluate the reserve, or spillover, effect: i.e., when fishing in Differences in CPUE can be used to evaluate the progres- or near areas that are restricted or closed to fishing, sion of abundance, or biomass, of certain species as well CPUE values can be positively affected due to grea- as the reserve, or spillover, effect. ter abundance of target fish, and vice versa. In the case of underwater fishing (Figure 10) the CPUEs A clear example is recorded in the study carried out in 2011, vary greatly from one MPA to another. The examples dis- in Bonifacio [16bis], where CPUE is greater in the protec- cussed below, which basically comprise the warm season, ted zone than it is in the rest of the unprotected zones, as show that lower yields are found in the MPAs where greater shown in Figure 11A. fishing pressure exists:

- In Cap de Creus or the Costa de Montgrí/Medes Islands area - parts of which are closed to underwater fishing - the Photo: Trigla lucerna caught in deep waters near Menorca. (Toni CPUE values are high. In contrast, Porquerolles (an MPA Font) in which spearfishing is allowed) and the Archipel de Riou (which, strictly speaking, was not yet an MPA when the stu- 5.5.1.4 Fishing techniques Figure 9. CPUE in mean weight for each season in the Tabarca dy was conducted) are under more intense fishing pressure MPA. Source [50bis] CPUE values depend on the type of fishing, and also on and therefore have significantly lower CPUE values. a particular technique. For example, in the case of boat Therefore, seasonality is a factor which can affect CPUE - At the same time, difficulty in accessing the fishing areas is fishing, we can distinguish two sub-modalities: trolling, es- values within a particular reserve (or a specific area) during another important factor. The French Riviera [32], although sentially targeting large and heavy pelagic species (hence one particular year, but not necessarily in the same way not protected, is relatively isolated from urbanized areas increasing CPUE), and bottom fishing with rods, targe- in each MPA. Especially if we compare areas as far apart and it is rather difficult to access. Thus, often only the most ting benthic species which are usually smaller in size and geographically as Tabarca and the Archipel de Riou, where experienced spearfishers venture here, which means there Figure 11A. Total CPUE (kg/hour) in the different weight (leading to lower CPUEs). weather conditions, accessibility or the degree of expe- is less fishing pressure and the CPUE values are therefore protected zones in the Bonifacio MPA (data from This difference in CPUE values between trolling and bottom rience of the fishermen may prove to be crucial factors in considerably higher. 2011). Taken from [16bis]. fishing is very clear in the two MPAs shown in Figure 12, fishing yields. with the troll fishing CPUEs being considerably higher, es- Also in Bonifacio, trolling generates higher CPUE values pecially in the Cap de Creus [45] (in the case of the Medes inside restricted areas (2124 g/h/fisherman) than outside Islands [50] the overall values are very low because only (1213 g/h/fisherman), as shown in Figure 11B. a small number of samples were obtained). Despite the fact that bottom fishing is the most popular fishing activity, Spearfishing CPUE (summer months) involving between 65% and 80% of the fishermen active in these two MPAs, trolling clearly has the greatest 1600 1468 1347 impact in terms of biomass removed. 1400 1200 1000 896.6 737 Average CPUE values according to the 800 600 protection level (g/h/fisherman) 2500 400 2124 g/hour/fishermen 146 200 2000 0 French Riviera Archipel de Riou Porqueroles Cap de Creus Costa del 1500 1213 (Non-MPA) (Non-MPA) Montgrí 1000 (Medes)* MPA 500 CPUE (g/h/pescador)

0 ZPR LEX Figure 10. Spearfishing CPUE values for different MPAs and non-MPAs. *Costa de Montgrí (Medes zona Islands) is an area very near to an MPA, but technically outside it. The exact CPUE values are given in grams per fishing hour per fisherman. Figure 11B. Mean CPUE values (grams/hour/fisherman) according to the different levels of protection in Bonifacio (trolling).

44 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 45 Comparative CPUEs for trolling and bottom fishing 5.5.2 Total biomass extracted in each MPA Season Boat Shore Spearfishing 1000 908.1 Information on fishing effort and yield allows us to make 900 6.17 tons 1.04 tons 4.02 tons 800 an estimate of the total catch or total biomass removed in Winter a given area, provided we have the estimated annual (1400 trips) (700 trips) (1000 trips) 700 bottom fishing number of fishermen. This can be very useful for making 600 trolling comparisons with the total catch of commercial (or artisanal) 8.55 tons 0.9 tons 3.40 tons 500 Summer fishing, and to contrast the impact of one type of fishing 400 (13000 trips) (1200 trips) (1850 trips) with another. The data that is taken into account includes 300 the following: 200 150.83 90.2 67.32 • The most recent study in the Côte Bleue [6], pro- 100 - Estimated number of annual fishermen in a particu- vided estimations of the total biomass removed an- g/hook/hour/fishermen 0 lar MPA or other area nually using the estimated total number of fishermen. Cap de Creus Illes Medes - Average number of hooks per fisherman The total comes to about 52.6 tons per year. MPA - CPUE values in grams per hook and hour of fishing - mean number of fishing hours per year per fisher- Estimated total Figure 12. Comparison of CPUE values for trolling and bottom fishing. The data is from the only two studies men Type of fishing biomass where separate CPUEs for these two techniques were available. extracted (tons) Some studies already provide this estimated data, but for those which do not, the data has to be estimated using the Boat 43.89 tons 5.5.1.5 Another way to assess fishing yields is to available CPUE values and the total number of fishermen. calculate the mean weight or mean number Shore 4.03 tons of individuals caught per fisherman. 5.5.2.1 What type of fishing causes the greatest Spearfishing 4.72 tons Table 9, below, has the combined values of catches landed the case of number of catches in the Côte Bleue [6]. What impact in terms of biomass removed? by shore and boat fishermen, taken from 8 different studies is interesting about Côte Bleue is that the yield in number (4 of which belong to the same MPA, Cerbère-Banyuls [17, of catches per fisherman is high while the yield in terms of Some estimates of total catches (following the parameters • In the Cap de Creus [49], the estimated annual bio- 18, 21, 22]). We can see that the yield per fisherman does weight is lower. This indicates that there is great pressure above) in different areas of the Mediterranean suggest that mass extraction figures were as follows: boat fishing not diverge too much from one place to another - except in on small species or individuals in this area. boat fishing has the largest extractive potential (fol- – 20 tons; spearfishing – 19 tons and shore fishing lowed by spearfishing and shore fishing) and that – 3 tons, giving a combined total of 42 tons. it is during the winter months that the highest bio- Table 9. Mean number of catches and mean weight of captures per fisherman, with calculations based on the total number of fishermen interviewed in each study. mass per fisherman is extracted. • The estimated annual biomass extraction figure for Tabarca [50bis] was 5 tons (shore fishermen) while Some examples: Boat + Shore fishing combined for Serra Gelada it was nearly 25 tons (boat fisher- Number of Number of Number of • In the 1998 study carried out in the Archipel de Riou men). fishermen individuals total weight captures/ Kg per [11] researchers estimated the quantities extracted for each type of fishing and for summer or winter (as MPA interviewed captured (kg) fisherman fisherman well as the estimated total number of fishing trips). Cerbère-Banyuls 625 3168 514.23 5.1 0.82 If we take all types of fishing and both winter and 2005 summer together, the total amount extracted would Cerbère-Banyuls 354 1775 332.19 5.0 0.93 be about 24 tons. However, although the boat fisher- 2007-08 men are estimated to make about 12 times more Cerbère-Banyuls fishing trips in summer than they do in winter, the 2008-09 490 1811 428 3.7 0.87 total biomass extracted in summer is only modera- tely higher. This means that fishing yields are much Cerbère-Banyuls 742 2765 633 3.7 0.85 higher in winter, probably due to a larger proportion 2010 of more experienced fishermen (as the study itself Cap d'Agde 168 655 70.33 3.9 2.38 explains) or by the fact that in winter, catches typi- Côte Bleue 2007- 1578 9158 766 5.1 0.41 cally include more pelagic fish such as the bonito (S. 09 sarda) that tend to have greater weight Côte des Albères 750 1908 253.2 2.5 0.33 2010-11 Cap de Creus 739 3204 925.63 4.3 1.24

46 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 47 mercial fishing and recreational fishing, both within and outside the Mediterranean:

• In the Parque Natural de Cap de Creus [49], recreational fishing is equivalent to 50% of the total catch attributed to artisanal fishing in the same area. • In a non-MPA area, the Çannakle Strait in Turkey [57], it was estimated that a total of 4464 tons were caught by boat, shore and underwater fishing, which in turn was equivalent to 30% of the commercial fishing catch in the area which was put at around 19000 tons. • Another study outside an MPA, on the island of Mallorca in 2005 [51], estimated that recreational fishing extracted Photo: Axillary wrasse caught from a boat on a measuring board. approximately 1209 tons of fish annually representing more (Toni Font) than 27% of the total catch of professional fishing. Figure 13. Percentage of catch per species attributed to commercial fishing and to recreational fishing in the United States in 5.5.2.2 Competition between recreational fishing • A nation-wide study in Italy [43, 117] estimated that the 2004 [Source: 119] and commercial and artisanal fishing total recreational fishing catch was 24000 tons - approximately 10% of the total commercial fishing catch which In general, the level of biomass removed in many Competition between fisheries appears not only estimated to be 237000 tons. Mediterranean MPAs is considerable, especially in terms of the total biomass removed, but also in when compared with commercial/artisanal fishing, • A study in Cerbère-Banyuls, 2011 [73] on the impact of terms of species caught. In the Mediterranean there are thus confirming the seriousness of the impact on marine recreational and artisanal fishing and on the population of no studies comparing fishing yields per species, although resources caused by recreational fishing. Recreational D. sargus, found that recreational shore fishing on its own in some cases, the overlap of a large number of species fishing’s share of total catches in the MPAs ranges from accounted for 25% of the total catch of this species. caught by both fisheries has been shown: 10% up to 50% [49] of the total commercial fishing catch • Another example of how recreational fishing may affect -a comparative study in Cap de Creus [118], showed (10% is similar to the share in the Mediterranean in general artisanal fishing comes from a study carried out in Boni- that a total of 87 species were captured by artisanal [43, 117]). facio [15] showing that in the 8 years following a ban on fishing and 58 by recreational fishing. Of these, 51 spe- It is important to note that, in the Mediterranean, it is more spear fishing, the CPUE for artisanal fishing in general has cies were caught by both types of fishing. increased by almost 60%, especially for those species useful to compare recreational fishing with artisanal fishing -A study in Majorca, in 2005 [51], found that of the 60 (and not commercial fishing as a whole, which includes most commonly targeted by spearfishers. species caught by recreational fishing, 43 were also Photo: Artisanal fishing vessel at work close to the shore in the natural park of Cap de Creus. (Toni Font) industrial and semi-industrial fishing activities such as seine • In the Côte Bleue, the estimated total annual extraction caught by commercial fishing. nets and bottom trawling, which need not be considered of fish comes to 141 tons [7bis], compared to a figure of here). Unlike most of these commercial fishing operations, -In a study in Tabarca, in 2010 [50bis] it was estima- 5.6 Direct impacts on coastal marine 52.6 tons (35%) for recreational fishing. But if - by removing ted that, of all the species caught by recreational shore the professional artisanal fishermen often compete directly offshore catches from the data - we consider the same tar- resources in the coastal areas for the same resources extracted by fishing, only S. tinca and S. scriba were caught in quan- get species and the same area of activity, the extraction by tities exceeding those of the artisanal fisheries (undoub- recreational fishermen. artisanal fishermen on or close to shore is similar (60 tons) tedly because they have little commercial value). Howe- 5.6.1 Number of species caught in each The same occurs in the MPAs, where both artisanal and to that of recreational fishing (52.6 tons). ver, although the impact of recreational fishing on other MPA recreational fishing is carried out in coastal waters. In the economically important species such as D. dentex, M. MPAs, industrial fishing is not allowed at all. helena, S. umbra, Diplodus spp. and S. aurata, was not We obtained data on the number of different species caught Outside the Mediterranean, there are other examples that in 10 different MPAs. In the same way, we have included However, some studies [57, 51, 43, 117] have cited com- so great, it was certainly significant. compare, in more specific ways, the proportion of catches the number of vulnerable species for each of these MPAs. mercial fishing without specifying what type it is, and the- attributable to commercial and recreational fishing accor- As explained in the methodology, various types of analysis refore there is the possibility of serious error when compa- ding to species, such as those shown in Figure 13 below. were carried out according to the nature of the data. ring figures for recreational fishing with figures for industrial The 10 species are listed in descending order from the Figure 14 shows the number of species caught in 9 of fishing as a whole which may be exaggerated. most caught by US fisheries as a whole, in 2004 [119]. these MPAs in different years of study. The highest num- Tuna is possibly the only example of competition between The percentages of the total catch attributable to recrea- ber of different species were found to be caught in recreational and industrial fishing, but in Mediterranean tional fishing and to commercial fishing are compared. We the Côte Bleue MPA has with a total of 78, although MPAs this is never the case as they are, in the majority of see that some species, such as Red drum (Sciaenops ocel- only 9 of these (12% of the total) are vulnerable species. cases, coastal MPAs. latus) or Spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), appear to Second is the Cap de Creus MPA with a total of 58 species, be almost exclusively exploited by recreational fishing. Below are some examples comparing catches from com- of which 24 (41%) are vulnerable. The lowest variability of

48 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 49 species (in terms of both the total number and the number was much larger in Côte Bleue and therefore more habitats of vulnerable species) was in the Cap d’Agde MPA (23 and and consequently more species could be included. Shore fishing: Nr of species caught 8). The mean number of species caught in all nine Figures 15, 16 and 17 show the number of species caught MPAs is around 46. 60 by each type of fishing. If we compare the mean number 50 The large difference between Côte Bleue and Cap d’Agde of species caught per MPA from a boat (38) and from the 40 makes sense considering that (i) the total catch analyzed in shore (28), we see that the former far outweighs the lat- Côte Bleue is much higher (9158 compared to 655 in Cap ter. However the difference between spearfishing (25) and 30 d’Agde) and so a greater diversity of species is more likely shore fishing (28) is smaller. This shows thatboat fishing, 20 Nº of of Nº species to appear; (ii) the sampling period was much more com- in general, is responsible for catching more species 10 plete in Côte Bleue, thus making it easier to record species than the other types of fishing. 0 captured in any season; (iii) the Côte Bleue studies took into Archipel de Riou Cerbere-Banyuls Côte bleue Côte des Albères Cap de Creus Tabarca account the three types of fishing and (iv) the study area (no-AMP) MPA/Non-MPA

Figure 16. Number of species caught via shore fishing. Total Nr of species caught 90 80 70 60 50 Spearfishing: Nr of species caught 40 30 35

Nº of species 20 30 10 0 25 20 15

Nº of species 10 5 0 MPA/non-MPA Archipel de Riou (non- Côte bleue Cap de Creus Porquerolles (Port MPA) Cros) Figure 14. Number of species caught in each MPA. This data includes the catch MPA/Non-AMP from boat and shore fishing together, except * which indicates the inclusion of spearfishing in the data and ** which indicates that only boat fishing and spearfishing data Figure 17. Number of species caught via spearfishing. were collected.

In general, the number of species caught in a particular area depends not Boat fishing: Nr of species caught only on the fishing techniques used, but also on the duration of the study (the more seasons covered, the higher the number of different species recorded), 70 60 and the diversity of marine habitats (the greater the number of habitats, the 50 higher the number of species) which, in turn, depends on the size and loca- 40 30 tion of each area. 20

Nº of species 10 0

MPA/Non-MPA

Figure 15. Number of species caught via boat fishing.

50 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 51 In contrast, the most common species caught by spearfishers are from the genus Diplodus. (especially D. sargus and D. vulgaris), D. labrax and O. Most caught species (boat) vulgaris (the latter especially among less experienced 400% Plemmirio fishermen). 350% Medes Islands In the case of boat fishing, it is logical that the species most Cap de Creus often caught are demersal, since the graphs have been 300% Côte des Albères 2010-11 drawn up based on the number of individuals caught, rather 250% than the weight of the catch. Thus it is difficult for pelagic Porqueroles (Port-Cros)* 200% species - typically caught by trolling - to appear among the Côte bleue most caught, despite the fact that their weight is usually 150% greater than that of benthic species. Similarly, if the gra- Cap d'Adge 100% phics were in units of weight, species such as S. cabrilla Cerbere-Banyuls* 50% and C. julis would certainly not appear. In any case, the data Archipel de Riou* (Non-MPA) regarding weight was not abundant enough to perform the 0% relevant analyses. Coris julis Serranus Pagellus Trachurus Diplodus Boops boops Anthias Loligo Pagellus cabrilla acarne spp sargus anthias vulgaris bogaraveo As regards spearfishing, catches of species such as O. vulgaris were attributed to spearfishers with a lower level of Figure 18. Most caught species from boats in 9 MPAs and one non-MPA area. * indicates that the mean percentage was calcula- experience while species such as D. dentex, E. marginatus ted from data obtained in studies relating to different years or seasons, Each of the bars of this graph represents the accumulative or D. labrax were more often caught by those with more percentage of each species caught in each MPA. Each colour represents one particular MPA and indicates the real percentage of the total catch in that MPA. Photo: Squid (Loligo vulgaris) caught using squid experience. jigs for cephalopods at a depth of 25-30m. (Martí Font)

5.6.2 Most caught species in each MPA For these calculations we have chosen the most caught species (those that accounted for over 10% of the total Most caught species (shore) number of species caught) in each of the MPAs for which quantitative information is available (and in different years). 200% 180% The aim was to determine, in general terms, which species Tabarca face the greatest fishing pressure. In this case, there will 160% be a certain bias caused by the differences in the sam- 140% Plemmirio 2011 pling periods in each case. Each study from the various 120% MPAs was based on interviews and data gathering carried 100% Cap de Creus 2010 out at various different times of the year: some throughout 80% the whole year, most only during spring and summer, and Côte des Albères 2010-11 others in different seasons depending on the year of study 60% (e.g., one year only in spring, another year only in summer 40% and another year only in winter [11,12]). Thus, the species 20% caught can vary greatly since, depending on the time of 0% year, certain species are caught more than others. Coris Julis Serranus Symphodus Diplodus Diplodus Boops Oblada cabrilla spp. sargus vulgaris boops melanura We will now present the data according to fishing method (Figures 18, 19 y 20): by a wide margin, S. cabrilla and Figure 19. Most caught species from shore in 5 MPAs and one non-MPA area. * indicates that the mean percentage was calcula- C. julis are the species under most severe fishing ted from data obtained in studies relating to different years or seasons, Each of the bars of this graph represents the accumulative pressure from both boat and shore fishermen, as percentage of each species caught in each MPA, Each colour represents one particular MPA and indicates the real percentage of seen in the number of total catches. This is perhaps due to the total catch in that MPA. the fact that the commonest technique used in both cases is bottom fishing with rods - a technique which primarily results in catches of these two species.

52 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 53 In some of the studies, the sampling effort is concentrated catch rates jointly from boat fishing + shore fishing. The- at particular times of the year. This may lead to researchers refore, in order to provide comparisons with all the data, in Most caught species (spearfishing) overestimating or underestimating the number of catches certain cases, we have calculated mean values between Cap de Creus 2010 100% of certain species. the percentage of families caught from boats and the 90% percentage of families caught from shore in order to pro- Porqueroles (Port-Cros) 2008 This could be because a particular fishing activity may be 80% vide a mean percentage of families caught via boat and 70% Côte bleue 2011 concentrated on a particular period of the year to coincide shore fishing. 60% with the peak presence of certain species, or, to coincide Archipel de Riou (Non-AMP) 50% with the open season when a particular species can be 40% 30% fished legally. A good example of this is the practice of bot- 20% tom fishing from boats forXyrichthys novacula in the Balearic 10% Islands. Fishing for this species is strictly prohibited from 5.6.4 Minimum Landing Size and size at 0% the 1st of April to either the 15th or the 30th of August (de- maturity pending on the area). Thus, once the closed season ends Table 10A shows the minimum landing size (MLS) of 17 towards the end of August, this species comes under huge species that are targeted in recreational fishing, as set out pressure from recreational fishers. Although catches are in (EC) Regulation No. 1967/2006 of the 21st December, limited to 50 individuals per permit per day, the pressure is 2006, along with the corresponding size at maturity as re- very high throughout September and if sampling is carried ported in www.fishbase.org and [54bis]. out at this time, the results will be undoubtedly biased: firstly Figure 20. Most caught species via spearfishing in 3 MPAs and one non- MPA. Each of the bars of this graph represents the with an overestimate of the stocks of this fish and secon- Only 4 species (D. annularis, D. sargus, L. mormyrus and P. accumulative percentage of each species caught in each MPA; each colour represents one particular MPA and indicates the bogaraveo) have an MLS that is greater than their size at real percentage of the total catch in that MPA. dly, an underestimate of potential catches of other stocks that are fished more regularly during the rest of the year. maturity. As for the rest: 3 have an MLS below size at maturity of either the male or female ( D. labrax, E. marginatus Another example would be fishing for Coryphaena hippurus ♀ ♂ using trolling methods which takes place during September and ♀P. acarne) and the MLS of the remaining 10 are below and October, also in the Balearic Islands. In this case the the size at maturity for both sexes. This raises the ques- time limit is not due to any regulatory issues, but simply tion of whether the MLS of certain species is sufficient to because this species is only present in these waters during ensure sustainability. We believe it is essential to adjust the autumn months). minimum landing sizes so that they are larger than size at maturity, especially in the most vulnerable Serra Gelada Most caught families species. Tabarca In addition to the European regulations on MLS, it should 300% 5.6.3 Most caught families in each MPA be remembered that there are national or even regional Cap de Creus regulations with minimum sizes for other species (e.g., both As shown in Figure 21, in general, and particularly with 250% Spain and Catalonia incorporate additional species in their Còte des Albères regard to boat fishing and shore fishing, the species respective regulations). 200% Cap d'Adge most often caught belong to the Sparidae and Ser- ranidae families by some distance to the rest, although 150% Cerbere-Banyuls there were also Labridae species. Species belonging to a total of up to 22 different families have been caught in the 100% Archipel de Riou (no-MPA) same MPA, but it is the Sparidae family that appears with 50% the greatest variety of species (up to 12 in the same MPA). Most of the data obtained from the studies considered 0% Sparidae Serranidae Labridae Scombridae Carangidae Scorpaenidae Families

Figure 21. Most caught families via boat and shore fishing in 8 MPAs. Each of the bars of this graph represents the accumulative percentage of each species caught in each MPA; each colour represents one particular MPA and indicates the real percentage of the total catch in that MPA.

Photo: Sparus aurata being measured on a fish measuring Photo: Lichia amia being captured from a boat while trolling. board. (Toni Font) (Toni Font)

54 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 55 Table 10A. Minimum landing sizes for species targeted by re- Length at 5.6.5 Vulnerable species the natural death rate, the maximum age, the geographical creational fishing and listed in (EC) Regulation No. 1967/2006 of area, annual fertility and the intensity of gregarious behaviour Minimum first Within the broad spectrum of species and families caught the 21st December, 2006, with the corresponding size at maturity. [76]. Intrinsic Vulnerability (IV) is defined as a value between legal size maturity in the Mediterranean, there are a large number of vulnerable * Two species for Scomber are shown: S. japonicus (26.1cm) 1 and 100 and the higher the value, the more vulnerable the Species (cm) (cm) species. By vulnerable species, we mean those species and S. scombrus (28.6cm). species is to exploitation. A highly useful reference tool for included in international conventions for the protection of ** size at maturity for T. mediterraneus 30.1 (♀) obtaining this value for the different species IV is Fishbase Dicentrarchus labrax 25 cm biodiversity such as those of Barcelona and Bern, CITES 23.5 (♂) (www.fishbase.org), a website providing scientific informa- (Washington), the IUCN Red List or the Habitats Directive. Diplodus annularis 12 cm 11.2 tion on fish species worldwide. In some cases, the size of the individuals captured is below In addition we have taken into account all those species with the MLS, which in other words means that the practice is 28.1 (♀) An example: Dentex dentex: Diplodus puntazzo 18 cm a high (i.e., > 50) Intrinsic Vulnerability Index, which in turn illegal. By way of example, in the Côte Bleue, 81% of D. sar- 29.2 (♂) depends on factors such as slow growth, low reproductive gus and 16% of D. vulgaris were smaller than the legal mini- Diplodus sargus 23 cm 20-24 potential and high longevity. This index is a parameter calcu- mum; in the Cap de Creus, over 30% of P. pagrus, D. vulgaris 20.9 (♀) lated from concepts such as the life history and ecological and D. sargus captured were below the MLS. In contrast, in Diplodus vulgaris 18 cm 19.5 (♂) characteristics of marine fish, maximum body length, age Cerbère-Banyuls [19], from a total of 1753 individuals mea- 43.8 (♀) at first maturation, the von Bertalanffy growth parameter, K, Source: Fishbase.org sured, only 5.2% were below the minimum size (Table 10). Epinephelus spp. 45 cm 81.3 (♂) Lithognathus mormyrus 20 cm 18.8 Table 11. List of vulnerable species caught inside and outside of the MPAs ( * indicates species that have been 16.8 (♀) caught within at least one of the MPAs). The crosses “X” indicate the method of fishing: Boat = boat fishing; Shore Mullus spp. 11 cm = Shore fishing; Spear = Spearfishing) 15 (♂) 19.4 (♀) Species Category Boat Shore Spear Pagellus acarne 17 cm 15.8 (♂) Barcelona Convention (Annex III) // Pagellus bogaraveo 33 cm 25 Epinephelus marginatus* Bern Convention (Annex III) // IUCN X X X Red list (Endangered) 17.4(♀) Pagellus erythrinus 15 cm Barcelona Convention (Annex III) // 23.2(♂) Sciaena umbra* X X X Bern Convention (Annex III) Pagrus pagrus 18 cm 26.6 Dicentrarchus labrax* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X X 26.1 Labrus merula* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X X (jap.) Scomber spp.* 18 cm Labrus viridis* IUCN Red list (Vulnerable) X X X 28.6 Pagrus pagrus* IUCN Red list (Endangered) X X X (sco.) Coris julis* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X X Solea vulgaris 20 cm 30.3 Photo: Lichia amia being captured from a boat while trolling. Mugil cephalus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X X 44 (♀) (Toni Font) Sparus aurata Sarda sarda* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X X 20 cm ♂ 32.6 ( ) Coryphaena hippurus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X Trachurus spp.** 15 cm 20 Symphodus cinereus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X Merluccius merluccius 20 cm 42.8 Symphodus mediterraneus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X X Symphodus tinca* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X X Symphodus roissali* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X Total nº nº < Symphodus ocellatus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X Species MLS of catches MLS % Barcelona Convention (Annex III)// Palinurus elephas* X Spondyliosoma cantharus 23 7 4 57.14 Bern Convention (Annex III) Diplodus sargus 23 48 25 52.08 Barcelona Convention (Annex III) // Bern Convention (Annex III) // Habitats Scyllarides latus* Pagrus pagrus 18 50 19 38.00 Directive (Annex V; priority species) // X Diplodus vulgaris 18 27 7 25.93 IUCN Red list (data deficient) Conger conger 58 19 2 10.53 Pomadasys bennetti (incisus) IUCN Red list (Least concern) X Sarpa salpa 20 9 1 11.11 Trisopterus minutus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X Auxis rochei* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X Table 10B. Proportion of fish caught below Coris julis 12 135 12 8.89 Scomber scombrus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X X minimum landing size (MLS) in Cerbère-Ba- Serranus cabrilla nyuls. 12 613 21 3.43 Scomber japonicus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X X IUCN Red list (Near threatened) // Thunnus alalunga* Barcelona Convention (Annex III) X 56 COLLECTION Parablennius rouxi* Recreational IUCN Fishing Red listWithin (Least Marine concern) Protected Areas In the Medite rraneanX 57 Scyliorhinus canicula* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X Ctenolabrus rupestris* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X IUCN Red list (Critically endangered) Anguilla anguilla // Barcelona Convention (Annex III) X Chelon labrosus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X Liza aurata* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X Osmerus esperlanus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X Labrus mixtus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X Uranoscopus scaber* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X Thalassoma pavo* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X Xyrichthys novacula IUCN Red list (Least concern) X Mycteroperca rubra IUCN Red list (Least concern) X IUCN Red list (Least concern) // Xiphias gladius* X Barcelona Convention (Annex III) Squatina aculeata IUCN Red list (Critically endangered) X Thunnus thynnus* IUCN Red list (Endangered) X IUCN Red list (Near threatened) // Prionace glauca Barcelona Convention (Annex III)// X Bern Convention (Annex III) Platichthys flesus IUCN Red list (Least concern) X IUCN Red list (Vulnerable) // Alopias vulpinus* X Barcelona Convention (Annex III) IUCN Red list (Vulnerable) // Mustelus mustelus* X X Barcelona Convention (Annex III) Habitats Directive(Annex IV) // Barcelona Convention (Annex II) // Lithophaga lithophaga* Bern Convention (Annex II) // X Washington convention or CITES (Annex II) Sparisoma cretense* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X Species Category Boat Shore Spear IUCN Red list (Near threatened) // In total, 41vulnerable species have been found to Thunnus alalunga* X Barcelona Convention (Annex III) have been caught by recreational fishermen wit- Parablennius rouxi* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X hin one or another of the MPAs studied (marked * in Scyliorhinus canicula* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X the table). In general terms, the average proportion of vulnerable species in the catch (all MPAs) is about Ctenolabrus rupestris* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X 30% of the total. IUCN Red list (Critically endangered) Anguilla anguilla X // Barcelona Convention (Annex III) If we then include other vulnerable species caught outside Chelon labrosus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X these MPAs, but within the Mediterranean and neighbou- Liza aurata* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X ring zones, the total rises to 48 different species, among Osmerus esperlanus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X which there are two species of large decapoda (P. elephas Labrus mixtus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X and S. latus), a species of bivalve mollusc (L. lithophaga), two species of shark (A. vulpinus, M. mustelus), in addition Uranoscopus scaber* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X to a large variety of fish species. Fourteen of these spe- Thalassoma pavo* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X cies have been captured via all three fishing methods; 21 Xyrichthys novacula IUCN Red list (Least concern) X are captured by only one: 3 via spearfishing, 6 via shore Mycteroperca rubra IUCN Red list (Least concern) X fishing and 12 via boat fishing.Boat fishing would the- IUCN Red list (Least concern) // Xiphias gladius* X refore seem, a priori, to have the greatest impact on Barcelona Convention (Annex III) vulnerable species, affecting a total of 39 species Squatina aculeata IUCN Red list (Critically endangered) X (versus 28 by shore fishing and 22 by spearfishing). This makes sense considering that boat fishermen use a Thunnus thynnus* IUCN Red list (Endangered) X greater diversity of techniques, catch a greater number of IUCN Red list (Near threatened) // fish on average and can move from one area to another Prionace glauca Barcelona Convention (Annex III)// X Bern Convention (Annex III) quite freely - thus going from one habitat to another (which Platichthys flesus IUCN Red list (Least concern) X is what, in the end, determines the wide variety of species IUCN Red list (Vulnerable) // that are available). Alopias vulpinus* X Barcelona Convention (Annex III) It is clear then, that although the pressure on most of these IUCN Red list (Vulnerable) // Mustelus mustelus* X X species is not particularly important in terms of the number Barcelona Convention (Annex III) of captures, there certainly is pressure on a large number Habitats Directive(Annex IV) // Barcelona Convention (Annex II) // of particularly vulnerable species and that this needs to be Lithophaga lithophaga* Bern Convention (Annex II) // X taken into account in the management of MPA resources. Washington convention or CITES (Annex II) Sparisoma cretense* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X Euthynnus alletteratus* IUCN Red list (Least concern) X X Dentex dentex* High IV index(=52) X X X Scorpaena scrofa* High IV index(=61) X X Seriola dumerili* High IV index(=50) X X

Only in a few studies, such as those on spearfishing[46] the fact that they are under high fishing pressure. These and shore fishing[48] in the Cap de Creus and shore fishing three species are: Dentex dentex, Scorpaena scrofa and Se- in Tabarca [50bis], have taken IV into account in order to riola dumerili. Table 11 provides a complete list of all these identify each one of the species with higher rates so that vulnerable species as defined in the previous paragraph. they could look closer at fishing pressure they were under. With regard to the IUCN Red List, we have only taken into The average IV values in these three cases were: Cap de account the species classified in the following categories: Creus: 54.15 (spearfishing); 52.2 (shore); Tabarca 49.2 critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threate- (shore). These levels are between moderate and high. ned, and least concern, but not those in the category data deficient There are four species that are not included in international Photo: Up: fisherman cleaning a Scorpaena scrofa caught by conventions and are not on the Red List, but have been ta- bottom fishing with rod. Down: 8kg Dentex dentex captured while deep trolling. (Toni Font) ken into account in this study due to their high IV (> 50) and

58 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 59 Figure 22 shows the number of different vulnerable species cies are classified in the IUCN Red List as being of In the following graph, Figure 23, not only do we have the is the MPA where the highest number of vulnerable caught in each of the MPAs. We have only included the «Least Concern», followed by the species in the catego- IUCN Red List categories, but also those vulnerable spe- species are caught, with a total of 23, followed by data obtained through the scientific studies we reviewed, ries «Endangered» and «Vulnerable». There is only one case cies mentioned in one of the international conventions, or Cerbère-Banyuls with 22 species, in contrast to the disregarding the data provided in the questionnaires since of a species from the «Near Threatened» category and no other species that are not in any category but do have a Cala Ratjada MPA in which only 8 different vulnerable spe- these were found to insufficiently robust (not having been evidence of any species from the «Critically Endangered» high IV index. Again, the Natural Park of Cap de Creus cies are caught. empirically tested) to be able to compare them directly. The category (although some species from this category have data is presented solely on the basis of the IUCN Red List been recorded in catches in studies outside the MPAs). categories in order to avoid overlapping of species, since The Natural Park of Cap de Creus is the MPA in Total number of vulnerable species some of them are included in both international conven- which the highest number of vulnerable species are tions and the IUCN Red List. We can see that, within the caught, with a total of 19, followed by Cerbère-Ba- caught in each MPA MPAs, the most commonly caught vulnerable spe- nyuls with 18 species. 25 20 15 10 Endangered Nº of species per IUCN category Near threat 5 20 Vulnerable 0 18 16 Least concern 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Figure 23. Total number of vulnerable species caught in each MPA, including all species so designated in the IUCN Red List, International conventions (Barcelona; Bern; etc.) those with a high IV index.

Figure 24 shows the proportion of vulnerable species Medes Islands, Porquerolles (Port-Cros) and in Cap caught with respect to the total number of species caught de Creus (where more than 40% of the total number in 7 MPAs and one non-MPA. The highest percen- of species caught are vulnerable). Figure 22. Number of vulnerable species caught within the MPAs, from 4 categories of the IUCN Red List. tage of vulnerable species caught was found in the

Nr of species caught: total/vulnerable 90 80 total Nº of species 70 Nº of vulnerable species 60 50 40 30 31% 40% Nr of species 36% 30% 47% 20 35% 10% 27% 48% 10 0

MPA/non-MPA

Figure 24. Number of species caught in each MPA and the proportion of vulnerable species. This data includes the catch from boat and shore fishing together, except * which indicates the inclusion of spearfishing in the data and ** which indicates that only boat fishing and spearfishing data were collected.

60 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 61 The next graph, Figure 25 shows that overall (all MPAs to- cause boat fishing, in general, captures a greater variety Nevertheless, it should be noted that most of the fishing gether), boat fishing is responsible for catching the of species than the other two methods because there are pressure on vulnerable species falls on those in the cate- highest number of vulnerable species, compared to more fishing techniques available to boat fishermen. (See gory of “least concern”, i.e., the lowest degree of vulnerabi- shore fishing and spearfishing. This is most probably be- Section 5.6.1) lity on the scale of the IUCN Red List. The case that stands out the most is that of Coris julis, which is caught in very high numbers compared with other species. In all the MPAs Nº vulnerable species per fishing method - except Illes Medes, Serra Gelada and Tabarca - Coris julis makes up over 50% of the total catch of vulnerable species 40 (see tables in Annex VII). Coris julis may not be a particularly vulnerable species (especially compared to, say, E. margi- 35 natus and S. umbra) but, on the other hand, it does have an 30 IV value of 60, which is high. 25 20 When we remove the vulnerable species of least concern 15 from the figures, as in Figure 26B, we get a dramatically lower proportion of vulnerable species in the total catch. 10 The highest value being 5%, in Tabarca, while in the Côte 5 Bleue, it is reduced to zero. This indicates that the grea- Photo: Sarda sarda caught using the chum- test fishing pressure is not exerted on the species 0 ming method from a drifting boat (Toni Font) from categories of the highest levels of vulnerabi- Boat fishing Shore fishing Spearfishing lity.

Figure 25. Number of vulnerable species caught according to fishing method.

% of vulnerable species in total catch If we take the number of individuals considered to be within shown in Figure 26A, especially in Porquerolles (53%), Côte the group of vulnerable species as a percentage of the total Bleue (40.23%) and Côte des Albères (18.57%). (excluding those of "least concern") catch (in number) we get the rather high values that are 100,00 90,00 80,00 70,00 % of vulnerable species in total catch 60,00

(including those of "least concern") % 50,00 40,00 100,00 30,00 90,00 20,00 80,00 10,00 70,00 0,00 60,00

% 50,00 40,00 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 MPA

Figure 26B. Percentage of vulnerable species in the total catch in nine different MPAs. In this case, the species classified as being of “least concern” in the IUCN red list as well as those with a high IV have been excluded MPA

Figure 26A. Percentage of vulnerable species in the total catch in nine different MPAs. This includes species classified as being of “least concern” in the IUCN red list as well as those with a high IV.

62 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 63 It should also be pointed out here that we have included always depends on answers given by the fishermen Although there is no clear trend in the data above, it ap- some studies (such as the Illes Medes) that were based themselves (i.e., researchers cannot check the numbers pears that in some cases, the percentage of fishermen on surveys where the number of catches was rather small empirically), and obviously this implies a substantial error. who returned some of their catch to the sea is substantial (n=150). In addition, the data obtained in Plemmirio was However, there were 8 studies that did incorporate this (up to 74% in Porquerolles), which contradicts the findings gathered from logbooks, which means there may be some question into the questionnaire and the results were as we mentioned earlier (in particular [89]). It also appears to major errors in terms of the species identified and recorded follows: (Table 12) be a more common practice outside the MPAs rather than by the fishermen. within them. The most common reasons given for returning catches are, above all, that the catch is too small or that they are not worth eating. Some species that are caught are used as live bait (although, strictly speaking, this would not 5.7 Indirect impacts on coastal marine count as catch and release). resources Although there are few initiatives promoting catch and release fishing in the Mediterranean, there some exceptions to be found on the Internet such as: 5.7.1 Catch & Release and fish welfare http://pescadenton.blogspot.com.es/ or Unlike in other parts of the world where catch and release is a common practice (it is estimated that approximately 60% http://www.pescarecreativaresponsable.es/ where spe- of recreational fishing catches are returned to the sea [62]), cial emphasis is placed on the importance of responsible in the Mediterranean, the practice is not widespread, recreational fishing practices. probably because most species caught are for human Photo: Boat fisherman landing his catch in Côte Bleue. (Eric consumption [89]. An exception would be the tagging pro- Charbonnel) Catch and release is nevertheless a practice that is not grammes for bluefin tuna organized in the South of France without negative effects on fish, as shown by numerous and in some parts of the Spanish Mediterranean. studies on the subject (see article [60] for a number of 5.7.2 Is there bycatch in recreational fishe- In Mediterranean MPAs, the percentage of the catch references). The question to resolve is: do fish returned to ries? returned to the sea is very difficult to quantify because it the sea always survive?. It is thought that certain handling Bycatch is the unintended capture of species that are not Table 12. Percentage of fishermen who returned techniques can cause great stress and subsequent death usually target species and is a term often associated with some of their catch to the sea, according to each of among fish that are caught and then released. Other stu- commercial fishing. However, it also occurs in recreatio- the studies that included this question in the interviews dies, such as the one by R. Arlinghaus et al., 2007 [88], nal fishing. Non-target species in the Mediterranean can focus on providing an alternative perspective in relation to include certain sharks and rays, but also other non-va- fish welfare and establish (with reference to other studies) % of fishermen who returned luable species such as Chromis chromis and Synodus sau- MPA that with proper handling, many of the harmful effects can some of their catch to the sea rus (among others). Potentially undervalued and discarded, be avoided (taking into account factors such as minimizing bycatch has an unnecessary impact on the environment Archipel de Riou 1998 (non-MPA) Boat+Shore: 50% the duration of the activity, minimizing or eliminating han- and should be avoided and monitored in any kind of mana- dling and exposure to air, using gear that reduces damage, Archipel de Riou 1999 (non-MPA) Boat+Shore: 54% gement setup involved in recreational fishing[111b] . stress or mortality (artificial lures versus organic baits, bar- Cerbère-Banyuls 2005 Boat: 1% bless hooks vs. barbed hooks, etc.). Another problem - in deep water fishing - concerns the harmful effects of the Boat: 16% Cerbère-Banyuls 2007-08 pressure difference exerted on fish when they are swiftly 5.7.3 Bait used (ecological impact) hoisted to the surface from deep down in the water co- Cerbère-Banyuls 2010 Boat: 28.1%; Shore: 18.1% lumn). The FAO Code of 2008 [111a] even provides a set A total of 11 groups of baits were found being used of principles by which fishermen should act in order to mini- in the Mediterranean, with a great diversity within Cap d’Agde 2010-11 Boat: 26% mize the negative impact on catches. each group. We organised the baits into these groups Porquerolles 2007 Boat: 74% according to certain specifications. This is the case of Poly- chaeta, which includes a large number of different species Cap de Creus 2009 Shore: 3% for example, live Polychaeta, such as the Korean blue ragworm, Nereis aibuhitensis, Perinereis vancaurica, Perinereis Côte Sableuse Catalane (non-MPA) Shore: 63.9% cultrifera, the red-gilled rockworm (Marphysa sanguinea), the (north American) bloodworm (Glycera dibranchiata), the

lugworm (Arenicola spp.), the Bobbit worm (Eunice aphrodi- tois), and other Polychaeta of the species Nereis sp. (such as Nereis succinta, Nereis cultrifera and Nereis diversico-

64 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 65 lor). Species such as the Korean ragworm, the American Other invertebrates are also used, such as small crusta- Apart from certain Polychaeta (such as Korean ragworm, bloodworm and some lugworms have been produced or ceans (crabs, shrimps and prawns) bivalve molluscs the bloodworm, the Bobbit worm, etc.) and other worms harvested in waters outside the Mediterranean (in countries (mussels, Mytilus spp., razor clam, Ensis spp. and Solen spp. such as the peanut worm, most of the other baits are usual- such as China, Vietnam, Korea, Britain, the Netherlands, or cockles, Acanthocardia sp.). Then there are gastropod ly produced or collected in the same fishing area (or from Canada, etc..) and are employed as live bait. In some Italian molluscs such as limpets (Patella spp.) and snails (Murex somewhere in the Mediterranean) as many recreational MPAs, the use of these Polychaeta species is strictly pro- spp.). More generally, there are other less frequently-used fishers dedicate a certain amount of time to collecting their hibited, given the environmental implications (see Section baits such as: own bait before the day’s fishing begins (mussels, limpets, 5.10.5). etc.). It is more difficult to determine whether or not other Other species such as the peanut worm (Sipunculus nu- kinds of bait, such as cephalopods (especially when used - Bread dus), a sipunculid which is also often imported from outside in pieces), are from the Mediterranean itself. the Mediterranean, or maggots (fly larvae) are also used - Silkworms frequently. - Algae (for catching herbivore fish; Enteromorpha com- Recreational fishermen routinely use certainfish species pressa, Ulva lactuca) (living or dead) as bait and these vary depending on fishing - “Pasta” (mixture of flour, aromatic essences, cheese, etc.). technique and the target fish. To catch large piscivorous fish such( as E. marginatus or D. dentex) from the shore, it is - Chicken feet (used to catch octopus from the shore) common to use live individuals of S. cabrilla or C. julis; when - Sausage skin trolling, B. belone, O. melanura or Trachurus spp. are used; - Cheese rinds the chumming technique generally employs sardines (S. pilchardus). In addition, other species such as mullet (Mugil - Crayfish spp.) and the Mediterranean sand eel (Gymnammodytes - Undefined (lack of specific information) Photo: examples of Polychaeta cicerelus) are used for other types of fishing. Within this Nereis aibuhitensis (above) Areni- group, we can also include the chumming mixture, which is cola spp.(middle right) and Glycera typically made of discarded pieces of fish. dibranchiata (middle left); and the In general, the most commonly-used bait are worms, sipunculid Sipunculus nudus (bot- Another class of bait are cephalopod molluscs, which found in 93.3% of the MPAs that were reviewed and for tom). (Toni Font) are used either whole (live or dead) or in pieces. The most which the relevant information was available. The second commonly-used are squid (Loligo spp. and Illex spp.), cutt- most common bait was fish (live or dead) which was used lefish (Sepia spp.), octopus (Octopus spp. and Eledone spp.) in 76.6% of MPAs. Third was cephalopod molluscs with or species from the Sepiolidae family (Sepiola spp.). 53.3% and so on, as shown in Figure 27. In addition to the natural baits described above, there is in other aquatic ecosystems around the world [105, 106, also a wide variety of artificial baits for many types of 107, 108]. In order to keep them alive and moist, live bait Bait groups fishing, such as jigging (with lead weighted lures) spinning is often packaged with living substrates (e.g., live algae) 100,0 (the lures may be leaded or not) or trolling (using feathers, which fishermen commonly discard into the sea. These 90,0 Rapalas, walkers/gliders, poppers/chuggers, etc.) These, exotic algae and other substrates may contain other living 80,0 in turn include a huge range of types that vary according to organisms, such as small crustaceans, snails and worms. 70,0 60,0 the target fish. This may result in these exotic small invertebrates esta-

% 50,0 blishing themselves in the new ecosystem [81, 82, 83, 84]. In Annex III, we have summarized the different baits that 40,0 Along with the risks of unwanted introductions, it has also 30,0 have been found in some MPAs and also in some non- been shown that the bait (live or dead) can transfer viruses 20,0 MPAs. When quantitative information was available, percen- 10,0 that can seriously affect stocks of wild fish[109] . With this tages are given, otherwise the types of bait are recorded as 0,0 in mind, the Code of Practice for Recreational Fisheries present (x) or absent. [111a, 110] recommends the use of aquatic organisms only in waters from which they have been extracted and never to transfer live bait or its substrates from one area to another. 5.7.3.1 Potential effects of exotic baits The use of exotic species as bait by recreational fishermen Figure 27. Percentage of MPAs (which had this information available) in which each bait group was found. can be a threat to the coastal ecosystem. The introduc- According to a study carried out in Cap de Creus [48], it Only the presence or absence of bait from each group was considered in calculating these percentages tion of exotic species resulting from the release of certain was found that a high percentage of the bait used in recrea- baits in aquatic ecosystems has been well documented tional fishing consisted of exotic species. At least 43% of

66 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 67 bait used was made up of species that were not native reduced sunlight with a consequent weakening effect on to the Mediterranean, mainly polychaetes and sipunculids. the organisms. One study showed that up to 87% of the Furthermore, it should be noted that up to 80% of the bait residues found in an area of 25.000 m2 were from fishing sold in specialty shops catering for recreational fishermen lines. [135] are species from outside the Mediterranean. Plastic Table 13, below, shows the proportion of potentially exotic Plastic is one of the most commonly used and widespread bait (basically consisting of species within the polychaete components in our seas and oceans and therefore also and sipunculid groups). In general, the estimated use of this one of the most widely studied. Various devices that are type of bait is high, reaching 74% in the Côte Bleue MPA [6] frequently lost while fishing, such as decoys, buoys or lines and up to 86% in non-MPA areas such as the Archipel de (nylon) are made of various types of plastic. Small plastic Riou [12]. It is not absolutely certain that these percentages containers, such as those containing live bait, are also apply only to exotic species (given that there are also Medi- discarded, accumulating in rocky shorelines and adding terranean polychaetes) but it is, however, the only possible to local pollution. Generally speaking, this group of mate- estimate. rials is highly resistant to corrosion and therefore remains Table 13. Percentage use of potentially exotic bait, such as poly- Photo: Pieces of fishing gear and other materials lost or discarded unchanged for a long time (taking up to 30 years to de- chaetes and sipunculids. “General” indicates that the data does by fishermen and recovered by divers during the study carried out grade). However, it tends to oxidize and fragment into micro not distinguish between boat and shore fishing in Costa Brava. (Toni Font) plastics that are easily ingested by aquatic organisms that polychaetes mistake them for food, to the point that several studies have Type of and In general terms, the most significant impacts arising from demonstrated the presence of such materials (pieces of MPA fishing sipunculids this study are as follows: nylon) in fish, in proportions ranging from 2% to 23% (in the Cerbère-Banyuls 2010 boat 16% case of pelagic fish). This can lead to a long list of potential Cerbère-Banyuls 2010 shore 33% Lead effects such as blockage of the digestive tract or reduced Cap d'Agde 2010-11 general 31% Lead weights are used to get the hook to rest on the seabed reproductive capacity. Port-Cros/Porquerolles general 61% Photo: Sparus aurata, Diplodus sargus and Diplodus and descend quickly. According to a study in the Costa 2008 vulgaris together with baits used in Côte Bleue. (Eric Char- Brava, the density of leads lost in the sea can vary between In the other study, which took place in the Isole Ciclopi MPA Port-Cros/Porquerolles bonnel) 0.045 and 0.076 lead weights/m2. The data also show that in 2006 [39bis], an underwater survey was carried out by 2007 general 15% 5.7.4 Lost or abandoned fishing gear: each fisherman loses between 4 and 6 lead weights every divers in an area highly popular with shore fishermen. They Côte des Albères 2010-11 shore found high densities of materials such as lead weights and 62% potential impacts 5 hours. lines, which were clearly causing damage on the seabed. Côte des Albères 2010-11 boat 37% It is common for recreational fishermen to lose, or throw Unlike in invertebrates and fish, the effects of lead ingestion 664 pieces weighing a total of 32.6kg were extracted over have been extensively studied in waterfowl, especially in Parc Marin Côte Bleue general 74% away, all kinds of fishing gear, such as lead weights, lines the course of 4 dives in different sectors of the AMP (dura- and hooks, which can cause significant impacts on the ma- inland freshwaters. Some birds eat small size lead weights, tion not specified). Posidonies du Cap d’Agde boat 31% rine ecosystem. Currently there are no regulations gover- confusing them for the small stones they ingest to aid food digestion. It appears that just one lead fishing weight can In other MPAs, such as in some parts of the PN Calanques, Cap de Creus 2010 shore 56% ning the materials used for recreational fishing and its loss be a lethal dose. Cases of secondary poisoning of birds of the accumulation of lead weights on the seabed appears Archipel de Riou 1998 general 33% at the European level (or, it seems, at either a nationwide or (non-MPA) prey have also been documented, with some species of also to be highly visible. Archipel de Riou 1999 regional level). general 86% eagles, hawks and condors feeding on contaminated prey. (non-MPA) In other parts of the world (outside the Mediterranean) seve- 5.7.3.2 Overexploitation of bait ral studies have looked into the impacts caused by lost or According to toxicity studies in fish, lead bioaccumulates in the gills, kidneys, liver and bones and can cause mor- On the other hand, it is important to discuss the possible abandoned fishing gear, such as, for example: the effects phological injury as well as changes in behaviour and in adverse effects of collecting bait from its natural home. In of the ingestion of lead weights and other gear on water- physiological functions. the same way that recreational fishing is an expanding acti- fowl, the impact of lead in natural systems, and of fishing vity around the world, so is the bait industry. The ecological lines on sessile invertebrates or the ingestion of plastic on However, it is considered that lead derived from fishing gear impact of the growing business of collecting invertebrates marine fauna. has a lower impact on aquatic organisms than lead intro- (for use as bait) on the benthic community is well docu- Similarly, it appears that in the Mediterranean there are no duced by atmospheric deposition and discharges. There is mented [69]. scientific studies on this matter, except a very recent study also a lack of data on the dissolution of pure lead on marine ecosystems. The use of fish and other aquatic resources as bait needs in the Costa Brava (Catalonia) and another in Isole Ciclopi to be monitored in the Mediterranean, and even more so (Catania, Sicily). Fishing lines in MPAs, especially regarding species in danger of overex- In the Costa Brava [56bis], an analysis of data collected in The most common and most studied effects of fishing lines, ploitation [111b]. As an example, a new law approved in different campaigns of collecting gear discarded by recrea- have been those on sessile invertebrates (corals, sponges, Croatia in 2006 prohibited fishing with live bait[112] . tional fishermen was carried out. gorgonians, etc.), causing abrasions, strangulation and

68 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 69 In general, the presence of a multitude of such potentially harmful materials, 5.7.5 Anchoring 5.8.2 Age demonstrates the importance of conducting studies to determine the actual Another indirect impact of recreational fishing involves The following graph (Figure 29) shows the average age impact resulting from recreational fishing so that effective regulatory mea- anchoring and mooring which can affect marine environ- of fishermen in six MPAs (and one non-MPA area), two sures can be developed for this activity. ments, particularly Posidonia oceanica meadows, which of which also had data on the ages of female fishermen. are ecologically important but nevertheless vulnerable habi- Again, these values collated data from boat and shore tats (included in the context of Nature 2000 Network). Much fishing. It shows that the most common age range is from of the impact is generated by recreational boating in busy 40 to 55 years old. boating areas [46bis], but since boat fishermen sometimes In Figure 30, however, we show the average age obtained carry out their activities while at anchor (rather than adrift), for each type of fishing where possible - with gaps indicating the mechanical damage they cause to the seabed can also lack of data. The boat fishermen are on average the become a significant problem. oldest. Indeed, among them are a high number of people who have retired, as in the case of Cerbère-Banyuls and Côte Bleue where retirees make up more than 50% of the total number of fishermen. Meanwhile, the spearfishers 5.8 Social profile of recreational fishermen are, on average, the youngest. This is because spearfishing requires good physical preparation which makes it In general, recreational fishermen are men, with a logical that there are generally more young people involved, average age of around 47, and are made up mostly while older fishermen seek a more comfortable way of indul- of retirees, merchants and company employees. ging in their hobby, such as fishing from a boat. They generally have a significant degree of fishing experience and they come from various different places including people who are residents of the area and non-residents. Most of them fish alone or in pairs.

5.8.1 Gender There are negligible differences between the proportion of men and women involved in boat fishing and those involved in shore fishing and there are very few studies that have provided data on age ranges according to fishing method. Therefore, in the following graph showing the percentages of male/female fishermen, we have included the data from boat and shore fishing taken together as a whole. From the sparse data on male/female participation in spearfishing, it Photo: Fishermen surfcasting from the beach in Roses. (Josep would appear that almost 100% of practitioners are men Lloret) and in only one very specific and unrepresentative case has a woman been recorded carrying out this activity. It is immediately evident that there is a clear hegemony of 5.8.3 Profession men in boat and shore fishing (Figure 28), who represent Retired people are the most prominent group among re- more than 80% of participants in all cases reviewed. Fur- Photo: Discarded and abandoned fishing gear: Top left: fishing line with a bubble float, lead weight creational fishermen: most of the studies reviewed showed thermore, it appears that few women decide for themselves and hook. Top right: an example of ghost fishing: Diplodus vulgaris caught on a discarded line. the majority of longline fishermen to be retirees, always com- Bottom left: tangled up fishing line with lead weight and 3 hooks. Bottom right: fishing line caught on that they want to go fishing, since, for example most of the prising more than 50% of total numbers. The percentage is the spines of a sea urchin. (T. Font) women fishing in the Cap de Creus area [49], whether on especially high among boat fishermen, with up to 70% of boats or from the shore, were accompanying their hus- the total. This makes sense in the light of the previous graph bands, male friends or relatives showing that the average age was highest among boat fishermen. The percentage of retirees among shore fishermen is somewhat smaller and can range from 4% to 40% depending on where the study was performed. It is possible that the percentage of retirees fishing from the shore is

70 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 71 inversely proportional to the difficulties involved in accessing 5.8.4 Fishing experience (expertise) the fishing spots: the more complicated the access, the The table below (Table 14) contains what little data could fewer retirees will be found (although in order to draw this % men be obtained from all the studies reviewed in relation to the Average age (boat + shore) conclusion we would need to make a thorough study of the degree of experience among recreational fishermen (about % women orography of each MPA). 60 30% of the studies). The lack of information confirms the The most common professions, in general, tend to be fact that experience or expertise - which is such an impor- (from most common to least common): merchants, com- tant concept for analyzing the data - is not usually taken into 50 pany employees, craftsmen, blue collar workers, students consideration. It is difficult to draw firm conclusions with so and intermediate professionals, with each group forming little data and no clear trends. In some studies (e.g., Por- 40 between 4 and 10% of the total, depending on the study querolles [9]), the researchers decided to establish three area. levels of expertise (expert, intermediate and beginner), 30 but they did not associate these categories to the num- Among shore fishermen, the commonest occupations are ber of years experience. That is, it would have been better 20 derived from non-university studies, for example, compa- to assign a certain number of years experience for each ny employees or people with a trade. The same goes for category of expertise for example, more than 10 years for 10 spearfishing. “expert”, between 3 and 10 years for “intermediate” and between 0 and 3 years for “beginners”. Without this, the 0 Archipel de Riou Cerbere-Banyuls Cap d'Adge Côte bleue Cap de Creus Medes Islands Porquerolles interpretation of the data remains somewhat subjective. (Non-AMP) (Port-Cros) Having said that, the available data does appear to show a general trend of highly experienced fisher- Figure 29. Average age of recreational fishermen in 6 MPAs and one non-MPA area men, with more than 10 years experience.

boat average % men Average age (by type of fishing) % men and women (boat + shore) shore average % women 70 100% 60 spearfishing average 90% 80% 70% 50 60% 50% 40 40% 30% 30 20% 10% 20 0% 10 0

Figure 28. Percentage of men and women involved in recreational fishing in seven MPAs and one non- MPA area. “*” means only boat fishing for Serra Gelada and shore fishing for Tabarca. Figure 30. Average age of fishermen according to method: boat fishing, shore fishing and spearfishing.

72 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 73 This study classified three types of fishermen (occasio- - Residents from the municipality or municipali- Table14. Degree of experience of the fishermen for each type of fishing. nal, frequent and very frequent) according to the number ties closest to the fishing area (or MPA). Fishermen of times they went fishing throughout the year. Although whose principal home is in the municipality adjacent in order to assess experience, one needs to know how to the MPA. MPA Boat + Shore Boat Shore Spearfishing many years the fishermen have been fishing, it is interes- Cerbère-Banyuls 60% > 20 years - Non-residents from places (such as towns, de- ting to note the type of bait used by these three types of 76% > 10 partments, regions, etc.) near enough for day trips Cap d'Agde fishermen: a large proportion of the occasional fishermen years to the area, who therefore incur no expenditure on Côte Bleue 2007 (who are most likely less experienced) use both worms and 61% > 20 years overnight stays. 70% > 20 62% > 20 31% > 20 shellfish, while the very frequent fishermen (the most expe- Côte Bleue 2008-09 years years years rienced) tend mostly to use crustaceans and fish (see Figure - Non-residents who come to the area on holiday 25 years 6, paragraph 5.4.6). This is an interesting way to focus on and who do stay overnight in the municipalities average somewhere near the MPA. 12% experts 23% experts the use of bait by recreational fishermen, as it seems to vary Porquerolles 2008 67% 69% depending on how experienced they are. Similarly, it was - Non-residents with second homes in the area. intermediate intermediate also found, in Cerbère-Banyuls, that the more experienced 21% beginners 8% beginners the fishermen were, the larger the fish that were caught, on 19 years average, or the larger the hook size used or the more times average a year they went fishing. 55% 42% experts Porquerolles 2007 intermediate 42% Another interesting study in this regard was carried out in 13% expert intermediate Posidonie de la Côte des Albères 2010-11 [26], in which 32% beginners 16% beginners 28 years fishermen were divided into 5 classes (4 classes of shore The Medes Islands average fishermen and one of boat fishermen). In each class, the 8 years fishermen respond to specific features such as: the degree Cap de Creus average of fishing experience, frequency of fishing, type of fishing, Serra Gelada >80% more tan preferred time of year, etc. 20 years

Cap d'Agde 2008 > 10 years average 5.8.5 Origin

We have obtained very little data on the origin of the recreational fishermen in each zone and it is therefore difficult to establish a general conclusion. Before comparing or analysing this data, first we need to clearly define what is meant when we say that fishermen are Photo: Fishermen at dusk in the Golf de Roses. residents or non-residents of an area. Some studies define The study carried out in Cerbère-Banyuls in 2008 [18] analyzed the data according to the following as residents those fishermen living in the area closest to criteria: each MPA. But the problem is that some consider the “area closest to each MPA” as a whole department (France) or 5.8.6 Fishing alone or in company? Type of fisherman Nº of days fishing county, while others restrict the definition to the municipality In general, it seems that most recreational fisher- closest to the MPA. This makes it impossible to compare Occasional One or more times a year men either fish alone or in pairs with occasionally data from different areas since they comprise different ca- larger groups. tergories. In other words, we cannot compare the residents Frequent One or more times a month of an area comprising a single municipality, with another, However, the only specific data we have obtained in this more extensive area that comprises a whole county or de- respect is as follows: Very frequent One or more times a week partment. Cerbère-Banyuls 2010 [22] Even so, it appears that the majority of the fishermen who - boat fishing: 43.4% fish alone, 37.6% with a par-

visit MPAs come from areas, municipalities, departments or tner, 13.9% in groups of three and 5.2% in groups of counties close to the fishing spots, being greater in number more than three; than those from areas further away within the same country or people from other countries, i.e., tourists. - shore fishing: 61.3% fish alone, 29.5% with a partner, 6.8% in groups of three and 2.4% in groups of In order to standardize this kind of data, the following main more than three. categories ought to be established:

74 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 75 Cap d’Agde 2006 [1] Mallorca 2005 [51] their boats exclusively for fishing, while the rest combine 5.8.8 The fishermen’s perspective their fishing with other activities (swimming, snorkelling, etc). - boat fishing: 47% with friends, 35% alone and 18% - boat fishing: 43.7% alone; 39.2% with a partner; For managers of MPAs, it is extremely useful to get a gene- The data obtained from within the MPAs is scarce so we with the family; 12.5% in groups of three; 3.1% in groups of four and ral idea of what fishermen think of the MPA management have supplemented it with information from other studies 1.5% in groups of five or more. setup and the quality of its work. For this reason, several - shore fishing: 50% with friends, 39% alone and outside the MPAs. 11% with the family. studies have focused part of their analysis on the opinions Table 15 shows several more or less clear trends: of fishermen through a series of questions incorporated in Cap de Creus [45, 47] - The vast majority are rigid motor boats (especially the sampling questionnaires. - boat fishing: between 41.5% and 50% in pairs; 5.8.7 Most commonly-used kind of vessel launches, but also llaüts, small traditional boats of As the results presented below show, it appears that in 22.8% in threes; between 16.5% and 21.5% alone. for recreational fishing the Balearic Islands). general, recreational fishermen have a relatively low Finally, between 1.3% and 10% had more than three Some studies have gathered data on aspects of fishing level of knowledge and awareness regarding the fishermen per boat (with the maximum being 8); - We found one study, from Côte Bleue, which sug- vessels such as length, engine power and even boat type, gests that, for spearfishing, inflatable launches are impact of their activity on the natural environment. - shore fishing: 43% alone, 40% with a partner, 17% which gives us an idea of the main features of vessels that the most used. Similarly, their ability to identify the species of fish they catch in groups of three or more. are normally used for fishing. However, it should be noted is poor (with the exception of spearfishers who tend to - Average boats lengths are between 5 and 8 Tabarca [50bis] that these boats are not always only for fishing and in fact, know more about their target species). On the other hand, some studies indicate that only about 16% of fishermen use metres, with 6 metres being the most common. MPA managers issue a great deal of information and the - shore fishing: 29.2% alone, 49.3% in pairs and - Average engine power is 50hp. fishermen comply with this information to a large extent. It is 3,5% three or more fishermen. also fairly clear that the vast majority of recreational fisher- - The fishermen themselves are usually the owners men have some knowledge of current regulations (such as of the vessels (between 50 and 90% of the time) Table 15. Information on the features of the vessels used for recreational fishing in MPAs minimum landing sizes for certain species) and that they and outside them: type of vessel; mean length; mean engine power and whether the consider the marine protected areas to be a good thing as vessel is owned by its users. far as recreational fishing is concerned. Another feature is that, when it comes to choosing a place % of Mean engine vessels to fish, the most common factors are the abundance of fish MPA Type of vessel Mean length power owned or the beauty of the place. by users Clearly the data will vary from one study to another, since 92% rigid Cap d'Adge 5% semi-rigid 55%< 6.5m 40 hp for vessels each one usually included only 2 or 3 of these concepts 3% in rowboats 36% 6.5 - 9.5m of less than 6.5m in their questionnaires. In any case, the following is a brief 94% rigid for qualitative analysis based on the diverse data: Côte Bleue fishing 57% inflatable for a) Environmental awareness: in all studies in which this spearfishing 69% 6-7m question was asked, for all types fishing, the number Porquerolles (Port Cros) 72% rigid 97% of respondents who believed that recreational fishing 2008 22% semi-rigid average: 6m had no impact on the environment was always more Porquerolles than 75% (and up to 98% in Cerbère-Banyuls [18]). (Port Cros) 69% rigid 88% 2007 27% semi-rigid average: 6.4m This gives us an idea of how little awareness there average: 50 hp is among recreational fisherman with regard to their average: 5m minimum: 4 hp Plemmirio impact on the environment. Generally "open" minimum: 2.8m maximum: 250 launches maximum: 9.1m hp b) Awareness that they are fishing in a protected area. In general Gökova Bay On average, over 50% of the fishermen were aware between 6 and (non-MPA) 10m they were fishing within an MPA. It seems that those who were least aware of this fact were generally tou- Serra Gelada average: 6.37m Photo: Fishing boat prepared for offshore fishing. (Josep rists. Lloret) Menorca 2002 llaüts, all year 50.67% c) Whether they think there is enough information or not (non-MPA) launches, summer rowboats, summer on the regulations governing the activity in the MPA: 55.3%, llaüt 6.3m, llaüt 33 hp, llaüt it seems that, in general, information on regulations Mallorca 2005 34.9%, launch 6.2m, launch 48 hp, launch 90% is accessible and well publicized in the MPAs, and (non-MPA) 8.5%, inflatable 5.7m, inflatable 43 hp, inflatable that fishermen (especially boat fishing) are willing to 1.3%, sail 7.5m, sail 21 hp, sail Çanakkale average: 8.4m comply with these rules; however, there are some Strait (non- minimum: 4.0m 44.8% differences: MPA) maximum: 16.5m

76 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 77 - boat fishermen: approximately 65% know measures should be taken to achieve sustainable - limiting numbers of visitors, especially fishermen, in - Difficulties in setting out professional fishing gear the rules (data from 6 studies) fisheries (based on 3 studies) are, in descending certain areas. order of importance: - Breach of regulations - shore fishermen: approximately 32% (a l) Whether they have noticed a decrease (or increase) in - Respecting the breeding seasons of particular - Selling illegal catches much lower percentage) know the rules catches (and why): in 4 studies, fishermen were as- (according to data from 3 studies) species ked whether they had noticed any change in catches - Underwater fishermen getting too close to fishing lines and gear - underwater fishermen: more than 75% (a - Closed seasons for certain species over the years they had been fishing in a particular area. In most cases and for all types of fishing, the much higher percentage) know the rules, - Closed seasons for certain areas - The use of increasingly professional fishing gear by especially in regard to the use of marking dominant feeling was of a decrease or levelling out recreational fishermen - Charging a fee for a fishing licence of catches. None of these studies gave a figure for buoys, prohibition of artificial means of res- A clear example occurs in Mallorca (e.g., Cala Ratjada) the percentage of fishermen who believed that there piration, using professional fishing gear, etc. - A quota system during the fishing season for the dolphinfish (Coryphaena had been an increase their catches. d) Whether they believe that they are complying with re- - Better enforcement of existing regulations hippurus), when professional fishermen set out fish aggre- gulations: this is a question that undoubtedly implies In addition, it is interesting to know how control and monito- gating devices (FADs) called capsers (consisting of floa- - Increasing the minimum landing size for certain a certain bias, as the usual response of the fisher- ring of fishermen can affect their behaviour: a study in Turkey ting materials that generate shade and a place where this species men is, not surprisingly, that they generally comply [56] showed that fishermen who had voluntary sought a species will gather together and often form large shoals) with the rules, whereas in fact the opposite may be j) Factors determining the choice of fishing site: as to fishing licence (in Turkey, fishing licences are not obligatory), and then, using surrounding nets, catch them. There is a true. In any case, the limited data available shows the reasons why certain areas are chosen for fishing had a better understanding, a greater awareness and com- general trend (despite being prohibited by law) for recreatio- that more than half of them do tend to comply with (according to 5 studies), the fishermen chose the fol- plied more with the rules that those who had no licence. nal fishermen to take advantage of these capsers and fish the rules (over 55% in all cases). lowing in order of importance: for dolphinfish using trolling, spinning or jigging techniques nearby. Obviously this creates disputes between the two e) Whether they know there are minimum legal landing - the abundance of fish sectors. sizes for certain species and whether they generally - the beauty of the place adhere to this rule: according to data from 4 studies, Recreational fishermen for their part also often have pro- it appears that fishermen are generally aware (over - accessibility blems with pleasure boats (jet-skis, speed boats, etc.) and with other water sports, because distances are not respec- 70% of respondents) that minimum landing sizes - weather do exist. However, this may depend on the type of ted or because of speeding (above all when boats navigate fishing: for example, it appears that spearfishers are - proximity too close to spearfishers while they are underwater, fishing). the best informed in this regard (as in the Côte Bleue However, this data differs from a study in 2008 [124, 123] where almost 80% know what the minimum landing which states that weather is the most decisive factor when sizes are). choosing a fishing area, followed by the abundance of fish f) Whether they believe managers take fishermen into and accessibility. account when making management decisions: only k) They were asked to name action that could be taken to one study obtained data on this issue, finding that improve conservation in the MPA: based on data from Conflicts among users more than 71% fishermen felt they had no means to 5 studies, the following were mentioned: influence the decisions taken regarding their activity. Don't know It appears therefore that most fishermen consider - installing artificial reefs 20% they do not take part in the co-management of MPAs - more inspections in order to improve compliance Photo: 38kg Seriola dumerili caught with existing regulations g) Whether they can identify the species they catch: it by deep trolling. (Martí Font) No Yes appears that, in general, fishermen do not correctly - greater control of trawling, which sometimes oc- 24% 56% identify the species they catch. While on the other curs too close to shore 5.8.9 Conflicts between recreational fisher- hand, they do claim to be aware of which species - creating new MPAs men and other users are protected (data from 4 studies). - prohibit fishing during certain periods Conflicts between different users of MPAs are com- h) Whether they believe that the MPAs have a positive or mon, especially during the months the numbers of negative influence on their activity: according to the - installing ecological buoys for mooring vessels visitors and users are high (Figure 31). According to the responses from 3 studies, in general it appears that - increasing awareness among users information provided by managers in the questionnaires, it fishermen consider the existence of an MPA to be appears that conflicts between users of MPAs are wides- Figure 31. Percentage of MPAs where there is positive (more than 60% of respondents). - combating marine pollution pread. Between recreational fishermen and the professio- some type of conflict among users. - more incentives for using electric motors nals, the most common conflicts occurring are: i) The fishermen were asked to name possible solutions for a sustainable recreational fishing: the responses - establishing fish farms and nurseries - Competition for space most often put forward by the fishermen as to what - Competition for certain species

78 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 79 5.8.10 Recreational fishing associations or Rompiente [Breaking wave] at www.larompiente. - Thon club du Roussillon federations com/, a highly popular virtual community of spear- - Section pêche du Yacht Club fishers in Spain). In most countries there are non-governmental organiza- •Baie et Cap d’Antibes - Iles de Lerins: there are 22 tions (associations and federations) for recreational fishing, - Collectif Bar Européen www.sosbar.org/. associations in the Alpes-Maritimes department, whose whose aim is not only to become a virtual meeting place members potentially fish within the MPA. for fishermen, but also (in their own view) to defend the re- According to information obtained through the question- •Cap d’Agde: Most fishermen are members of the creational fishing sector and the environment. It seems that naires, more than 68% of MPAs are aware of such FFESSM (Fédération Française d’études et de sports these organizations also seek to influence the law regar- associations/federations of fishermen which carry sous-marins) ding this activity: a very recent case occurred in the Balearic out some of their activities within the MPAs (19% Islands, where new regulations on recreational fishing were •Scandola: no information. have no knowledge of such organisations and in 12% there being drawn up, one of which sought to include a ban on is no information available on the issue). The following infor- squid fishing. However, due to the intervention of a particu- mation is known: lar association, it appears that this rule will not be included. Spain •Alborán: APRA (Association of Recreational Fishing in Photo: Loligo vulgaris measuring about 80cm, caught in Major- Almería). Some of these federations are, by way of example: can waters. (Martí Font) France •Cala Ratjada: www.albacora.org and www.amprr.es Spain: •Bonifacio: there is only one association which represents the fishermen of Bonifacio. (Associació Mallorquina de Pesca Recreativa Respon- - Confederación Española de Pesca Marítima Res- sable [Majorcan Association for Responsible Fishing]). •Posidonies de la côte palavasienne: 1 surfcasting club, ponsable www.pescarecreativaresponsable. 4 boat fishing clubs, 5 spearfishing clubs. (Carnon •Illes Medes and Costa Montgrí: Associació Amics de la es who advocate sustainable boat fishing through Fishing Club, Cercle des Pêcheurs Cap Agathois) Pesca [Friendly Association of Fishermen]. catch and release competitions; •Côte Bleue: mention only the existence of the 2 state •Cabo de Gata-Nijar: Asociación de Pesca Responsable - the Federación Española de Pesca y Casting federations, but in each harbor, there are local associa- Al-Andalus [Andalusian Association for Responsible www.fepyc.es/ tions (nautical societies) making a total of 15. According Fishing]. France: to the study of 2007-09 (based on 1795 enquiries), •Cap de Creus: no associations. the percentage of fishermen who are members is as - Fédération Française de Pêcheurs en Mer www. follows: ffpm-national.com/ - boat fishermen: 32% Italy - Fédération Nationale des Pêcheurs plaisanciers et •Cinque Terre: 3 associations (unnamed) are said to sportifs de France www.fnppsf.fr/ - underwater fishermen: 29% exist. - Fédération Chasse Sous-Marine Passion www. - shore fishing: 2.7% •Miramare: no associations. fcsmpassion.com/ •Iles du Frioul: some clubs exist but are not specified. •Torre del Cerrano: 3 associations (unnamed) are said - FNPSA www.fnpsa.net/ •Port Cros: no associations specifically within the MPA, to exist.. - Fédération Française d’Études et de Sports Sous- but there are others whose members fish within the •Bergeggi: ASD (Pesca Sportiva Bergeggi). Marins www.ffessm.fr/ MPA. •Capo Carbonara: Gruppo dilettantistico pesca sportive Italy: •Golfe du Lion: Lega Navale Italiana sezione Villasimius. - Federazione Italiana Pesca Sportiva e Attività Su- - Thon club catalan barcarésien •Capo Rizzuto: Lega Navale, F.I.P.S.A.S.(Federazione bacquee portale.fipsas.it/acque-marittime.aspx - Club de Pêche récréative salanquaise Italiana Pesca Sportiva e Attività Subacquee) Europe: In addition, there are a large number of very active online - Leucate fishing club forums (social networks: Facebook, Twitter), magazines •Isole di Ventotene and S. Stefano: There are no asso- - The European Anglers Alliance www.eaa-europe. - Harpon Club Catalan (in print and online), online stores (and retail outlets) and ciations. org/index.php?id=8, which represents the interests - Trident Catalan websites that bring together individual fishermen and col- •Plemmirio: some (unnamed) associations. of recreational fishermen at the European level and lectives, and provide up-to-date information around the - Espadon Club Catalan beyond, with 18 organizations in 11 countries. •Porto Cesareo: Several local associations (within 20km world. These enable a highly dynamic interaction that allows - Le club APCR (Association Pêche Côtière de Rous- of the MPA) that interact with the managers. Some have fishermen to share knowledge, opinions, contacts and so sillon) connections with F.I.P.S.A.S. on. Some examples: - Pescador Club •Portofino:some (unnamed) associations - Websites devoted to recreational fishing (e.g. La - Palangrotte

80 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 81 •Punta Campanella: Lega Pesca, AGCI Fishing 5.8.11 Environmental Education -Cerbère-Banyuls: fact sheets on minimum landing sizes of number of captures of some of these, such as S. cabrilla, species that are caught within the MPA. [20] C. julis and O. melanura. In the same way, the use of hook •Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo: no associations Some MPAs have developed management tools based on sizes no smaller than No. 6 was established. Furthermore, propagating environmental values and correct practices In addition, in 2008, a leaflet was also distributed among the •Torre Guaceto: no associations. recreational fishermen must obtain a permit (which is free), among the recreational fishermen of the MPAs. In general, fishermen with the newly approved decree to be applied wi- issued by the Affaires Maritimes, which issues a maximum this consists of handing out pamphlets or leaflets to fisher- thin the MPA, which contained mainly the minimum landing of 1600 fishing permits per year. Greece men with the aim of increasing awareness and informing sizes of a long list of species together with limitations on the them about what is or is not permitted within the boundaries •Kalymnos: no information. of the MPA such as, for example, areas where fishing is pro- •Zakynthos: no information. hibited, minimum landing sizes for certain species, which species are protected, which fishing techniques are pro- •Alonissos: no information. hibited, limitations on fishing gear, types of sea beds in the area and even certain other rules of behaviour on littering or dumping oil at sea, areas where boats are not allowed to Croatia lay anchor, etc. •Brijuni: no associations. Below are some examples of such material developed by •Lastovo Archipelago: no associations. MPA managers:

Slovenia - Posidonies du Cap d’Agde: fact sheets on minimum landing sizes for species that are caught within •Rt Madona Natural Monument: one association exists the MPA and on zoning in terms of levels and protection. in Strunjan. [3]

Prospectus Cerbère-Banyuls [20].

Fact sheet from Posidonies du Cap d’Agde [3].

82 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 83 -Port Cros: Recently, the Port Cros National Park has de- initiative and getting them more involved. In fact, since a li- veloped an online tool aimed at collecting the daily catch cence is required for recreational fishing inPort Cros, fisher- of recreational fishermen, since it was found that the log- men will need to fill in the documentation on catches if they books – that were tried out in studies over three years – tur- wish to renew their licence. It is very interesting to get an ned out to be of little use. The fishermen voluntarily register idea of how often fishermen go fishing and the impact they themselves on the website and file their catches so that have on resources. However, there is an obvious potential managers can track the impact of their activity and the infor- for biased results since it is the fisherman themselves who mation is made available to the fishermen (including via mo- provide the data and there is therefore no empirical assess- bile phone). Hence, fishermen can see how their catches ment. It is possible that the figures provided are a great deal develop over time. This also stimulates their interest and lower than they are in reality. improves their understanding of this kind of data represen- tation (charts, statistics), thus increasing confidence in this

Fact sheet from Port-Cros.

-Portofino: This MPA has invested a great deal of effort into developing tools for monitoring recreational fishing and providing fishermen with the necessary information, as shown by the following examples: the first is the document that fishermen must fill in regarding their fishing trips, including various aspects such as type of fishing, techniques used, species caught and their size, the date, time, type of bait, etc. The second, is an information leaflet on recreational fishing which gives details of good practices, zoning, regu- Information leaflet on the 2008 decree in the lations, minimum landing sizes, etc., and is basically a very Cerbère-Banyuls MPA. Taken from [21]. useful document for spreading awareness and knowledge among fishermen.

84 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 85 86 COLLECTION

Form that recreational fishermen fill in with the information of their day’s fishing within the Portofino MPA (species, sizes, fishing techniques, etc.) etc.). ture, regulations, nimum sizeofcap- zoning, species,mi- MPA inItaly(inc. within thePortofino creational fishing Fact sheetonre- Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean 87 These kinds of awareness initiatives are not confined to • Golfe du Lion 5.9 Economic aspects due to the high cost involved in purchasing, maintaining and the MPAs, but in fact are also carried out at state level in mooring the vessels in question. On the other hand, both • Scandola There are, at present, very few qualitative or quantitative stu- countries such as Turkey and France by means of yearly shore fishing and spearfishing (accessed from the shore) • Baie et Cap d’Antibes – Iles de Lérins dies that have attempted to give an assessment of the eco- campaigns and leaflets giving information on many of the do not require such a major investment. Many practitioners nomic impact of recreational fishing in the Mediterranean aspects mentioned above [111b]. • Cinque Terre of spearfishing do use boats and, bearing in mind the costs (for these, see the reports of the EMPAFISH programme • Miramare associated with boats, their economic value may initially be [123, 124] in which, to a certain extent, there is an analysis thought to be more comparable to boat fishermen. Howe- • Bergeggi of the economic impact of recreational activities, including Many other MPAs - according to information provided by ver, it is also true that the vessels used by these underwater fishing, in Mediterranean and Atlantic MPAs; www.um.es/ their managers via our questionnaires - have also deve- • Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo fishermen are usually inflatable vessels, towed to the coast empafish/). However, several studies carried out in other loped fact sheets and other educational tools aimed at pro- • Torre Guaceto by car and therefore do not incur mooring charges, thus regions have shown that its importance cannot be underes- moting sustainable fishing. These are: reducing overall maintenance costs. • Lastovo Archipelago timated, especially in terms of job creation in the services • Bonifacio • Rt Madona Natural Monument and tourism sectors (hotels, restaurants, charter fishing, Once again, just as occurred in our evaluation of total bio- • Côte Bleue (information on minimum landing sizes, • DPM Six-Fours etc.), but also in terms of the indirect revenues relating to mass extracted (see Section 5.5.2.2) it is not entirely clear the maritime industry (nautical companies) and nautical whether the concept of “commercial fishing” includes only protected species, zoning according to level of protec- • DPM Cap-Taillat tion, environmentally friendly anchoring, etc.) goods (bait, fishing equipment, etc.). [111b]. In addition, the traditional, artisanal fishing or whether it also represents • DPM Rayol there is the social value in itself [54]. the entire activity of industrial and semi-industrial fishing. • Isla de Alborán (leaflets promoting sustainable use of Obviously the values will vary greatly if we include only arti- the MPA) sanal fishing in the total economic value, or else only traw- • Cala Ratjada 5.9.1 What is the economic importance of ling and purse seine fishing (as occurs, for instance, in the recreational fishing at the local, regional example taken from study 111b). In each of the studies • Cabo de Gata-Níjar or national level? discussed below, the values are expressed in the same • Capo Carbonara (along with the fishing licence, fisher- terminology used in the source of the information. The fact that recreational fishing has a significant economic men are given a logbook to record catches and infor- impact in Europe in general is beyond question, as many Below we list some examples of studies on the recreatio- mation on regulations, permitted fishing techniques and studies have confirmed. Much less attention has been paid nal fishing economy from inside and outside the Mediterra- minimum landing sizes) to this aspect in the Mediterranean, but even so, the limited nean, first according to the economic weight of recreational • Capo Rizzuto data available shows a considerable flow of money fishing in itself and then, its economic value compared with involving various sectors of goods and services commercial / artisanal fishing •Isole di Ventotene and S. Stefano directly related to the activity. • Plemmirio (on sustainable practices in recreational It appears that fishing activities involving boats fishing) The economic weight of recreational fishing in itself (whether fishing from the boat or for getting to • Porto Cesareo (on recreational fishing regulations) spearfishing sites) generates the greatest econo- • «Economic Value of Recreational Fisheries in the Nordic Countries» [90]. In this study, investigators esti- • Portofino mic impact locally, regionally and nationally, probably

• Punta Campanella (on regulations and fishing tech- Photo: mixed catch of Serranus cabrilla, Trachinus sp., Pagel- niques) lus erythrinus (among others) from a boat using bottom fishing Table 16. Total annual expenditures in national currencies and €, excluding long-lasting equipment such as fishing gear rod. (Toni Font) and boats, but including other costs related to the activity. Source: [90]. • Brijuni Money Money Money spent spent spent on Money annually annually on Other MPAs are currently drawing up such information: RF (mean/ spent on on RF RF (est. • Posidonies de la Côte Palavasienne fisherman) RF (mean/ (est. total) total) in in national fisherman) in national Millions of • Torre del Cerrano Countries 1 euro equals currency in euros currency euros

• Illes Medes & Costa del Montgrí Denmark (DKK) 7.44 1170 157,22 517 M 69.47 M • Cap de Creus Finland (FIM) 5.95 930 156,30 122 M 20.50 M

Iceland (ISK) 157.06 35900 228,56 1950 M 12.41 M Finally, there are some that do not yet have these information tools: Norway (NOK) 7.49 1340 178,78 1850 M 246.82 M • IIles du Frioul Sweden (SEK) 8.63 1470 170,28 2730 M 316.23 M

88 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 89 mated the total economic value of recreational fishing - recreational fishing licences: € 60 million (com- This would allow us to know more precisely whether the demonstrates once again how important it is to consider in 5 countries in Northern Europe, with regard to the pared to sales of fish and shellfish from commercial economic impact of the activity has local repercussions or the variations from one year to another. fishermen’s expenditure on their activity (Table 16) and fishing of less than € 9 million); not. Again as an example, the studies carried out in the Nevertheless, based on this data, the average costs per the market value of catches Cap de Creus [45, 47] show that shore fishermen hardly - contribution of tourism: € 9 million fishermen in these areas ranges from €500 to €1600 per spend any money locally, as opposed to the boat fisher- year – to which we would have to add other expenditure • A 2006 study in the Posidonies du Cap d’Agde [1] - total contribution of nautical tourism: € 5.2 million. men, whose expenditure is mostly made within the munici- on such things as mooring and maintenance (except Côte estimated the economic value of mooring, maintenance palities of the MPA and who therefore have a greater impact • A study in 2007 [72] pointed out that total spen- Bleue) and even spending on goods and services related to and fishing gear amounted to €1.7 million. on the local economy. ding on recreational fishing in Europe is believed to their stay in the area (food, hotel, etc.), for those fishermen • In 2004, a study of recreational fishing in the Spa- exceed €25 billion annually. In comparison, the value In this vein, it seems that the Italian MPAs of Bergeggi, travelling into the area from further away. nish Mediterranean [54], came up with the following of the commercial fishing catch in 1998 among the 15 Plemmirio and Portofino are currently carrying out studies in estimates for boat fishing: member states of the European Union was estimated to order to quantify the socio-economic impact of recreational - The Autonomous Regional Communities raised be €20 billion. fishing (using information provided by managers via ques- Shore fishing €404,000 from licences alone, in 2003. • In 2004, in the previously mentioned study in the tionnaires), with the focus being on fishing charters. Figure 33 shows the average annual expenditure incurred by - Between 2002 and 2003, the turnover of com- Spanish Mediterranean [54], it was estimated that total It should also be noted that, in the current economic crisis - shore fishermen in 4 MPAs and 3 non-MPAs. All the figures, panies related to the activity (boat construction and expenditure on recreational fishing was between 550 which is severe in some countries such as Spain, Italy and except Côte Sableuse, include only expenditure on fishing repair, boat rental, marinas management) amounted and 640 million euros, compared to 380 million euros Greece - an activity such as recreational fishing from the gear; Côte Sableuse includes other expenses [28], which is to €165 million. for commercial fishing. shore and spearfishing (which, in general, most people are why it stands out above the rest (more than €850). Gene- rally, there is little difference between the five other areas (no • In the Cap d’Agde 2006 [1] it was estimated that, capable of doing), may require a new focus as far as eco- - The annual investment by fishermen, taking into more than €100) and, compared to the previous graph on at €1,751,760 per year, the expenditure on recreational nomics is concerned. It may no longer be simply a question account the total value of boats and mooring, came boat fishermen’s expenditure, the values are considerably fishing from boats was 2 times the income generated by of how it contributes to local, regional or national econo- to between 100 and 148.5 million euros a year. lower. It needs to be remembered though, that these values artisanal fishing for the same target species, in 2003. It mies through the provision of goods and services, but also should include other costs such as the car fuel they use to • In Tabarca, in 2010 it was found that shore fisher- is also important to note that this figure does not include of how it becomes an element of subsistence for families get to the fishing spot, or expenses related to their stay in men spent around €250,000, above all on transport expenses on accommodation, food, boat fuel, taxes affected by unemployment. the area. For example, in the case of Cap de Creus [47], and accommodation. (various) for resident fishermen and after-fishing leisure each shore fisherman spends an average of €250 per year Recreational fishing compared with commercial / artisanal activities. fishing 5.9.2 How much do fishermen spend on on car fuel getting to and from the fishing spot fishing? • The following example (Table 17) gives compa- This data clearly demonstrates the enormous eco- In this section, we have taken into consideration all the stu- risons between commercial fishing and recreational Underwater fishing (spearfishing) fishing and shows that, both in Finland and Spain, re- nomic potential of recreational fishing which, on dies we have reviewed, whether they were carried out in creational fishing is worth more, economically speaking, occasions, is even greater than that of commercial MPAs or non-MPAs, as it is assumed that this would have All the values in the following graph, Figure 34, include an- than commercial fishing (presumably artisanal fishing, fishing. Nevertheless, more precise economic studies are no influence fishermen’s spending. However, the type of nual spending on spearfishing gear (guns, buoys, wetsuit, although this is not clearly specified in the case of Fin- required, especially in the Mediterranean, both at the local fishing they carry out does directly affect their level of ex- mask, fins, etc..), but the studies carried out in Cap de Creus land). In contrast, in the U.S.A., commercial fishing is and national level. penditure: [46] and the Medes Islands [50] also include other goods and services related to the activity (gasoline, accommoda- more valuable to the economy. [111b] It is important to know whether recreational fishermen are tion, etc..) which is why they have higher values (around spending their money in or near the fishing areas, i.e. in the • A socio-economic study in Mallorca determined Boat fishing €900). that the economic importance of recreational fishing on municipalities near the MPAs or, on the contrary, in more the island can be broken down as follows: distant towns and cities where the fishermen come from. When a boat is used for fishing activities, for instance, there are various types of costs to be included: expenditure on fishing gear, boat fuel, mooring and maintenance. Figure 32 shows boat fishermen’s spending in 4 MPAs and one non- MPA. There is some disparity among this data because of what is included in the total expenditure. The two Cap d’Agde studies only include fishing gear costs. All the others incorporate both fishing gear and fuel costs while the Côte Bleue study (2011) [6] also includes maintenance costs (which is probably why it has the highest figure). It is interesting to note that mean expenditure on gear per boat fishermen in Cap d’Agde in 2006 [1] was estimated to be €1500 per year, while in another study in the same Photo: Zeus faber caught using the jigging method. (Martí Font) Table 17. Economic comparison between recreational fishing and commercial fishing in Finland, Spain and the U.S.A. from various area in 2008, it was estimated to be €800 per year. This sources. Source: FAO 2007 [111b].

90 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 91 Boat fishermen’s spending on fishing gear and boat fuel (*plus maintenance; **gear only)

1800 1600 1400 1200 In addition to what all these fishermen spend on average natural resources, environmental protection or the impact 1000 € 800 each year, another important expenditure that needs to of pollution. Among these are the Contingent Valuation Me- 600 be taken into account is the initial investment that is made thod (CVM) and the Travel Cost Method (TCM), (see recom- 400 to obtain a full set of equipment (rods, reels, bag, lines, mendations in Section 6.1.8.3). In the Mediterranean, these 200 spear gun, marker buoy and many other types of gear). In valuation techniques have been little used, unlike in nor- 0 Cap d'Adge Cap d'Adge Côte Bleue* Cap de Creus Illes Medes Çanakkale Strait the case of shore fishermen in the Cap de Creus, this initial thern European countries (and elsewhere), where a number 2006** 2008** (non-MPA) investment ranged from € 0 (in the case of an inheritance of studies have attempted to analyze the economic value of AMP/non-MPA or a gift) to up to € 3000, but more generally, the figure was recreational fishing.[111b, 91] estimated at between € 100-400, on average [47]. Of all the Mediterranean studies we have reviewed, there Figure 32. Mean annual expenditure for boat fishermen on fishing gear and boat fuel. (*the Côte were only two: a) Cap de Creus and b) Izmir Bay where this Bleue figure also includes maintenance costs. **Cap d’Adge only includes fishing gear costs). kind of economic valuation was employed. These studies indicate that, first,there is a willingness to pay an additional fee to continue fishing in the Cap de Creus Shore fishermen’s spending on gear MPA and that, second, the fee they were willing to (*includes general costs) pay (€20) was similar to an estimated value (€16) for an equivalent fee, in the study in Izmir Bay, whose 1000 main objective was to estimate the average expenditure of 900 800 each fisherman on their way to and from their fishing spot: 700 600 a) Cap de Creus (Spain) [48]: in a 2007 study on shore € 500 fishing, the questionnaire included the following hy- 400 pothetical question: «Would you be willing to pay a 300 fee in order to continue fishing in this MPA? How 200 100 much would you be willing to pay?» Of the fishermen 0 who responded, 64.6% said they would be willing to Cap Cap Côte Bleue Cap de Çanakkale Izmir Inner Côte Tabarca Photo: Spearfisher with his catch of the day (Seriola dumerili pay an average of €20 per year to continue fishing d'Adge d'Adge Creus Strait Bay (non- Sableuse and Diplodus sargus) in Menorca. within the MPA. The amount varied between €5 and 2006 2008 (non-MPA) MPA) Catalane* (non-MPA) €60. AMP/non-MPA 5.9.3 A different economic approach (Contingent Valuation Method and Tra- b) Izmir Bay (non-MPA, Turkey) [59]: in this case, researchers applied the Travel Cost Method, which vel Cost Method) Figure 33. Mean annual expenditure of shore fishermen on fishing gear (*theCòte produced a consumer surplus [a measure of the Sableuse figure also includes general costs) There a number of non-market economic valuation tech- user value of a site] of €16. If this figure is extrapo- niques that are used to calculate the value of, for example, Spearfishers’ spending on gear (*plus Table 18. Estimated use value and non-use value for fishermen and non-fishermen in 5 Nordic countries according other goods and services) to the Contingent Valuation Method. Source: [90]. 1000 900 Total 800 Use Non-use Total econ. 700 1 euro use value Non-use value economic value 600 Countries equals value (euro) value (euro) value (euro) € 500 400 Denmark (DKK) 7.44 248 33.33 1650 221.72 1900 255.32 300 200 Finland (FIM) 5.95 501 84.20 493 82.85 994 167.05 100 0 Iceland (ISK) 157.06 591 3.76 1190 7.58 1780 11.33 Côte Bleue Cap de Creus* Illes Medes* Çanakkale Strait Archipel de Riou (non-AMP) (non-AMP) Norway (NOK) 7.49 1020 136.09 761 101.53 1780 237.48 MPA/non-MPA Sweden (SEK) 8.63 1030 119.31 1400 162.17 2430 281.48 Figure 34. Mean annual expenditure of spearfishers on spearfishing gear (* the figures for the Cap de Creus and Illes Medes also include goods and services)

92 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 93 lated to the estimated annual total number of fisher- 5.10.2 National legislation grouper has been banned in the case of spearfishing since sé). However, they are exempted from this if they have a men and the number of fishing trips, the consumer 1993 and, in the case of hook and line, since late 2002 (this licence issued by a sports federation authorized by the Annex IV shows national regulations by country. For more surplus amounts to some €17.6 million. ban applies only to the continental French Mediterranean, Sports Ministry. information, consult documents 111b or 72, where a more i.e., not Corsica, which has its own specific legislation and According to information provided by the managers of the detailed analysis on recreational fisheries legislation can be - Greece and Malta require licences for boat fishing where E. marginatus can still be fished with hook and line). Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo MPA, a study was carried out found. In addition, both Spain and France require a specific into the economic value of E. marginatus using the Travel Closed seasons and restricted areas: There appears to be In a similar vein to this work, two synthesis papers, which fishing licence for the capture of certain species, such Cost Method - although apparently this was not concer- no specific legislation governing fishing seasons or access complement the information contained in this section, have as swordfish. ned with recreational fishing (efforts to obtain this document to fishing areas. In fact some countries delegate this res- been produced in France and Italy on recreational fisheries have been unsuccessful). ponsibility to the MPAs. However, in 6 countries, there is It is interesting to note that in Croatia, 40% of the reve- in each country, with information on their current regulations no mention of these concepts (Greece, Italy, Malta, Tuni- nues generated from licences are used to finance ma- Outside the Mediterranean, many more studies of this type (among other things) [32a, 44bis]. sia, Croatia and Slovenia). There is, however, in France, a rine protection projects, among others. (For details see have been carried out. One of these, entitled «Economic We will now give a brief analysis of the main concepts of the closed season for gathering sea urchins (P. lividus): from [111b]) Value of Recreational Fisheries in the Nordic Countries» national regulations on recreational fishing presently in effect November 1st to April 15th. [90], used CVM to estimate the economic value of recrea- in a number of Mediterranean countries: tional fishing in 5 Nordic countries (Table 18). Swedish Other general prohibitions: All countries, except Tunisia, It is interesting to look at the question of enforcement with fishermen appear to be willing to pay the higher rate to Selling the catch: selling your catch on the open market is il- Croatia and Slovenia have various other related regulations, regard to fishing licences; a study carried out in 2005 inMal - continue fishing. legal in all of these countries, except Malta (which is without for example, on the use of lights to attract fish, on minimum lorca [51], found that between 25% and 59% of fishermen legislation on this point). In some cases, such as Spain, the distances from professional fishing gear, on the use of nar- were without a licence. Another study in the Cap de Creus sale of catches from fishing contests is permitted, although cotics or explosives, and so on. [47] established that over 26% of shore fishermen did not all profits, in their entirety, must go to charity. have a licence (and 10% of those interviewed refused to Restrictions on methods and types of fishing: all countries, answer this question, so the actual figure may be higher). 5.10 Regulations and legislation except Malta (which is without legislation on this point), In Tabarca [50bis], 39.1% of respondents did not have a have laws regulating the use of certain fishing techniques fishing licence (with 20% refusing to answer the question); and the associated fishing effort (number of hooks, number furthermore, 14.5% had exceeded the maximum number of 5.10.1 European regulations of rods, length of nets and longlines, mesh size, etc.). On lines permitted per fisherman. the other hand, the legislation in Tunisia is not as compre- The European Union plays an important role in regulating A further example of specific regulations in certain countries hensive in this regard as it is in other countries. In Spain, commercial maritime fishing through the Common Fisheries occurs in France. In keeping with the «Grenelle de la mer» the use of commercial fishing gear is explicitly prohibited. A Policy and associated regulations (Council Regulation (named after the famous Grenelle agreements that followed curious case arises in Slovenia, where spearfishing compe- (EC) No 1967/2006 of 21 December 2006). However, the nationwide crisis of May 1968), the federation of recrea- titions are permitted, despite the fact that this type of fishing to date no specific regulations regarding recreational fishermen signed a statement, which later became is prohibited for amateurs. tional fishing have been established. In Chapter VI, a specific Ministerial Decree on May 17, 2011, making it Article 17 of the aforementioned Regulation, there is merely Catch limits (by weight or number): there are 3 countries that obligatory to mark all catches of 24 particular species (for a series of points presented in which the main idea is that, have no legislation regarding volume of catches. France for Photo: Two Pagellus erythrinus each weighing about 500g a list of these, see section 6.2.7) by clipping the lower part as far as recreational fishing is concerned, the regulations example, only regulates the quantities of bluefin tuna and caught in Cabo Formentor (Mallorca). (Toni Font) of the caudal fin in order to prevent the illegal sale of these are in the hands of the member states. Although European sea urchin (P. lividus; limited to 4 dozen per person per day), catches to fishmongers and restaurants. legislation can affect regulations on recreational fishing via while Malta and Slovenia have no specific regulations in this Fishing licences (or permits): Of all the countries re- Furthermore, in order to raise awareness among recreatio- legislation on commercial fishing – with measures such as respect. viewed, Spain seems to be the only one that has a nal fishermen of the environmental consequences of their specific licence for each type of fishing (boat, shore minimum landing sizes, forbidden species, closed sea- Minimum landing sizes and weights: only Italy and Slovenia actions, the various stakeholders involved in France (public and underwater fishing - there is even a specific licence for sons, establishing protected areas or restricting the use of have no specific regulations on minimum landing sizes and authorities, fishing federations, the Conseil supérieur of Re- competitions). In contrast, neither Italy nor Turkey have a certain kinds of fishing gear – the management of recrea- weights; Greece for its part, has the interesting anomaly creational Boating, the Coastal Protection Agency and the licensing system for their own nationals, although in Turkey, tional fisheries is basically a question of implementing the that prohibits landing any species (without distinction) wei- MPAs Agency) signed a joint statement on July 7, 2010 a certificate is required by non-residents (e.g. tourists) and national and regional legislation [71]. (see Section 6.2.5 on ghing less than 150g in the case of spearfishing, but has calling for eco-responsible recreational fishing. On July 1, non-Turkish residents. In general, the other countries have reform to the Common Fisheries Policy) no regulations in force for other kinds of recreational fishing . 2012, the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development only one type of licence that covers all types of fishing (e.g. and Energy, launched a website where anglers can upload At the same time, each MPA usually has the authority to es- Protected species (capture forbidden): Countries such as Croatia) or only issue licences for one type of fishing but not details of their catches. The system is free and voluntary tablish certain measures of its own within its borders, aimed Slovenia, Croatia and Malta have no regulations in force others, for example: and in turn provides fishermen with information on the natio- at reducing or monitoring the impacts of recreational fishing. that define which species are protected and whose cap- - Tunisia requires licences for underwater fishing. In nal legislation in force and the potential penalties for viola- Even so, some of them have not yet drawn up any specific ture is prohibited; other countries, such as Italy, only prohibit France, underwater recreational fishermen must make tions, as well as on safety and good practices. regulations and therefore basically depend on regional or the collection of corals, molluscs or shellfish by underwater an annual statement to the decentralized departments national ones. fishermen, while in Tunisia, fishing for grouper is prohibited, http://pechedeloisir.application.developpement-du- of Maritime Affairs, who issue a kind of receipt (récépis- as it is in France. Note that in the whole of France, fishing for rable.gouv.fr/dpl/accueil.jsp.

94 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 95 Regulatory efforts in the vast majority of countries are On the other hand, and by way of example, the Autono- del Cerrano seem to have frequent contact with the study on 80 Mediterranean MPAs [134] - which together focused above all on such aspects as restricting mous Community of Catalonia has recreational fishing regu- fishermen. Others, such as theGolfe du Lion, go as represent about one tenth of the total area of Mediterranean the use of particular types of fishing gears, redu- lations that are different from the state’s. Broadly speaking, far as having representatives from recreational fishing MPAs (10,957 km²) - it was estimated that only 0.02% cing the fishing effort, preventing the illegal sale they address similar issues covered by the state regula- federations on the Governing Body. of the Mediterranean was made up of no-take zones. This of catches and limiting the volume of catches and tions, but with higher levels of specificity. The Catalan regu- figure is probably an underestimate, however, given the - An interesting development has taken place in Bo- minimum sizes and weights (in addition to other, more lations cover fishing effort limitations, as well as permitted group of MPAs selected. In our own analysis of 21 Medi- nifacio (Réserve naturelle des Bouches de Bonifacio specific types of prohibitions). In contrast, issues such as fishing techniques and there are even regulations covering terranean MPAs (Table 19), we found that no-take zones - Corsica) where some experimental fishing regula- fishingbans for certain species, closed seasons and the catch, closed seasons and minimum landing sizes for represent about 5.5% of the total area of the MPAs, which tions have been in place for a six-month trial period limited access to certain areas are much less ac- certain species, all of which, furthermore, are separated into can be compared to the 3% reported in the USA (http:// during 2012: recreational fishermen have had to counted for in national legislations. different categories according to the type of fishing (boat, www.mpa.gov/pdf/helpful-resources/mpas_rec_fish. declare their intention to fish in this area beforehand land and underwater fishing). The Catalan legislation applies pdf). In any case, the proportion of no-take areas It appears that among all these countries, Malta is to the Corsican Environmental Office and a maxi- only to waters within the jurisdiction of Catalonia, defined as in the Mediterranean is rather small and fishermen the most notably deficient in terms of regulations mum catch of 5kg/person/day was allowed. There is «internal waters» and thus cover only some of the coastal are generally allowed to fish almost anywhere wit- on recreational fishing, followed by Slovenia and now an ongoing consultation with local stakeholders areas. hin most MPAs. Croatia. The remaining countries, to a greater or lesser which will lead to a decision as to whether to make degree, are subject to a fairly comprehensive set of regu- the regulations permanent or not (see the information lations. 5.10.4 How is each MPA regulated? sheet in Annex IX). However, it must be remembered that, even with com- The following information (on fees, licences, illegal sales, Fines prehensive state legislation, the reality of each MPA is dif- co-management, fines and no take zones) is gathered from - About 70% of the MPAs apply some form of sanc- ferent and each one has its own peculiarities. It is therefore Annex V and based on the percentages of positive/nega- tion for breaches of the regulations (ranging from the essential that each MPA adopts measure that best suit tive/don’t know responses of MPA managers to our ques- non-renewal of fishing licences to fines or even im- the needs of the MPA itself, rather than the needs of the tionnaires (summarised in Table 20). prisonment for serious offences). All the Italian MPAs state (or region) as a whole. One of the first steps towards we reviewed apply their own sanctions. Sanctions correctly defining effective rules specific to each area is to Fees defined by state regulations vary greatly between acquire a comprehensive knowledge of recreational fishing Table 19. Total surface area of 21 MPAs, and their corresponding - Less than 30% of MPAs have established a fee for countries. For example, in Spain, the penalties for no-take zones in hectares and as a percentage of the total. * Indi- by means of studies and monitoring recreational fishing in their area. Fees achieve 2 ob- commercial and recreational fishing are exactly the cates that the value is approximate. jectives: firstly, they provide extra income for MPAs, same, whereas in France, there are sanctions that and secondly, they reduce fishing pressure by deter- are specific to recreational fishing. no-‐take ring some fishermen from coming to the area. Total zone surface surf. Fishing licences No-take zones MPA (ha) (ha) % - Licences (even if they are free) are very useful as Portofino 346 18 5.20 - The majority of MPAs (> 70%) have at least one they enable managers to monitor the number of Cinque Terre 2726 79 2.90 area where fishing is strictly prohibited. Table 19 Photo: Jack mackerel caught from a boat. (Toni Font) fishermen who come to the area. Almost 50% of the Tavolara-‐Punta Coda Cavallo 15357 529 3.44 below shows the size (in hectares) of these no-take MPAs issue licences. However, there may always Capo Carbonara 8598 332 3.86 zones as a percentage of the total size of the protec- 5.10.3 Regional regulations be a percentage of fishermen who do not comply Isole Ventotene-‐Santo Stefano 2799 410 14.65 ted area for 21 MPAs: in general, no-take zone are with regulations and go poaching -fishing without a Punta Campanella 1539 181 11.76 Some countries, such as Spain and Italy, have regional re- quite small and rarely exceed 10% of the total size of licence. Capo Rizzuto 14721 585 3.97 gulations for recreational fishing that are different from natio- the MPA. Four MPAs, Isole Ventotene-Santo Stefano, Isole Ciclopi 623 35 5.61 nal regulations. Also, in France, there are certain regulations Illegal sale of catch Punta Campanella and Calanques have between 10 Porto Cesareo 16654 173 1.04 that are specific to either the Mediterranean or the Atlantic and 15%, while the Miramare MPA has a no-take - Although the sale of catches from recreational Torre Guaceto 2227 179 8.04 coast. For example, the minimum landing size for bass is zone that covers 25% of its total area. On the other fishing is not permitted in any of the MPAs, at least Miramare 120 30 25.00 25cm in the Mediterranean, while in the Atlantic, it is 36cm. hand, while the no-take zones of the Bonifacio MPA 53% of MPA managers believe that the illegal sale of Cerbère-‐Banyuls 650 65 10.00 There is also Decree No. 412 of April 28, 2008, which pro- do not surpass 5% of its territory, at 3500 ha they the catch is a relatively common practice, despite no Côte Bleue 9873 295 2.99 hibits spearfishing throughout the year between two points represent, after recent expansion, the largest no- concrete evidence in most cases. This figure may be Cap de Creus 3056 21 0.67 called Prime and Beaulieu, on the island of Porquerolles. take zones of all the MPAs. an underestimation. Bonifacio 80000 3500 4.38 Among the Mediterranean countries, Spain is the one with Illes Medes/Costa del Montgrí Co-management Although we do not have a comprehensive eva- 2037 93 4.57 the most comprehensive regional-based licensing sys- luation regarding the proportion of fully protected areas Tabarca 1400 100 7.14 tem. Although the situation varies according to each region - It is not particularly very common (38% of MPAs) (integral reserves and no-take zones) in the Mediterranean, Calanques 43500 4595 10.56 (known as Autonomous Communities) up to 6 categories of to involve recreational fishermen in making decisions it has been reported [133] that the estimated percentage Port-‐Cros* 1300 65 5.00 licences for recreational fishing can be found, resulting in a governing their activity. MPAs such as Côte Bleue, of fully protected areas in the Mediterranean, at 0.01%, Scandola 1000 72 7.20 Bonifacio, Cala Ratjada, Cabo de Gata-Nijar or Torre highly heterogeneous system of licensing. was below the worldwide figure of 0.2%. In another recent Plemmirio 2500 80 3.20

96 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 97 More than 70% of MPAs have at least one no-take Due to the variety of terms used to describe areas of MPAs We have listed these MPA-specific rules in Annex VI, further below, but in order to get a general idea of the most typical zone within their perimeters and impose some kind of pe- with varying degrees of protection and different regulations MPA-specific rules (which in general are restrictions that are applied in addition to national or regional rules), this information nalty for non-compliance. About half of MPAs require (no-take zone, partial reserve, general reserve, zones A, B is summarized in the following graph (Figure 36): some sort of fishing licence for recreational fishing, or C, free zone, etc.), we have tried to make matters sim- but less than 30% require a fee. About 40% of MPAs pler by defining only two types: No-take Zones (NT), where have regular contact with fishermen or fishing as- any resource extraction is strictly prohibited) and Partial Re- Most commonly applied MPA-specific restrictions sociations with the aim of improving the management serves (PR) where fishing is allowed but with certain restric- 70 of the activity thus promoting co-management of fisheries tions) (Annex V). There may be more than one type of partial resources. (Table 20) reserve in a particular MPA, each with different regulations, 60 but in Annex V, we have grouped them together. 50 Table 20. Percentage of MPAs whose regulations include the The list of restrictions governing partial reserves are shown concepts set out in Annex V. 40 in Annex VI, according to each MPA. % 30 information unavailable Concept YES (%) NO (%) (%) 20 Fees 26.5 52.9 20.6 10 Fishing licences 47.1 38.2 17.4 Illegal sale of catch 52.9 26.5 20.6 0 Protected Fishing effort Minimum Selectivity of Prohibition Closed season Non-native bait Recreational Co-‐management 38.2 41.2 20.6 species landing sizes fishing gear fishing Fishing contests Fines 70.6 17.6 11.8 techniques No-‐take zones 73.5 20.6 5.9 Figure 36. Most common types of MPA-specific rules and the percentage of MPAs that apply them. Interestingly, over 50% of managers say they are resting to note that underwater fishing is the fishing me- aware of the existence of the illegal sale of catches a. Protected species: 30% of the MPAs prohibit the fishing of certain species that are considered to be of spe- thod most commonly prohibited, in almost 90% of cases. by recreational fishermen, even though it is explicitly cial interest or that may be under greater pressure. These Shore fishing and shellfish gathering are also often restric- prohibited in nearly all countries (except Malta, where no- Photo: Pagrus pagrus captured using bottom fishing rod. (Toni species are: E. marginatus, S. umbra, P. americanus, ted, but less so. Nevertheless, in addition to restrictions on thing is specified in the legislation). Font) U. cirrosa, M. costae, S. latus, P. nobilis, P. ferruginea, the type of fishing (spearfishing, shore fishing, boat fishing L. lithophaga in addition to crustaceans, gorgonians and or shellfish gathering), some reservations (5 of them) also Another anomaly in MPA regulations is that all Italian 5.10.5 Specific regulations in MPAs sea urchins. restrict more specific fishing gear such as jigging (in Plem- MPAs maintain a complete ban on the practice of mirio); monel wire fishing lines, the piombo guardiano [lit. spearfishing within their boundaries, regardless of Over 80% of the MPAs we reviewed said that they included b. Fishing effort: restrictions on the fishing effort are the “guardian weight”] (in Punta Campanella and Porto Ce- second most common MPA-specific rules used by mana- the degree of protection that these areas may have MPA-specific rules in their official regulations that were dif- sareo), longlines, fish traps, tridents, natelli cast-nets, the gers (53.3%) and they include restrictions on the number sparviero cone-shaped net etc.. (in Porto Cesareo), etc. (see Annex VIII). ferent from regional or national regulations. (Figure 35) of hooks, number of lines (rods or hand lines), maximum weight of catch per fisherman or boat, number of captures f. Closed seasons: this can be a useful instrument for per fisherman, etc.. management but for a closed season to be effective it requires good quality information on recreational fishing Are there rules that are specific to the MPA? c. Minimum landing sizes: these are applied for certain pressure at all times of the year, and on the breeding species in 7 (23.3%) of the MPAs. Species include sea seasons of the species in question. Closed seasons are No urchins, L. merula, L. viridis, S. umbra, S. tinca, E. mar- applied in very few cases (10%), mostly with regard to col- 18% ginatus, S. pilchardus and T. thynnus. lecting sea urchins and fishing for squid.

d. Selectivity of fishing gear: restrictions on the selecti- g. Non-native baits: prohibiting exotic baits, as has been vity of fishing gear, (such as rules on the minimum size of discussed elsewhere in this work, is an aspect that must the hooks) are less common. In 6 (20%) MPAs, there are be considered when managing an MPA, since such baits minimum hook sizes of 18mm, for hooks on lines, while in have implicit environmental risks. Only 3 MPAs (10%) Yes others it is 8mm; in some areas there is a 20mm minimum impose restrictions on the use of non-native baits (Porto 82% hook size for longlines, etc. Cesareo, Punta Campanella and Torre Guaceto), all in Italy. Furthermore, there are no MPAs that have rules on e. Type of fishing and techniques: Restrictions on collecting native bait within the MPA. This may lead to ove- fishing methods and techniques are the most common rexploitation of these organisms and is therefore another MPA-specific rules, found in 63.3% of the MPAs. Some factor to be considered. managers prohibit a particular type of fishing throughout Figure 35. Percentage of MPAs that have specific regulations the MPA (e.g. Cerbère-Banyuls, Bergeggi, etc.), while h. Recreational fishing competitions: 13 MPAs have that are different from those that exist at regional or state level. others prohibit them only in certain areas (e.g., Cap de prohibited recreational fishing competitions. 9 of these Creus, Illes Medes/Costa del Montgrí, etc.). It is inte- have complete bans on all types of fishing, the remaining 4

98 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 99 (all Italian) prohibits competitions of spearfishing and shore mote ethical and sporting practices in recreational fishing, but boat fishing competitions are allowed. fishing (http://www.igfa.org/BookRule2004.pdf). Part 6 It seems that Italian and French MPAs have quite - There are also international conventions on comprehensive and restrictive regulations regar- the protection of biodiversity such as those of Bar- ding recreational fishing, albeit with some excep- celona, Bern or Washington (CITES), which focus tions. on protected and vulnerable species. These are not 6. Recommendations It’s hard to say which MPAs have more restrictive measures legally-binding documents either, but can be used in place, since we can only assume that each one applies as a reference for developing regulatory frameworks whatever is best for their area depending on the characte- within the MPAs. Another similar source of informa- ristics of the activity. For example, restrictions on selectivity tion is the IUCN Red List. or closed seasons or certain fishing techniques may be effective in one area but not necessarily in another. Among all the MPAs, only the Côte Bleue made mention Here In this section we will list a number of recommendations for the MedPAN network Understandably, the most suitable options will depend on of the fact that it is currently developing a code of conduct as a whole, for the managers and technical staff of the MPAs, and for European, national the type of fishing that takes place in each MPA, the inten- for recreational fishing in conjunction with theNatura 2000 and regional authorities. These recommendations are aimed at improving the monitoring, sity of fishing pressure, seasonality, etc. and in order to network. However, in France, all RN2000 areas are consi- evaluation and management of the impact generated by recreational fishing as well as choose the best options, a comprehensive study of the dered to be MPAs (in accordance with Law No. 2006-436 providing new ideas for environmental education campaigns addressed to recreational fishing activities taking place in the area is required in ad- passed on April 14, 2006) and each MPA is obliged to fishermen. The MedPAN network plays an essential role in creating a space that enables vance. draw up a report called a DOCOB (document of objectives) all stakeholders to present their views and express their interests and put forward their As with national legislation, the type of restrictions which, among other things, must include a code of conduct proposals. Organising information and awareness campaigns, developing support web- most used by managers concern fishing techniques relating to professional and recreational activities, including sites, lobbying national and international authorities in matters of management and eva- and fishing effort, perhaps because restrictions in recreational fishing. luation, providing the tools for fishermen to participate in MPA management or develo- these areas have a direct effect on the intensity of ping a methodological guide for MPAs - these are just some of the tasks whose success the fishing pressure. depends on the involvement of the MedPAN network. In short, we believe that to achieve the best results in recreational fishing management, it is essential to combine a bottom-up approach (getting fishermen involved, co-manage- 5.11 Other non-legislative documents ment, etc.) with a top-down approach (European regulations, fishing permits, centralized There are other types of documents which, although not data-bases, etc.). legally binding, make certain recommendations related to recreational fishing: (A). Recommendations for the MedPAN Network - FAO Code of Practice for Recreational Fisheries (2008) [111a] (http://www.fao.org/ (B). Recommendations for MPAs docrep/012/i0363e/i0363e00.htm), which aims to (C). Recommendations for regional and national governments establish (voluntary) practical principles among na- tions for effective management and responsible re- (D) Recommendations for the European authorities creational fishing, taking into account all the relevant biological, technological, economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects. This is an excellent instrument that can serve very well as a guide for 6.1 Monitoring establishing or improving the legal basis with regard In this section, we propose a series of recommendations that we consider to be impor- to recreational fishing, both nationally and regionally. tant for improving future studies and monitoring efforts into recreational fishing in MPAs. Some countries, such as Italy, have also developed codes of practice in order to promote sustainable fishing. These codes are directly based on the prin- 6.1.1 Drawing up a methodological guide for the MPAs in the ciples set out in the 1995 Code of Conduct for Res- MedPAN network (A) ponsible Fisheries. The MedPAN Network needs to draw up a specific methodological guide that will - In 2004, IGFA (the International Game Fish As- serve as the basis for future studies on recreational fishing in all its MPAs. The first step in sociation) also adopted a kind of code of practice Photo: shore fisherman cleaning the day’s catch on the shoreline. this direction has already been taken in the course of this work. Following such a guide, called «International Angling Rules,» intended to pro- (Toni Font) future comparisons between studies and between AMPs will be much more effective and simple.

100 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 101 6.1.2 What to consider before beginning a will at least have to be some means of evaluating the is practiced, what bait is used, etc., since this information is provided by the fisherman, who may or may not study (B) distribution of fishermen and fishing mode using the observations of park rangers via some kind of log, in be telling the whole truth. In contrast, the Roving-roving On the basis of the analysis performed in this study, we which the presence of recreational fishermen can be method does allow investigators to verify these factors believe that the principal considerations, prior to beginning written down. in situ. However, the data obtained will not correspond any study, are: to a full day’s fishing (which is why it is also called the - Where funds are low, another method worth incomplete interview). - to establish how fishermen will be contacted considering would be the use of telephone or e- (phone, email, in situ survey, etc. depending on the mail interviews, which work out much cheaper, - Another interesting way to obtain information is study’s budget). although it is difficult to establish what the size of through Panel surveys, which consist basically of re- - to test the effectiveness of the proposed survey (in the sample should be, since it will depend on the peated contact with fishermen over a period of time in order to identify possible errors or questions that are number of fishermen in the zone. This problem can order to obtain data on current trends and to improve not useful to management). be reduced and the sample size can be made more the efficiency of data collection. An effective and dyna- reliable if there is a licensing system from which the mic way to make these contacts is through the internet. - to get a good estimate of the total number of fisher- contact information of fishermen can be gathered It is, however, important to remember that all the infor- men in each mode by carrying out a census (by air, (without such a system, a random sample has to mation gathered this way relating to catches, the gear by boat or on foot) - when the economic resources be carried out at the local, regional or national level). used, landing sizes, etc., will be subject to error, as we and size of the MPA allow. In this way, it will be pos- The situation is further complicated by today’s mo- will have to trust in the accuracy of the fishermen who sible to set a sample size and estimate the total bio- bile phones since these do not provide the specific are under no obligation to tell the whole truth and who mass extracted from an MPA). geographical reference of local area codes, and the may prefer to keep certain information from us. person contacted may not live in the expected area, 6.1.3 Sampling Methodology thus leading to additional errors. In addition, even with a significant sampling effort, it may be that the It is relatively common on sampling trips to find groups of response rate and participation remains very limited. fishermen fishing together. In these cases it is advisable to either interview each and every one of the fishermen, or 6.1.3.1 Methods for carrying out a census and For this reason, this methodology is often more effective and viable when carrying out nationwide stu- else to find out who the main fisherman is and carry out the for interviewing fishermen (B) Photo: Scorpaena scrofa caught from the shore (Toni Font) dies (or ones involving an extensive study area) with interview with that person. This will avoid wastage in the It is necessary to evaluate which survey method best fits the a significant population size[30, 54, 43]. Another sample that may lead to biased results through interviews needs and financial resources of each MPA. In paragraph - Researchers and MPA managers must look at the important factor is that this method cannot provide with people who are merely accompanying the main fisher- 5.1.1, we briefly discussed the different methods available, possibility of using Aerial-access and Aerial-ro- an empirical assessment of the fishermen’s fishing men for the day and rarely go fishing themselves (this can and pointed out the advantages and disadvantages of each ving, if the project is well funded, in those cases effort nor of the species caught and their size. Nor is happen in shore fishing as well as boat fishing). one. Other studies exist which describe and analyze moni- where it is impossible to conduct a comprehensive it possible to obtain information on fishermen who do toring and observation methods applied in a broader marine census of the entire MPA by sea in one day (e.g. not reside in the country or region since their details In conclusion, all these methods have certain environment, which includes recreational fishing among a when there is an overly large coastal area to be sam- are unobtainable (unless frequent contact is made weaknesses and therefore the best way forward is wide range of activities (such as scuba diving and boating, pled). In this way, the whole area is sampled at the with fishing federations and clubs in other countries to use a combination of them, e.g., an aerial census to among others). For example, a study carried out in France same time, the sampling conditions are the same in and regions - which is no easy task). in 2011 [131], analyzes the literature on such methods and all places, there is no bias in terms of weather condi- determine the fishing effort andRoving surveys to estimate - The two techniques that maintain a good balance includes aspects such as: professional and recreational tions, etc., and an accurate picture of the number catches or else telephone surveys for fishing effort and Ro- between cost and reliability are Roving-access (or Ac- uses, frequentation, the impact of frequentation and the of fishermen actually fishing throughout the MPA is ving surveys to estimate catches. These combinations are cess point) and Roving-roving, where the census and known as complemented surveys and greater use should various activities, the socio-economic impacts, manage- obtained. If in situ (Roving-roving) or access points interviews are usually conducted on foot or by boat. ment (degree of acceptance, consultation, coherency of (Roving-access) surveys can be carried out at the be made of them, since it is the best way to cancel out all Again, each method involves a certain bias that needs land and sea policies, etc.). same time as the aerial survey is conducted, the the bias and errors that arise from using only one method to be considered before beginning any study. Roving- data gathered from the interviews can be extrapola- [119]. Obviously, the features of each MPA will determine access - which basically means approaching the fisher- ted more accurately and provide a very representa- the best methods to use: for example, the MPAs of Illes man at the end of their day’s fishing - can only be car- tive picture of the whole area. Medes/Costa de Montgrí and Port-Cros/Porquerolles, which ried out effectively when the access points to the fishing fishermen can only access by boat, could combine a cen- - When the census is of an area that can be covered areas are limited (i.e. a limited number of ports or points sus by sea (since the area is relatively small) with Roving- in a day, it is usually sufficient to use a boat, from of access available to fishermen from where they set off access surveys. On the other hand in areas such as Côte which boat, shore and underwater fishermen, as well and return to after fishing). It should be noted that, al- Bleue or Cap de Creus, where there are numerous access as shellfish gatherers, can be seen easily. though this method allows investigators to evaluate a full points and several marinas nearby, Roving-access surveys - If there is a lack of adequate funding to carry out day’s fishing, they cannot verify for themselves factors would not be feasible and a better method would be ro- regular monitoring using traditional methods, there such as: the number of rods used per fisherman, the ving-roving surveys with a census by sea or air (conducted number of hooks per rod, whether catch and release separately).

102 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 103 Recreational fishermen need a license to fish in certain 6.1.3.2 Training the interviewers (B) the managers believe that any study should be carried out In addition, bearing in mind that the sampling effort is distri- MPAs and are required to go to a particular office to get for at least three years for it to be long enough to observe buted among the different types of fishing being practiced in Prior preparation of the people doing the field work is very it. This is the perfect opportunity to distribute a question- the developments and potential alterations [130]. each MPA, it is important to try to allocate the same degree important. Interviewers must be well trained before they be- naire aimed at obtaining economic data and information of effort to each one, at least in the initial phase of the sur- gin and, as far as possible, they should be well acquainted on how often the fishermen go fishing (obviously, data on vey, when the potential size of the sample is not yet known. with recreational fishing in general. Training should focus not catches should still be obtained in situ). It is also a good 6.1.3.5 Differentiation between areas with dif- However, once we know the approximate number of fisher- only on sampling methods and the recognition of species, time to provide information on fishing regulations and best ferent levels of protection (B) men for each type of fishing, then the sampling effort can but also on fishing techniques, baits and other factors such practices, and raising their awareness. In this way, valuable be adapted accordingly. as, for example, how to formulate the questions so as to In some studies, the geographic scope extended beyond data can be obtained with the minimal investment of time avoid bias in the responses [119]. the borders of the MPA, but the results ended up combining Apart from direct impact of recreational fishing on coastal and money. data from both within and outside the MPA. In such cases resources, indirect impacts such as those derived from Underwater fishing requires, by its very nature, a different it is advisable, initially, to analyse the two areas (inside and exotic baits, impact of anchoring on seagrass meadows, focus. Making contact with spearfishers while they are in If fishermen understand the basic purpose of the data being outside) separately and ultimately either compare each one lost or abandoned fishing gear and even the litter resulting the water (Roving-roving) is often awkward and even dan- sought in the survey, how this data is interpreted and used or else combine the data on them together, according to from their activity in the fishing areas must be evaluated. gerous (if approaching by boat), and so spearfishers are and what decisions it will affect, they are more likely to whether or not there are significant differences. usually rarely willing to cooperate. On the other hand, it is feel confident that the approaches used by researchers are not always easy find them once they have finished and left legitimate, and they are more likely to participate willingly 6.1.4 Preparation of a database (B) 6.1.3.6 Distribution of fishing pressure (B), (C) the water (Roving-access), which would be the optimum and provide valid information (in the long term). It is important to develop a database in each MPA where, moment for interviews, especially in terms of identifying and Drawing up a map showing the distribution of fishermen in year after year, the data from the studies can be gathered measuring the catch. Therefore, as far as possible, it is the MPA and where the main points (e.g., via GPS techno- and stored, along with a methodology and standard type of advisable to use a panel survey. Close contact needs to be 6.1.3.3 Seasonality (B) logy) of concentration are will facilitate the job of monitoring interview so that similar data can be gathered throughout established, and phone numbers and emails obtained so It is important that both the census and the interviews are (as well as inspection). various studies. It would also be desirable, eventually, to that interviews can subsequently be carried out more easily carried out over a period of several different months, dif- It is important to identify the sectors of where fishing pres- develop a joint database for all the MPAs, with centralized (as was the case of Cap de Creus, which began primarily ferent days (including weekends) and different times of day, sure is greatest. The widespread view that fishing near management (e.g. using the MedPAN network itself) which with a network of friends and acquaintances) or so that because the frequentation of fishermen can change consi- a no-take zone can lead to a higher number of catches, is available to managers and scientists (restricted access). researchers can accompany them on their fishing trips. derably. Although most studies reviewed show that recrea- means that fishermen are more likely to visit these areas; in tional fishermen generally favour the warmer months of the this way, the spillover effect can be seriously affected, thus year - which is why monitoring is essential in this period - it reducing the effectiveness of the MPA. It would be useful is preferable (during at least one complete cycle) to carry to find out whether, in an area where recreational fishing is 6.1.5 Analyzing compliance with regulations out a year-long study in order to obtain information on the restricted (or in an area close to a no-take zone), the CPUE within the MPAs (B) seasonality of catch and the socioeconomic aspects (for is higher (or lower) than in an area where restrictions are not In most of the studies reviewed, little attention was paid to example, there appear to be a larger proportion of more so strict (and vice versa) . experienced fishermen operating in autumn and winter, recreational fishermen’s compliance with the regulations which in turn influences the catchability of certain species, On the other hand, bearing in mind the data presented in governing their activity, despite this being a critical factor in as mentioned in Section 5.4.6). section 5.10.4, the generally small size of the no-take zones the effectiveness of a MPA. It is worth devoting some effort relative to the total area of each MPA (<10%), highlights the in the interviews to finding out whether they are complying Similarly, the sampling effort (the number of interviews plan- need to expand these areas where fishing is prohibited. with the rules or not. Especially with regard to, for example: ned) should be distributed more or less evenly during the morning, afternoon and evening. • minimum landing sizes for those species that have 6.1.3.7 What impact does each type of fishing them generate? (B) • unpermitted fishing gear within the MPA 6.1.3.4 The regularity of the studies (B) Given that each type of fishing generates specific impacts, • maximum number of rods (handlines, hooks per Given the large variations that can be found in the results it is essential to break down the information for each type rod, etc.) per fisherman. from one year to another, it is necessary, as far as is possible (shore fishing, boat fishing, underwater fishing and shellfish • possession of license (where required) in each MPA, to repeat studies or monitoring efforts year af- gathering) and each sub-type (trolling, spinning, etc.). Othe- ter year, or at least every certain number of years, in order to rwise we cannot tell which of them generate the greatest • fishing in restricted areas Photo: a wide variety of species in Côte Bleue ready to be mea- assess how the impact on fishing resources is developing. impacts (e.g. in terms of CPUE of species caught, fishing sured on a fish measuring board. (Eric Charbonnel) • catching forbidden (protected) species, etc. Simpler studies carried out yearly could be combined with effort, frequentation, etc.) This is the case in several of the more extensive studies every three to five years. This would studies reviewed here [5, 17, 18, 19, 20]. In this way, it will produce a reliable series of surveys over time that would be possible to carry out a thorough and individualized ana- help to fill the gaps in our information regarding this activity. lysis on each type of fishing within each MPA. According to a study undertaken this year in French MPAs,

104 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 105 Finally, given the huge diversity in common names for the CPUE. When calculating the mean CPUE using the total worth carrying out a comparative analysis of the biomass species caught, it is important to always indicate their weight of the catch made up of different species, the va- extracted annually by each fishery (recreational and com- scientific names (several studies use only common names, lue will be overestimated if the pelagic are included in the mercial/artisanal). Regarding commercial fishing, trawling making them difficult to understand). calculation. For this reason, and as we explained above, and purse-seine fishing can be excluded from any compa- ideally, there should be a separate analysis for each type of rative analysis as they affect species that are not generally fishing (particularly for trolling and bottom fishing, but also captured by recreational fishing. 6.1.6.1 Should catches be weighed or measu- for jigging, spinning, longlines, etc.). red? (B) It would also be useful to investigate the social aspects of the possible differences and problems between recrea- Although it is preferable to measure and weigh the fish 6.1.6.3 Factors affecting CPUE (B) tional and professional fishermen, to find out whether they caught, the easiest option for most interviewers is to mea- really are competing for the same resources, what pro- sure the fish in situ with a measuring board and not carrying As mentioned above, the CPUE depends on certain factors blems there may be between these two communities, and a cumbersome balance for weighing along with them. that are not always taken into account when analyzing the to see where managers can lead their efforts to address However, there is a very useful tool for obtaining the weight extractive intensity of recreational fishing. These include: such problems, as was done in France in 2009 [132]. of species according to their size. On the FishBase web- - the degree of experience of the fisherman site, www.fishbase.org there is a list of parameters a and An economic valuation of the recreational fishing catch at Photo: Seriola dumerili and Zeus faber caught from a boat b for the relationship of length to weight for most species. - the type of fishing and techniques used market prices can also be useful in determining the eco- using the jigging method. (Martí Font) nomic impact that this activity may have on commercial These parameters do, however, suffer significant variations - the year depending on the study and location and must therefore be fishing. 6.1.6 Catches (B) used with caution. Table 21 shows an example, for Dentex - seasonality dentex, whose parameters can vary by country. - weather Some studies [22] indicate only the names of species captured - without giving quantitative values – thus making it However, in virtually all of the studies reviewed, the size - hook size and other gear charactheristics difficult to appreciate the true impact of fishing on each of structure of the individuals captured was not considered - bait type these species. Catches need to be assessed in terms of and yet this is an essential factor when considering the - fishing spot/area (fishing depth and type of habitat) abundance and weight, but this has been done in only a impact of fishing on recruits and reproducers, or when few of the studies reviewed. information is required on the degree of compliance with These factors (especially the first 4) should always be taken If, for example, small sized species are the most caught in regulations regarding the minimum landing sizes. into account before analyzing the data. a given area, the total biomass extracted may not be very large and the impact generated may be underestimated. In such cases, it would be wise to note the number of indi- 6.1.6.2 Typology of species depending on the 6.1.6.4 Vulnerability Index (B) viduals caught - and vice versa: if large pelagic or benthic type of fishing (B) As we discussed in the results (see Section 5.6.5), the species make up the majority of catches, the number of In general, the pelagic species that are the typical target vulnerability index (IV) of the species caught also needs to individuals caught may be small, while the total biomass of recreational boat fishing (such as trolling for tuna), can be taken into account as it makes it possible to establish extracted is considerable. For this reason catches need to reach much larger sizes than other benthic or benthopela- a mean value for the intrinsic vulnerability of the species Photo: 5kg Dicentrarchus labrax caught using the surface trol- be assessed in terms of abundance and weight to find out gic coastal fish, which are also targeted by boat fishermen. caught by each type of fishing and, consequently, decide ling method in the north of Costa Brava. (Toni Font) the real impact of fishing, but this has been done in only a This may bias, for example, the mean values obtained for on the nature and degree of restrictions. few of the studies reviewed. Furthermore, bearing in mind that fishing activity varies 6.1.6.6 Including more species in European significantly from one AMP to another, it is important to address not only which species have the greatest vulnerability monitoring (D) index, but also which species are under the greatest fishing The European Commission’s list of species for which a data pressure. Thus the focus will be on species that have a gathering programme was established (Appendix IV of EC high IV and are also under a high degree of pressure. Decision of the 6th of November, 2008) needs to include not only eel and blue fin tuna, but also those species most caught by recreational fishing. 6.1.6.5 Competition for resources (B) If commercial and recreational fishing are taking place within an MPA, it is worth finding out which species are being fished by both, in order to establish the level of pressure on resources and, consequently, adopt regulatory mea- Table 21. Example of parameters a and b (circled) for the relationship of length to weight for D. dentex according to sures aimed at restricting the fishing effort. It is also well www.fishbase.org

106 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 107 6.1.7 Social aspects (B) offshore fishing (e.g. for tuna and tuna-like species) if these 6.1.8.3 Consumer surplus (economic valuation into these economic valuation methods and is often signifi- activities are carried out in particular MPAs. techniques) (B) cant, largely because it is difficult for fisherman to give accurate values or to remain uninfluenced by the interviewer (and In addition to the basic economic analysis of the direct, indi- 6.1.7.1 The fishermen’s perspective (B) how he or she transmits the information) or by the way the rect and induced effects (according to their market values) 6.1.8 Economic aspects questionnaire is drafted, or by other factors. The presenta- It is important to carry out a qualitative analysis of recreatio- that can be carried out as long as the suitable economic tion and manipulation of aspects related to the information nal fishermen’s perceptions with regard to: data is available (as outlined in the previous section), there can become a source of systematic bias which will affect are other economic valuation techniques that can give us • the activity of fishing 6.1.8.1 Economic Valuation (B) the monetary valuation obtained. [125, 126] another point of view on the economic importance of re- Given the huge variety of ways in which economic data • the natural environment creational fishing. These techniques are normally used for has been gathered in the various studies, we need to try • the MPA the valuation of environmental goods – which cannot be to divide them into different blocks in order to avoid over- 6.1.8.4 Economic variables included in European bought and sold or exchanged in market terms. These tools • existing legislation and compliance lapping. Subsequently, we can avoid errors when we com- monitoring (D) are very useful in the case of recreational fishing, because pare them with other data. Thus the data is divided into six • how often fishermen are questioned or inspected they give MPA managers information on how important this The European Commission’s list of economic variables in blocks according to: by park rangers or other maritime authorities activity is for fishermen and an economic value with which the data gathering programme (Appendix VI of EC decision 1. initial investment in fishing gear (purchase of first rods, to measure this importance, through the concept of consu- of the 6th of November, 2008) needs to include economic In this way, managers can assess the degree of sensitivity reels, spear guns, etc.); mer surplus (i.e., the difference between what a consumer variables that relate more to recreational fishing because and knowledge that fishermen have in order to adopt more would be willing to pay for something and what he or she those that are currently on this list relate mostly to commer- effective measures, such as providing information or awa- 2. annual renewal of gear (to replace old and worn out actually pays for it). For more information on this, see the cial fishing. reness campaigns. gear), FAO Review of Legal Frameworks, 2007 [111b]. 3. boat fuel for fishing trips; 6.1.7.2 The degree of experience of the fisher- 4. mooring and maintenance costs for boats; man (B) Contingent Valuation Method: The contingent valuation me- 5. car fuel and road toll charges (for shore fishermen to thod is the best known and most applied method and simply It is highly important to bear this concept in mind when it and from their fishing spots); asks people directly to reveal their preferences with regard comes to obtaining and analyzing data, as the fisherman’s to the environmental good or service, using the concept of experience seems to be a conditioning factor on catcha- 6. additional costs for goods and services directly rela- willingness to pay for the environmental resource in question bility. There are two ways to find out how experienced the ted to fishing (food, accommodation, etc.). (or, in this case, for being able to carry out a particular acti- fishermen are: This makes it possible to make extrapolations and estimates vity). This can be very useful for managers who are consi- • Real value: ask them directly how many years they that give a general idea of the total economic impact that dering charging recreational fishermen some kind of fee, or have been fishing (most effective). recreational fishing has in a given area. However, it should who simply want to know how important the fishing spot is be noted that, in practice, the majority of fishermen do not for the fishermen. But it is also another way to assess the • Estimated value: finding out the number of fishing know the precise cost of these items and services, which benefit to the consumer (in this case, the fisherman), in the trips they go on each week, month or year (assu- means we are left with simple estimates. sense that the amount they would be willing to pay (on top ming that the frequency of fishing trips is related to of their real costs) but do not actually pay, is considered a experience: the higher the number of fishing trips, measure of the benefit to the consumer. the more experience they have). 6.1.8.2 Average income of fishermen (B) The fishermen’s willingness to pay is assessed in terms of Photo: Trachinus sp. caught from a boat using bottom rods. It is helpful to know the approximate average income of the two concepts (usually hypothetical), the sum of which gives (Toni Font) 6.1.7.3 Other recreational fishing modalities that fishermen and to compare it with what they usually spend the total non-market economic value: on their fishing activities (as this can indicate the importance need to be considered (B), (C) • Use value: the fishermen’s willingness to pay an of fishing for a fisherman). 6.1.9 Experimental fishing (A), (B), (D) In the context of the current global economic crisis, it is extra fee to continue their fishing activities. It would be useful – as it is in commercial fishing – to carry important to start addressing the impact of subsistence Typically, the fisherman are reluctant to disclose their income, • Non-use value (or existence value): the willingness out experimental fishing in those MPAs that have sufficient fishing, i.e. recreational fishing practiced for subsistence so it is better to provide rather broad ranges of income in of both fishermen and non-fishermen to pay in order financial resources. This can make it easier to assess the purposes, the impact of retired professional fishermen, who order to make it easier to obtain this information (e.g., during to preserve existing fish stocks and the current qua- reserve effect in the no-take zones, as well as providing carry on fishing after retirement as recreational fishermen, the EMPAFISH project [124], the following income brackets lity of recreational fisheries. interesting data - unconnected with recreational fishing in and the activity of semi-professional recreational fishermen were established: <1,200€/month; 1,201-1,800€/month; itself - which could not be obtained otherwise. It is also ne- who regularly sell their catches to restaurants). Furthermore, 1,801-2,400€/month; 2,401-3,600€/month; 3,601- cessary that the exploratory fishing (research surveys) that future studies should also consider charter fishing, (which 4,800€/month; 4,801-6,000€/month; >6,000€/month). Travel Cost Method: this is another way to assess how im- the EC uses in its data gathering programme (Appendix IX is a commercial activity carried out for profit with professio- portant a fishing spot is for fishermen, based on how much of EC decision of the 6th of November, 2008) is considered nal guides assisting recreational fishermen) fishing compe- they are prepared to spend to get there: i.e., the travel cost. not only in relation to commercial fishing but also to recrea- titions, deep-water fishing (e.g. for Pagellus bogaraveo) and We must remember, however, that bias and error can creep tional fishing, at least within the MPAs.

108 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 109 6.2 Management which will help to regulate the minimum and maxi- ther, as fishermen begin to converge on any areas nearby on resources with the subsequent danger of overexploita- mum sizes of catches and therefore help to pro- that have fewer restrictions. tion in certain areas) or, alternatively, to extend and diversify tect juveniles and the reproductive potential of fish. fishing areas (making control much less effective, but with 6.2.1 Importance of the involvement of Likewise this will lead to a reduction in the number of the advantage that resources are under less fishing pres- fishermen in management (A) & (B) small fish discarded by improving selectivity. 6.2.3 Fishing licences (A), (B) & (C) sure). The fact that very few MPAs put much effort into involving - Take into account the vulnerability of the species. In order to exercise greater control over recreational fishing associations or federations of fishermen (or even individual Once it is known which species are under the grea- and to get more information about the true impact it gene- fishermen) in management procedures underlines the need test fishing pressuremanagers could adopt specific rates, each MPA needs to establish an obligatory for managers to open lines of communication. This need measures for the most vulnerable, i.e. those species licensing system for those fishermen who want to not be confined to traditional methods (such as periodic included in international conventions for the protec- fish within its boundaries.This may, in addition, even meetings with fishermen) but should also embrace the new tion of wildlife (Table 11) such as E. marginatus, S. be a deterrent for some and therefore help reduce the technologies (such as online forums, social networks, etc.) umbra and L. merula, along with species that have numbers of fishermen (at the same time, the number of that recreational fishermen, especially spearfishers, have a high intrinsic vulnerability index, such as D. dentex people fishing illegally in the MPA is likely to increase, so taken up very actively (in contrast to artisanal fishermen). and S. scrofa, perhaps even prohibit their capture ei- surveillance should be stepped up). Each type of fishing The MedPAN network could help the associated MPAs with ther throughout the year or else during the breeding generates particular impacts (environmental and socio-eco- the design and use of these new technologies. season in which they are most vulnerable or during nomic), therefore, all countries (at least within the European periods of the year when they are under most pres- Union) should issue a recreational fishing license which MPA managers should consider ideas such as working sure. An example of this at the national level occurs should certainly not be generic. Instead, it should allow both groups of recreational fishermen and governing bodies, in France where there is a total ban on fishing for state and regional authorities, along with MPA managers, to platforms for sharing ideas or initiatives, or even the partici- grouper. know how many fishermen are licensed and what kind of pation of fishermen in studies and monitoring efforts. fishing they practice - as is already the case in Spain and its - Establishing closed seasons: It would be helpful This would help fishermen to feel involved in management regions (see Section 5.10.2). Photo: Numerous fishing rods set out on the rocky shore of the if the MedPAN network decided on a list of recom- Parc Marin de la Côte Bleue. (Eric Charbonnel) decisions and thus become more aware of sustainable and mendations concerning closed seasons for certain It would also be of great use if the MedPAN network pro- environment friendly practices. In addition, there will be a species. They could focus for example, on the cur- vided a licensing system that was common to all its higher degree of cooperation from fishermen when it comes rently most vulnerable species, especially during associated MPAs. This would make it easier to obtain to monitoring - a crucial factor for improved data gathering. 6.2.5 Greater involvement by the authorities breeding seasons. data on the total number of fishermen and also provide their in the monitoring and management of The closer the contact between fishermen and managers, contact details (either telephone or email) for future surveys - Restrict the use of certain fishing techniques (trol- recreational fishing (A), (C) & (D) the easier it is to adopt measures that benefit both parties. or requests for information. Furthermore, the conflicts that result from ignorance and ling, bottom fishing, etc.). Throughout this work, we have stressed the huge impor- mistrust will be more easily avoided. These licences may be completely free (with the sole - Set maximum quotas per fisherman (per fishing tance of recreational fishing in terms of its environmental purpose of exercising control and obtaining information) or trip) that are lower than those determined by the and its socio-economic impact. For this reason, European, Recreational fishermen’s associations and federations a fee could be charged. As discussed in Section 6.1.9.3, state or regional legislature (if they exist at all). national and regional authorities should devote more atten- should be the focus of special attention and cooperation, methods such as the contingent valuation method (CVM) tion and financial resources to assessing and managing as they tend to involve large numbers of fishermen. are very useful for finding out if fishermen are willing to pay - Increase the minimum landing size in order to re- this activity, especially in the marine protected areas. We a fee for a licence and if so, how much. In fact, licence Attention must also be given to bringing the professional duce pressure on young individuals. recommend that international groups that regularly carry (artisanal) fishermen into contact with the recreational fisher- fees can provide significant income for an MPA, and can be - Prohibit recreational fishing competitions (as some out assessments of fisheries and advise the government, men, as this can also help to reduce the high number of used to finance surveys on recreational fishing, or for envi- MPAs have already done), because such competi- such as the GFCM (FAO: http://www.gfcm.org/gfcm/ conflicts that typically occur between the two sectors. ronmental awareness campaigns for the fishermen. tions make a huge impact on fish communities as en) or SGMED (STECF- Joint Research Centre, European they exert great pressure in a very specific area over Commission; https://stecf.jrc.ec.europa.eu/), should also 6.2.2 Drawing up specific rules for MPAs (A) a short period of time. Particularly spearfishing com- 6.2.4 Other regulatory measures (B) consider recreational fishing activities. Specifically, it would be an improvement if data from monitoring and studies car- & (B) petitions, since other types of fishing competitions in certain countries tend to be of a more cultural/social Bearing in mind that a large proportion of boat fishermen ried out on recreational fishing in MPAs can be integrated In order to draw up efficient rules, the first requirement is to nature (in France, for example, it is traditional to hold fish from boats that are anchored, it is necessary to restrict into the fishery assessments that are regularly carried out in monitor the activity in order to establish the main impacts summer barbecues or dinners in nautical societies). or prohibit such activity in areas where benthic communities the Mediterranean by GFCM and SGMED. Currently these it causes. Once this information is known, regulatory mea- are more vulnerable or under greater pressure, specially in institutions basically concentrate their efforts on evaluating - Prohibit or restrict the use of exotic baits and lead sures - such as the ones below - can be taken: the context of Natura2000 network. stocks exploited by the commercial fishing fleet. To this end, sinkers (promotion of non-lead alternatives). the MedPAN network could act as an intermediary between - Limit the fishing effort (number of rods per fisher- Furthermore, depending on the characteristics of the MPA Such regulation can be applied in specific ways in each the MPAs and GFCM and SGMED in order to coordinate man, number of fishermen per zone and per day, and the recreational fishing that takes place there, mana- MPA, but it would be highly desirable for the MedPAN efforts. etc.). gers need to assess whether it is better to concentrate network to draw up some basic rules for all MPAs in order fishermen at specific zones (making control much easier - Establish minimum and maximum hook sizes, to prevent restrictions in one area negatively affecting ano- and more effective, albeit at the cost of increasing pressure

110 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 111 We recommend that recreational fishing is included more Regulation (EC) No 1967/2006 of 21 December 2006, Table 22. Species that must, by law, be marked by recreational fishermen in France rigorously in the objectives for reforming the Common especially regarding the need to collect data on recreational Fisheries Policy (CFP) and the strategic national plans fishing, greater control of the illegal sales of catches from re- of the member states. Although the reforms emphasize creational fishing and the regulations on underwater fishing. Scientific name Scientific name Scientific name the need for a sustainable future for coastal fisheries, both Dicentrarchus labrax Xiphias gladius Makaira nigricans recreational and artisanal, the majority of issues considered in CFP reforms (which come into force in 2013) relate only 6.2.6 Positive and negative aspects of Sarda sarda Istiophorus platypterus Scomber scombrus to commercial fishing. catch and release (B) Gadus morhua Homarus gammarus Makaira mazara Some important issues that should be included in the re- Since there are positive and negative aspects of catch & forms in relation to recreational fishing are: release with regard to the sustainability of resources (see Sciaena umbra Palinurus elephas Pagrus pagrus Section 5.7.1), it is important that managers study the pros Dentex dentex Pollachius pollachius Scorpaena scrofa and cons of this practice in each MPA for each type of - Maximum Sustainable Yield: it would be a major fishing, to assess whether, in each case, it represents an Coryphaena hippurus Pollachius virens Diplodus sargus sargus error to consider only the extractive potential of com- acceptable alternative to traditional fishing (catch & kill). If it mercial fishing as this would significantly underesti- is acceptable, then not only should measures be conside- Sparus aurata Argyrosomus regius Solea solea mate the global impact on fish resources. red to promote catch & release but also to avoid or minimize Acanthocybium solandri Thunnus albacares Istiophorus albicans any negative impacts this activity may still have - The socio-economic importance of coastal communities: in the same way that artisanal fishing fleets generate economic activity in coastal areas, recrea- 6.2.7 Obligatory clipping of the caudal fin We recommend that this practice be extended to other are willing to provide, a very useful source of additional data countries where there is a problem with the illegal sale could be established. tional fishing in its various forms can be just as im- aimed at preventing illegal selling of portant and sometimes more so (e.g., up to 6 times of catches from recreational fishing (Annex V). One way catches (B), (C) more in Florida). forward would be to find out which species are most This measure is already in place in France, in accordance frequently sold by recreational fishermen and consequently 6.3.2 Informing recreational fishermen of - Funding: the possibility of allocating a part of with a law passed on May 17, 2011* which requires all draw up a particular list for each country, thus focussing regulations (B) the European community’s financial resources to recreational fishermen (shore, boat and underwater fisher- efforts where they are most needed. improve the management and control of recreatio- It is essential that management efforts aimed at correctly men) to mark their catches - this applies only to certain spe- nal fisheries must be considered, especially in the informing recreational fishermen on the regulations gover- cies (see Table 22) - by clipping the lower part of the caudal MPAs. ning their activity and on the importance of sustainable use fin (see illustration below). This measure is aimed at preven- of the MPA are effective. For this reason, while MPA web- - Other impacts: the current reform of the Com- ting these catches from being illegally sold to fishmongers 6.3 Environmental Education sites usually publish such information, direct approaches mon Fisheries Policy should consider regulations on and restaurants. still need to be made in the form of, for example, leaflets, the use of exotic bait as well as lost or abandoned www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORF which clearly specify the rules for each MPA (See Section recreational fishing gear and should also consider TEXT000024073619&dateTexte&categorieLien=id) 6.3.1 Recreational fishing website (A) 5.8.11), or notice boards and signs at access points in evaluating and regulating the impacts of «catch and It would be particular useful to have a specific website on sectors where fishermen concentrate. release» (see Section 6.2.6) recreational fishing in the Mediterranean MPAs where fisher- Some MPAs that require a specific fishing licence, take the - Recreational fishing needs to be managed using men can consult the key regulations and where managers opportunity to hand out leaflets stating the main regulations multi-year plans focussing on the ecosystem and and scientists can publish and disseminate knowledge on when the fishermen collect their licences. This is a very with a precautionary approach - in the same way recreational fishing, publicizing the results of studies and effective channel of information, ensuring that at least all that the CFP reforms aim to establish for commercial raising the collective awareness of fishermen. The MedPAN the licensed fishermen who come to the MPA receive infor- fishing - in order to ensure a reduction of the impact network itself would be an ideal platform to host such a mation. Similarly, maritime surveillance services in the MPA of recreational fishing on marine ecosystems in the site, making it a common tool for all the member countries can take advantage of inspections to hand out leaflets and MPAs. In this sense, the MedPAN network should and MPAs. Such a website will also serve to integrate the share information with fishermen (as they do, for example, be allowed to collaborate with the European Union’s two aspects we discuss in the following sections (informing in Cap de Creus). Directorate General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries recreational fishermen of regulations/ increasing their envi- Source: http://lbpsa.over-blog.fr (DG MARE) to establish multi-year plans in all the ronmental awareness). Similarly, the use of social networks Another interesting possibility would be for each MPA to MPAs. such as Facebook, Twitter etc. (in which recreational fisher- follow the idea being developed on the Port-Cros website men, unlike commercial fishermen, appear to be highly ac- (see Section 5.8.11), where fishermen voluntarily log-in and tive) should be evaluated as they may turn out to be extre- upload data on their catches and other information relating Finally, the MedPAN network should invite the national mely useful. to the activity. Furthermore, in those MPAs where a licence authorities comply strictly with their obligations regarding is obligatory, the fishermen could be required to log-in and the management of recreational fishing in the MPAs, as At the same time, by centralizing the information that the upload this kind of data as a requirement for renewing their decreed by the European Union in Article 17 of Council various fishing federations and associations may have and licences.

112 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 113 6.3.3 Informing recreational fishermen of Then, as is already the case in French MPAs via the DO- environmental issues and raising their COB (see 5.11), other management teams could draw up Part 7 awareness (A) & (B) a Code of Conduct that more specifically addresses the circumstances of each individual AMP. The first step towards sustainable fishing is raising individual awareness, since no matter how restrictive the regulations are, or how many agents we have policing them, the fact 7. Conclusions that recreational fishing takes place over huge areas makes it impossible to maintain constant and thorough control. Il- legal fishing, (which takes place in most places to a greater Here we summarize the key points of this study. or lesser extent in the form of banned fishing gear, fishing in restricted areas, overfishing in quantity and weight, surpas- sing the number of rods per fisherman, etc.) is the clearest Methods of sampling sign of this lack of awareness. On the other hand, the fact - The sampling method most used is Roving-roving (interviews in situ), pro- that many fishermen simply do not know what rules are in bably because it maintains a better balance between cost and reliability. Ideally, place leads to a kind of involuntary law-breaking, which is however, a combination of complementary methods should be used in order to why it is essential that the competent bodies provide the reduce bias to a minimum. maximum diffusion of the relevant information. - The sampling effort varies wildly between studies, complicating any compari- It is important to make recreational fishermen aware not only son that can be made between them. of the impact arising from simply extracting the resources from the sea, but also of the impacts deriving from exotic - Since there is great variability of fishing methods in each area, it is best to adapt baits, lost or abandoned fishing gear and even the litter Photo: Coryphaena hippurus caught using the trolling method the sampling effort to each type of fishing (boat, shore, or underwater fishing and resulting from their activity in the fishing areas. from a boat in Menorca. (Toni Font) shellfish gathering) and each sub-type (bottom fishing, surface fishing, etc). Cer- bère-Banyuls, Côte Bleue, Côte des Albères and Tabarca are the only MPAs that have conducted year-long studies that considered all types of fishing. Another way to distribute information and reach a larger number of recreational fishermen (other than those already mentioned), would be to distribute leaflets, etc., at the main Fishing techniques retail outlets for fishing equipment and bait, given that the - Boat fishing involves the greatest variety of fishing techniques (up to 16 dif- vast majority of such shops are located near coastal areas ferent techniques). and this is where fishermen are most likely to stop before going on to their fishing spot. A single leaflet may include - The greatest variety of boat fishing techniques in a single MPA (up to 12) both the environmental awareness issues and the regula- occurs in the Côte Bleue MPA. tions that must be met. - Bottom fishing with rods is the most commonly used method in boat fishing An interesting example of such a leaflet, on which a similar and shore fishing, probably because it requires little knowledge of fishing, the MedPAN network leaflet could be based, has been issued gear used is easy to handle and set up, there are no special techniques in- by the United States NOAA’s National Marine Protected volved and a wide range of species that are good to eat can be caught. Areas Center: see www.mpa.gov/pdf/helpful-resources/mpas_rec_ Fishing effort fish.pdf - The type of fishing practiced does not appear to determine the number of Another way to increase environmental awareness among hours the fishermen spend fishing each year. The most active (573 hours a year) fishermen is by drawing up Codes of Conduct focused on are boat fishermen in Serra Gelada (Alicante) and the least active (little more than recreational fishing, as has been done by the Australian However, this may be due to the specific location of the MPA, in cases where Government’s Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and access from large urban areas is relatively easy. Forestry**. In a similar way, we recommend that the Med- PAN network leads the way in developing a specific code - Shore fishermen use the highest number of fishing tackles simultaneously (up of conduct for recreational fishing in Mediterranean MPAs. to 20 rods were found being used at the same time in Cap d’Agde, exceeding the legal maximum of 12 rods in France). **seewww.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0019/6058/nat_code_of_practice_2001.pdf. - There is no clear trend as to which type of fishing uses the highest number of hooks. However, it appears that boat fishermen, with an average of 3.36, use

114 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 115 more hooks than shore fishermen with an average rences were found between trolling and bottom men claimed they returned some of their catches to Different impacts of 2.6. The highest average number of hooks was fishing (for boat fishing), where it appears that trolling the sea. - There is a huge diversity of bait being used in found in Cap d’Agde with more than 8 hooks per has the greatest impact in terms of biomass extrac- - Based on the data we analyzed from the MPAs of recreational fishing, although it seems that the boat fisherman. ted. Cerbère-Banyuls, Cap d’Agde and Cap de Creus, and most commonly used baits are Polychaete and - The MPA with the highest estimated number of - Boat fishing appears to have the greatest potential from other non-protected areas, such as the Archi- Sipunculid worms, most of them potentially being fishermen isCôte Bleue with nearly 60,000 fisher- impact in terms of total biomass removed (followed pel de Riou or the Côte Sableuse Catalane it appears exotic species from places outside the Mediterra- men per year. by underwater fishing and then shore fishing) and the that, in general terms, it is more common to release nean which may end up settling in the new envi- highest value for biomass extracted per fishermen certain catches (for being too small or unwanted) - The density of fishermen per hectare ranges from ronment and causing imbalances in the ecosys- occurs during winter months (as shown in the Ar- outside the MPAs than it is within them. 0.4 fishermen/ha inCôte des Albères to 1.9 fisher- tem. chipel de Riou studies). However, the highest CPUE men/ha in Cerbère-Banyuls. - It is essential to adopt minimum landing sizes (MLS) - The loss or abandonment of fishing gear, such values of all were found in both underwater fishing that are above the size at maturation for all species, as lead weights, lines, hooks, etc., can generate - Overall it appears that peak activity among recrea- and boat fishing. especially those most vulnerable. In some cases, tional fishermen occurs in the warmer months of the further potential impacts and significant imba- - In general, a considerable amount of biomass however, an increase in the MLS should be conside- year, when more people arrive in coastal areas and lances in the environment, as does boat ancho- is extracted in most of the Mediterranean MPAs, red to safeguard older actively breeding adults (who when the weather is more amenable. However, this ring in sensitive habitats such as Posidonia mea- thus confirming the significance of the impact that have the greatest reproductive potential). does depend on the type of fishing, as it appears dows. Despite this, there are currently few studies recreational fishing has on resources. In Cap de that adverse weather does not deter shore fisher- on the subject, especially in the Mediterranean. Creus (Spain), Port-Cros, Calanques and Côte Bleue men as much as boat fishermen. This demonstrates the importance of conducting (France), it was shown that the amount of biomass Vulnerable species studies to determine the actual impact resulting - One of the most important factors that determine extracted by recreational fishing is similar to that of - In Mediterranean MPAs, in general, an average from recreational fishing so that effective regula- catchability (i.e. the probability that a particular spe- commercial fishing. At the same time, such com- 30% of all the species caught by recreational fishing tory measures can be developed for this activity. cies is caught), which in turn determines the catch petition for resources occurs not only in terms of are vulnerable species. - The practice of catch & release is positive in per unit effort (CPUE), is the experience of the fisher- biomass extracted, but also in terms of the species certain aspects compared to traditional fishing in man. Another is the type of bait used. These two caught. - In total, a total of 41 vulnerable species are being concepts are rarely considered and should be more caught in the MPAs we analyzed. which the fish die. But there are also certain nega- - The highest CPUE was found for underwater tive aspects that can compromise the sustainabi- closely investigated. - Boat fishing appears to have the greatest impact fishing in theCap de Creus, during the summer lity of fish species and these issues need to be on vulnerable species, affecting a total of 39 species - It seems that there is a negative relationship months, with an average of more than 1300 grams/ studied and properly managed. between the CPUE (when measured in terms of hour/fisherman. The smallest CPUE was found in the (compared with 28 by shore fishing and 22 by unde- abundance) and the size of hooks, which reflects Côte Bleue among shore fishermen with an average rwater fishing). This makes sense considering that the fact that the smaller the hook size, the more 15g/hook/hour/per fishermen (=38g/hour/fisher- boat fishermen use a greater diversity of techniques, Social aspects small-sized species are caught. man). catch a greater number of fish on average and can move from one area to another quite freely - thus - In general, recreational fishermen are men (over going from one habitat to another (which is what, in 80% in all the MPAs reviewed in this study) with a mean age of around 47 years, and mostly made Fishing yields The Catch the end, determines the wide variety of species that are available). up of retirees, merchants and company em- - The best formula for calculating the CPUE is: - Boat fishing generally catches more species than ployees. They generally have a significant degree CPUE = catch in weight or number /(fishing hour other types of fishing. - Cap de Creus is the MPA with the largest num- of fishing experience and they come from various multiplied by number of hooks) for fishing tech- ber of vulnerable species in the recreational fishing - S. cabrilla and C. julis are the species under the different places including people who residents niques involving hooks. catch, followed by Cerbère-Banyuls. The greatest greatest fishing pressure by both boat and shore of the area and non-residents. Most of them fish percentage of vulnerable species caught (from the - The CPUE can vary greatly depending on the year, fishermen. In underwater fishing, the most common alone or in pairs. total number of species caught) appears in Medes the time of year (season), the place (type of habitat species are of the genus Diplodus (particularly D. sar- Islands, Porquerolles (Port-Cros) and Cap de Creus - Boat fishermen tend to be relatively older people and depth), the type of fishing gear used, the wea- gus and D. vulgaris) as well as D. labrax and O. vul- (from the total nr.of species caught, >40% are vulne- with a large proportion of retirees (more than 50%, ther and the experience of the fisherman. garis (the latter especially among less experienced rable). for example, in Côte Bleue and Cerbère-Banyuls - Recreational fishing areas that are adjacent to fishermen). and underwater fishermen tend to be younger. - In terms of catches, the greatest fishing pressure areas with a higher degree of protection seem to - The species most often caught by both boat and is not exerted on species belonging to the higher - Fishing experience is generally high, usually benefit from higher productivity (spillover effect). Not shore fishermen belong to the Sparidae and Serrani- levels of vulnerability as defined in the IUCN Red List over 10 years. It seems that Serra Gelada has the only do fishermen tend to concentrate in or around dae families. (Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically highest percentage of more experienced fisher- these areas, but there is also evidence that the - Catch and release does not seem to be a common Endangered and so on) but on species classified as men (80% have more than 20 years of experience) CPUE is higher within these areas. practice in the Mediterranean, although it is often a of “Least Concern”, such as C. julis and S. cabrilla. followed by Côte Bleue (almost certainly because - The CPUE depends on the type of fishing, but difficult concept to quantify. However, it was reported the vast majority of boat fishermen are retirees also on each sub-type. The most obvious diffe- that, in Porquerolles, more than 70% of boat fisher- over 56 years old). Moreover, depending on their

116 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 117 degree of experience, fishermen use different baits invested in new studies or improved management. particular recreational fishing, facilitating the enjoyment of or different hook sizes. these areas and the development of local economies. For - Economic aspects such as these must be taken a sustainable use of the sea and its resources, there is an - Recreational fishermen have a relatively low level into account in managing the fisheries of the MPAs. urgent need for further research and proactive management of knowledge and awareness regarding the impact with regard to recreational fishing in Mediterranean MPAs. generated by their activity and regarding the natural environment around them. It is therefore essential to Legislation and regulation make efforts to effect change in this respect, since - It is important to know to what extent fishermen are success in managing recreational fishing depends complying with the regulations, as well as how often always on respect for the environment and the indi- they are inspected and monitored by the authorities. vidual awareness of each fisherman. - The national regulations of the vast majority of - Conflicts between different users of the MPAs oc- countries are focussed mainly on regulating issues cur fairly often, especially in the months when the such as restrictions on the use of certain gear, the numbers of visitors are high (summer). fishing effort, (illegal) sale of catches, limitations on - Social aspects such as these must be taken into the volume of the catch and establishing minimum account in managing the fisheries of the MPAs. It landing sizes and weights. would be particularly constructive to get recreational - Malta appears as the country with the most signi- fishermen involved (co-management) and to develop ficant shortfall in recreational fishing regulations, fol- a specific website on recreational fishing in the Medi- lowed by Slovenia and Croatia. terranean MPAs, where fishermen can consult the main regulations and where managers and scientists - More than 70% of the MPAs considered here can circulate the research on recreational fishing. have at least one no-take zone. However, no-take zones rarely exceed 10% of an MPA’s total area, the highest percentage being found in Miramare with Economic aspects 25% (although this comprises only 30ha of its 120ha total). The largest no-take zone, recently expanded, - Recreational fishing is of huge economic impor- is in Bonifacio with 3500ha. tance which, on occasion in certain locations, exceeds that of commercial fishing. Only about 5.5% of the total area of all the Mediterra- nean MPAs we have considered consists of no-take - Boat fishing (whether with rods and lines or for zones. This means that recreational fishermen are spear fishing) appears to generate the greatest direct allowed to fish in nearly all parts of Mediterranean and indirect economic impact - locally, regionally and MPAs. nationally - because it integrates the greatest number of non-resident fishermen. - Half of the MPAs require some kind of fishing licence. Less than 30% impose a fee. 40% have - It is important to separate the different types of Photo: Fishing line with treble hook rolled on a piece of dry bread. regular contact with associations or fishermen. 50% expenditure incurred by fishermen in their activity, (Toni Font) of managers are aware that catches are sometimes especially when analyzing the impact of direct and illegally sold. indirect costs on local economies. - As with national regulations, most regulations im- - It seems that boat and shore fishermen fromCap posed by MPA managers are concerned with fishing d’Agde and Côte Bleue are the biggest spenders, techniques and the fishing effort. with up to €1600 being spent on boat fishing per fisherman per year. - It seems that the Italian and French MPAs have quite comprehensive and restrictive regulations re- - Non-market valuation methods, such as those garding this activity, although with some exceptions outlined in this study (see 5.9.3), can be valuable (such as the license system for marine recreational tools. First, to find out how dedicated fishermen are fishermen). to their activity and the extent of their awareness of the protected environment and, second, to find out In short, this report supports the idea that MPAs not only how much fishermen are willing to pay in additional help sustain coastal marine resources and biodiversity, pre- fees in order to fish within the MPA, which raises the serve habitats and promote the conservation of our maritime possibility of generating extra revenue that can be cultural heritage, but also provide resources for fisheries, in

118 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 119 [7bis] Leleu K., 2012. Suivi et évaluation de la pêche [13] Ruitton S., Le Lireach L., Harmelin J.G, Astruch P., professionnelle au sein d’une Aire Marine Protégée Cantou M., Cottalorda J.M., 2009. Recensement 8. Bibliography : protocoles d’enquêtes, et indicateurs de pression des mérous bruns (Epinephelus marginatus) à Por- et d’impact. Application au Parc Marin de la Côte querolles en novembre 2008. Rapport final. Parc Bleue. Thèse de Doctorat, spécialité Océanogra- national de Port-Cros & GEM, GEM publ. : 1-10. phie, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, Fr. : 1-298.

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120 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 121 Pnr Camargue [16] Albouy C., David Mouillot, Delphine Rocklin, Jean [21] Hartmann V. 2008-2009. Caractérisation de la [26] Glesser S. 2006. La pêche professionnelle et ama- ITALY M. Culioli, François Le Loc’h. 2010. Simulation of pêche de loisir dans la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer: teur de tellines en Camargue: “quantification, qua- the combined effects of artisanal and recreational Caractérisation des pêcheurs, production et effort lification, attentes des professionnels”. Rapport de fisheries on a Mediterranean MPA ecosystem using de pêche. Mesures de gestion. Master 2 profes- Stage-M2. Parc Naturel Régional de Camargue. a trophic model. Marine Ecology Progress Series. sionnel « Biodiversité et développement durable ». Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo Vol. 412: 207–221, 2010. Université de Perpignan. 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Université Océanographie et Environnements Marins ». Univer- Montpellier. sité Paris VI – Pierre et Marie Curie. [29] Pratique et impact socio-économique de la pêche Isla of Ustica [23] Jouvenel J.-Y., Pollard D.A. 2001. Some effects of récréative en mer. (www.sosbar.org) [34] Gianguzza P. ; Chiantore M. ; Bonaviri C. ; Cattaneo- marine reserve protection on the population struc- Cerbère-Banyuls Vietti R. ; Vielmini I. 2006. The effects of recreational ture of two spearfishing target-fish species, Dicen- Paracentrotus lividus fishing on distribution patterns [17] Dubreuil J., Rat C. 2004-2005. Caractérisation de la trarchus labrax (Moronidae) and Sparus aurata (Spa- [30] BVA-IFREMER. 2009. Enquête relative à la pêche of sea urchins at Ustica Island MPA (Western Medi- pêche de loisir dans la région de Banyuls-sur-mer: ridae), in shallow inshore waters, along a rocky coast de loisir (récréative et sportive) en mer en Métropole terranean, Italy). 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122 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 123 Plemmirio Illes Medes - Costa del Montgrí

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130 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 131 • Fishing in shallow waters-chumming method: this is practiced approximately between September through to December, Annex I Annex II with the arrival of bonito (Sarda sarda) and mackerel (Scomber japonicus). The boat is left to drift and the fishermen steadily throw sardine chum into the sea in order to attract the bonito and mackerel. Each rod has a hook baited with a whole sardine.

Table. List of definitions of recreational fishing and other related concepts. Source: Pawson 2008 [71] • Fishing in shallow waters- trolling method: This type of fishing is done with the boat moving at low speed. Two or more lines are Terms Definition Description of the fishing methods cast (either rods or handlines). At the end of each line is a lure (a Recreational fisheries - All fishing activities not conducted for commercial fishing vinyl, plastic or metal “fish”), a live fish (Trachurus spp. is commonly purposes used.) or squid - previously fished using another method. In this - Refers to and includes the fishery resources, fishermen and Recreational fishers employ various different fishing techniques: way the bait is trailed behind the boat. The speed of the boat and businesses providing needed goods and services the type of bait depends on the target fish. Recreational fishing - Fishing (i.e. an activity intended to catch fish or other aquatic A. Boat fishing organism) which is not deemed to be commercial fishing (i.e. catching and selling fish in order to support a livelihood, at least in • Potera and jibionera: Other shallow-water fishing styles common to the area involve fishing for cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis), part). • Bottom fishing with rods: this is usually carried out with a short - Angling, the use of nets, longlines, hand-held lines from small squid (Loligo vulgaris) and common octopus (Octopus vulgaris). In light rod and reel. Between 1 and 3 hooks are used along with a both cases a crown of hooks (squid hooks) is attached to a piece boats or from the shore, and capture of fish by freedivers and sinker that varies in weight depending on the depth and target fish of shiny metal or a colourful fish lure (jibionera). sportdivers with spearguns, are various forms of fishing included in - usually demersal species near rocky bottoms. It should be men- the definition of recreational fishing, provided that no sale of fish is tioned that variables such as the size of hooks and the bait used, involved. have a lot to do with the type of catch. Among the most common • Jigging: This is a relatively new method which consists of a - Harvesting fish for personal use, fun and challenge. species are Serranus cabrilla, Coris julis, Pagrus pagrus, Spondy- tough and flexible rod with reel, with a lead lure in the form of a - Recreational fishing does not include sale of catch. liosoma cantharus, etc., along with other Sparidae and Labridae. small fish of diverse colours and weights. Fishing takes place from - Fishing primarily with hook and line for pleasure, amusement, a drifting boat and basically consists of moving the lure from the relaxation or home consumption. If part or all of the catch is sold, bottom towards the surface. Examples of most sought-after spe- the monetary returns constitute an insignificant part of the person’s • Handline fishing: using a nylon line coiled in a cork reel with a cies using this method include greater amberjack (Seriola dume- income. leader at the end bearing three hooks and a sinker. rili), bonito (Sarda sarda), dentex (Dentex dentex) and red porgy Angling Angling is fishing with a hook and either rod and line or hand-held (Pagrus pagrus). line and can be for both commercial and non-commercial purposes. (Note that this also includes the use of hook-less lures • Bottom fishing for gilthead bream (Sparus aurata) “a la pedra” where fish capture depends on entanglement, e.g. billfish, squid (stone fishing): This is a popular method along the French coast • Spinning: Unlike trolling, spinning is carried out with the boat Loligo spp., eels Anguilla anguilla.) (“a la pierre”) and, occasionally, can be found at Cap de Creus and at anchor or drifting. A very light rod is used with a fish lure at the Recreational angling - Non-commercial activity using hook and line some places in Italy. It consists of taking a round, smooth stone end of the line. It is used to catch mainly bonito (Sarda sarda) and about the size of a fist, fixing an open bivalve mussel to it by elastic - Catch may be returned or retained to be consumed within the Auxis rochei (U.K. bullet tuna; U.S.A. bullet mackerel) but also S. band and attaching the hook to the mussel. immediate social circle but not sold or bartered for other goods. dumerili and D. labrax. - Motivations for recreational angling may include challenge, achievement, sport, recreation, relaxation, social activity involving water, etc. • Cork (buoy or floater): in this case lighter rods are used, with or - Includes anglers, tackle shops and tackle manufacturers, bait without a reel, depending on how far out they are fishing. There is usually no sinker, although in some cases small weights are used. suppliers, charter-boating, recreational boat builders and Used to capture rock species. chandlery suppliers, marine operators and specialized angling media, angling tourism and other related businesses and organizations as well as the whole management environment (e.g. • Longline: Longlines consist of a long central line that may be public agencies) to varying degrees dependent on, or directed at, a mile long and can reach up to 100 miles long for commercial recreational angling fishing, but are much shorter for recreational fishers (with around Recreational fishermen Fisherman who fishes during leisure time and does not sell the 30 hooks or so). Coming off the central line are numerous short catch baited lines at evenly spaced distances called «snoods.» Long Subsistence/household lines are usually sunk to the bottom with weights. Recreational fisherman who mainly uses gill nets or other static fisherman gear • Xyrichthys novacula bottom fishing (typical in Majorca): a Sports fisherman type of bottom fishing using a rod or hand line, with a special Recreational fisherman who mainly uses rod and line Photo: Mussels, prepared for use as bait. (Eric Charbonnel) hooks and sinkers. Bait is usually made from goat or cow’s heart or liver (or other blood-rich baits). The fishermen have to look for sandy bottoms to find this species.

132 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 133 • Bubble floats: these are made of plastic and work in the same • “au toc” fishing:This consists of casting the line, hook and bait C. Shellfish gathering way as cork, but they can be partly filled with water to determine repeatedly over the waves (fishermen must be hidden). A rod is • Basket traps: formed by a cylinder made of reed, net, etc. with how high they float or sink in the water. usually used without a reel. The aim is to catch species such as a funnel leading into one of its sections, which fish can enter but Oblada melanura and Diplodus sargus. Gathering of various sessile or sedentary invertebrates such as not exit (also serves to catch crustaceans and cephalopods, such mussels, sea snails or conches, sea urchins, etc. using a variety as octopus). The bait is placed inside to attract prey. • Treble hooks: these are used preferably with long rods and of gear: a knife (in the case of mussels, clams, banded dye-mu- reels in order to cast further and may or may not incorporate cork • Squid jig (for cephalopods): the same gear as used in boat rex Hexaplex trunculus, etc.) or a sea-urchin gatherer (a rod with floats. The bait is usually pasteta, a doughy mixture of flour, egg fishing can also be used from the shore, by casting and reeling prongs of metal - or the rod itself split into three prongs - at one • Fishing charters (trolling & bottom fishing): Recreational and cheese or bread. Used to fish species nearer the surface, in the line. end) used to collect sea urchins from the seabed. fishing practiced from a chartered boat with a captain or fishing such as Mugil sp, Liza sp, Oblada melanura and Sarpa salpa. guide, for the purposes of leisure or sport.

• Treble hooks: sometimes used instead of singular hooks. D. Spear fishing

• Fishing with Natelli: Each nattello consists of a ring of cork Spear fishing is carried out using mask and snorkel (scuba-diving about ten centimetres in diameter and about three or four centi- is prohibited) and a spear gun. The target species are of great metres thick. This is then worked with sandpaper to give it roun- ecological and economic importance (such as Epinephelus mar- ded corners and, in the central part of its circumference, there is ginatus and Sciaena umbra). Can be practiced from the coast a shallow groove inside which is a thin line. This line is used to link or using a boat. Four main techniques are used (among others): the natelli, diametrically opposite to the adjoining one. Each natello (for more information see http://zipkinci.com/basics- has two 0.35 to 0.40 nylon lines hanging, just a few inches long, spearfishing/17359-spearfishing-techniques.html) each of which is armed with a right hook. This kind of fishing is practiced from a boat or from the shore for catching fish that live in shoals, such as O. melanura. • under rocks (hole fishing): consists of hunting fish by exploring every nook and cranny of the rocks. Sedentary fishes are usually caught. B. Shore angling • hiding and waiting (stalking): this technique requires • Fishing gear for octopus (Pulpera): Rig equipped with a lead- the spearfisher to wait for the prey, the effectiveness weighted grampin (multiple hooks) to catch octopus. Can be depends therefore on the ability to hold one’s breath for • Bottom fishing: this is usually done with different size rods and • Spinning: medium-length or long rods with reels are used for baited or clad in a white cloth. Sometimes a small board is used a long time. This technique is used to hunt fish moving reels, with smaller rods used to try to capture smaller species from this method, the rods being a little more rigid because the species with several large hooks (at least 6/0) that are baited if necessary, in deep water (amberjacks and other pelagics), or fish rocky bottoms (Coris julis, Serranus cabrilla, among others), and being caught may struggle vigorously. The line is cast as far as with weights at the rear. swimming near the sea bed. larger rods for larger rocky bottom species such as Dentex dentex possible and then reeled in slowly so that the bait, which in this or Epinephelus marginatus. Between 1 and 3 hooks are used with case is not a live fish but a lure made of vinyl, light metals or lead, • Free falling (gliding): the diver descends, passes his a sinker. In place of rods, anglers also sometimes use bare lines is pulled along the surface or close to it. The target fish is usually balanced depth and continues to descend silently and or handlines which consist of a nylon line coiled around a cork pelagic fish and also certain Sparidae. stealthily to shoot fish while they are swimming by. bobbin with a leader at the end bearing between 1 and 3 hooks. • Indian hunting: It is the commonest technique for the • Surf-casting: Normally done from beaches, jetties and piers novice spearfisher. It consists of shooting any fish that come into range. It can be practiced near the surface, • Trident: consists of a usually wooden stick or rod (although also and consists mainly of throwing the line as far out as possible and while skirting coastal reefs or free falling towards the sea found in metal), which is fitted with a metal trident, of various sizes. on sandy bottoms, using very long rods and a low line consisting bed. This technique requires fast reactions. You may sur- Mostly used to capture Octopus vulgaris or Sepia officinalis. of a lead sinker of 80 to 130 grams and a hook with natural or artificial bait. prise fish, but not vice versa.

• Cork (buoy or floater); fishing cap: in this case lighter rods are used, with or without a reel, depending on how far out they are • Cast net: A round net with sinkers around the edge and a rope fishing. There is usually no sinker, although in some cases small through the middle. The rope pulls cords to draw the net closed weights are used. Used to capture rock species. The line is fitted after the net has been cast, and it sinks, trapping fish as it goes with a float on the surface and the bait is kept in the water column down. at a constant depth. The float is also a key indicator. This technique is mainly used from the shore.

134 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 135 Annex III

TYPES OF BAITS Type of artificial bivalve gastropod undefined cephalopod fish crustaceans worms sipunculid bread algae undefined MPA Fishing lures molluscs molluscs molluscs molluscs

136 FRANCE

Cerbère-‐Banyuls 2005 General X X X X X Occasional 15.60% 10.90% 39.10% 6.30% 15.65% 15.65% 12.50% fishermen COLLECTION Cerbère-‐Banyuls 2007-‐08 Regular 25.50% 46.70% 15.80% 9.10% 8.80% 8.80% 6.10% fishermen

Boat 23.30% 30.60% 15.60% 12.20% “Q” meansthatinformationistakenfromthequestionnairesandnotstudies. from theshore(orjointly=general)insideandoutsideMPAs. “X”meanspresenceofthistypebait. Table. Qualitative and quantitative information on the use ofdifferent techniques of fishing, from aboat and Cerbère-‐Banyuls 2010 Shore 18.60% 13.70% 33% 14.80%

Cap d'Agde 2010-‐11 General 40% 4% 31% 4% 21%

Porquerolles (Port-‐Cros) 2008 General 28% 61% 4% 15% 3% 15%

Porquerolles (Port-‐Cros) 2007 General 16% 15% 2% 15% 2% 10%

Site Natura 2000, « Posidonie Shore 40% 30% 62% 27% 50% 90% de la Côte des Alberes » 2010-‐11 Boat 60% 70% 37% 73% 50% 10%

Q -‐ Bonifacio General X X X X

Shore 8% 74% 6% Q -‐ Côte Bleue Boat 7% 74% 7% Q -‐ Iles du Frioul General X X No Q -‐ Port-‐Cros information Q -‐ Côte des Albères General X X X X X X X X X X No Q -‐ Scandola information Q -‐ Site Natura 2000 “Baie et Cap d’Antibes – Iles de No information Lérins” Q -‐ Site Natura 2000 “Posidonies du Cap d’Agde” Boat 40% 4% 31% 21% FR-‐9104414 SPAIN Natural Parc of Cap de Creus Shore 23.6% 43.2% 13% 2.3% 2.3% 1.6% 15.5% 2010

Q -‐ Isla de Alborán General X X X

Q -‐ Cala Ratjada General 40% 50% X 40%

Q -‐ Cabo de Gata-‐Níjar General X X

ITALY Isole Ciclopi Shore 15% 35% X 2.5% 2% Q -‐ Cinque Terre General X X X X X X Q -‐ Miramare General X X X

Q -‐ Torre del Cerrano General X X

Q -‐ Be rgeggi General X X X X X X X Q – Capo Carbonara General X X X X X No Q -‐ Capo Rizzuto X information Q -‐ Isole di Ventotene e General X X X X S.Stefano Q -‐ Plemmirio General X X X X X

Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean Q -‐ MPA Porto Cesareo General X X X X X Q -‐ Portofino General X X X X X Q – Punta Campanella No X information Q -‐ Tavolara Punta Coda Cavallo General X X X X X Q – T orre Guaceto No information GREECE

Q -‐ Kalymnos No information No Q -‐ Zakynthos information No Q -‐ Alonissos information CROATIA Q -‐ Brijuni General X X X X Q – Lastovo Archipelago General X X X X SLOVENIA Q -‐ Rt Madona Natural No

Monument information Type of artificial bivalve gastropod undefined cephalopod Non-MPA Fishing fish crustaceans worms sipunculid lures molluscs molluscs molluscs bread algae molluscs undefined

Archipel de Riou 1998 General 25% 33% 10% 137

Archipel de Riou 1999 General 86%

Côte Sableuse Catalane 2006-‐07 Shore 16.40% 1% 48.90% 4.30% 2.30% 0.20% 15.20% 8.20% X

Annex IV NATIONAL REGULATIONS (BY COUNTRY)

Prohibitions on Limitations on Minimum landing Spatial and Other general fishing methods Catch limits Forbidden species Country sale of fish sizes and weights temporal limits prohibitions and techniques 138 France Catch cannot be Only these gears There is no limit in Size and weight Hook fishing and There are 9 main The following tackles hawked, offered for can be used for terms of weight or permitted for MRF spearfishing of classes of marine are forbidden by sale, sold, or bought boats practising number of specimen are established in Dusky Grouper protected areas: default in D.90-618: with knowledge of recreational fishing: for MRF in France. Decree No. 99-1163 forbidden in COLLECTION the fact. Catch shall But Blue Fin Tuna is of 21 December continental • National Park • use of electrical or be consumed • lines with a subject to specific 1999 and in Order of Mediterranean until • Natural Reserves hydraulic bobbins, exclusively by the maximum number measures regarding 21 December 1999. December 2013 • Natura 2000 sites or any gear which fisher and his family of 12 hooks, its conservation in • Natural marine is strictly manual; Table. Nationallegislation,bycountry, regardingrecreationalfishing.Extractedfrom FAO [111bis] (Article 1 of Decree • 2 long lines with the Mediterranean. Plus all the parks • use of any means No. 90-618 of 30 hooks each, For example, the international treaties • Areas of the artificial attraction 11/07/1990). • 2 traps, quantity of tuna signed in France Public Maritime or concentration • a spear, species caught by a which protected Domain under the of species and, There are some • 1 landing net, non professional different species. management of explicitly the use exceptions for tuna • 1 “grapette”. fishing vessel (either the Conservatoire of lights for this fish but only for trolling or drifting) is du Littoral purpose; fishing contests limited to 25 kg or • “Arrêtés • use of any kind of authorized by the one tuna fish per préfectoraux de poisonous, government. person onboard and protection des narcotic, per day. But quantity biotopes” exploding or Since 2012, can be surpassed • Ramsar sites, polluting fishermen are with special UNESCO World substances. obliged to mark their authorization. (Art. 1 Heritage sites and The Tunas after catches (in the case of the Order No. 506 biosphere being fished have to of 24 species) by of 26/8/1994). reserves wear tag (Art. 2 of clipping the lower the Order No. 506 of part of the caudal fin • Sites designated by Barcelona, 26/8/1994). – It is (to prevent illegal OSPAR, Nairobi, prohibited to fish selling). Carthagene, Tuna within 1 mile CCAMLR from other vessels in conventions action (Art. 3 of the • The wild fauna Order No. 506 of and hunting 26/8/1994). marine reserve of the Gulf of Morbihan

Greece Sale of fish is illegal – It is forbidden to – It is forbidden to – It is prohibited for – It is prohibited to The following are (Presidential Order use nets fish with nets and underwater fish corals and prohibited: No. 373 of 16 July (manomena) larger long lines more than recreational sponges 1985). than 100 metres for 10 kg of fish per day fisherman to fish (Presidential Order • To fish with any each vessel, with a and per person or 5 fishes which weigh No. 373 on sport- source of light, side smaller than 24 kg per day and per less than 150 grams. recreational fishing except for spear millimetres. – Each person with other (Presidential Order of July 16 1985). fishing. fisherman in the boat gears. (Presidential No. 373 on sport • Fishing with cannot use more Order No. 373 on recreational fishing navigable means Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean than 150 hooks, the sport recreational of July 16 1985). in the lagoons and number of hooks per Fishing of July 16 – It is also farms of State and boat cannot exceed 1985). prohibited to fish local authorities. 300 no matter what shells (Presidential • To fish with a net the number of Order 86/98 & thrown from land fishermen is. – It is 227/03). at a distance forbidden to use smaller than 500 more than two traps metres from the per fisherman. – exit of rivers and Only one net thrown 200 metres from from land can be the entrance used the diameter of openings of which should be less fishfarms. than 10 metres and the opening “eye” should not be larger (Presidential Order than 30 millimetres. No. 373 of 16 July (Presidential Order 1985). No. 373 on sport recreational fishing of July 16 1985).

Italy Prohibition of sale From boat: Maximum of 5 kg of No specific rules for No forbidden species The following are (DPR 1639/68). fish, molluscs and recreational fishing. were found in Italian prohibited: • Cast net (max cetaceans per legislation. But the circumference fisherman and day is Article 87 of the DPR underwater • Recreational less than 16 authorized 1639/38 establishes fisherman cannot fishing in boats 139 metres). (maximum weight the minimum size for take corals, not authorized by • Fishing rod (a can be overcome in each single species, shellfishes, molluscs the “unita da max of 5 rods by the case of a single according to the EU (Art. 128 bis of DPR diporto” (Art. 7 of fisherman and not catch with a greater minimum size. For 1639/38). DPR 1639/68). more than 3 weight than 5 kg) example sturgeon’s • The use of light hooks per rod). (Art. 142 of Art. 128 size has to be sources, except in • Hand line (no bis of DPR 1639/38). minimum 60 cm. the case of more than 3 spearfishing. hooks per line). No tuna sport fishing • Obstructing or NATIONAL REGULATIONS (BY COUNTRY)

Prohibitions on Limitations on Minimum landing Spatial and Other general fishing methods Catch limits Forbidden species Country sale of fish sizes and weights temporal limits prohibitions and techniques 140 Italy Prohibition of sale From boat: Maximum of 5 kg of No specific rules for No forbidden species The following are (DPR 1639/68). fish, molluscs and recreational fishing. were found in Italian prohibited: • Cast net (max cetaceans per legislation. But the circumference fisherman and day is Article 87 of the DPR underwater • Recreational COLLECTION less than 16 authorized 1639/38 establishes fisherman cannot fishing in boats metres). (maximum weight the minimum size for take corals, not authorized by • Fishing rod (a can be overcome in each single species, shellfishes, molluscs the “unita da max of 5 rods by the case of a single according to the EU (Art. 128 bis of DPR diporto” (Art. 7 of fisherman and not catch with a greater minimum size. For 1639/38). DPR 1639/68). more than 3 weight than 5 kg) example sturgeon’s • The use of light hooks per rod). (Art. 142 of Art. 128 size has to be sources, except in • Hand line (no bis of DPR 1639/38). minimum 60 cm. the case of more than 3 spearfishing. hooks per line). No tuna sport fishing • Obstructing or • Line for squid. regulation. interfering with the • Trolling line. Specified maximum activities of • Floating device limit for grouper: one professional per day. with a hanging fishing. hooks for surface • To practice RF at The harvest of distance of less fishing. mussels for than 500m from • Fishing rod for recreational professional squids. purposes is subject fishing ships and • Fix or drifting to a 3 kg daily bag gear (Art. 139 loglines (max 200 limit (Ministerial hooks by vessel. DPR 1639/68). Decree 10th April • • Fish trap (max 2 1997). Recreational by vessel). fishing in areas For underwater sport important for and recreational reproduction or fisheries, breathing growth . apparatus is prohibited but spear guns are allowed (Art. 98 of DPR (Art. 128 bis and 138 1639/38, Art. 15 of of DPR 1639/38). L.963/65, Art. 27 of L.979/1982).

Malta No specific There are no Unknown Art 37 and 38 of Unknown None Use of lights is particular limitations Fishery regulations forbidden for fishing

Malta No specific There are no Unknown Art 37 and 38 of Unknown None Use of lights is legislation particular limitations Fishery regulations forbidden for fishing for recreational of 25/05/1934. purposes within bays fishing modalities and harbours, and and tackles. poisons are prohibited.

Spain Sale of catches from At state level and In Spain, there is a Size and weights Forbidden species Marine reserves and At the state level, the RF is forbidden at all regional level, the daily Recreational permitted in RF in for RF in Spain seasonal closures following are levels, state and following modalities Fishing Limit (RFL) Spain are include: corals, are Management prohibited: regional: in RF from boat are of catches per established by the bivalves, gastropods, instruments which, authorized: bottom licence. At state Royal Decree crustaceans and any with precedence to • interference with State (Art. 11 of line fishing, spinning, level, the RFL is 5 560/1995 of April 7 other species other other professional Order of February 26 chumming, jigging, kg/per licence/per on minimum sizes determined by EU measures, regulate fishing, gears and 1999, which hand line fishing, day, or 25 kg/boat/ for specific species, legislation or RF (Art. 13 and 14 of tackles

Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean establishes the trolling. For the per day (Art. 4 of based on the International Treaties Law 3/2001). • non manual norms that regulate practice of RF, either O.26/02/99 provisions of the signed by Spain means of fishing marine RF modified from shore or boat, O.24/07/00). Limits article 5.2 of the (Annex II of the • artificial by Order of July 24 only lines and can be different in Regulation (EEC) Order of February 26 concentration of 2000) and regional tackles with a the regions and in 3094/86 of October 7 1999). fish (For example, maximum of six some regions, catch and according to the • illegal substances Andalusia, Art. 2 of hooks or two jigging limits are specified Regulation (EC) • fishing within Decree 361/2003 of tackles are for particular fish. 1626/94 of the minimum December 2003). authorized. This For example, in Council, of June 27. distances to includes both Catalonia, only 5 kg restricted areas But, sale is allowed artificial lures and of cephalopod can (Article 11 of when the catch baited hooks. No be caught (Art. 25 of O.26/02/99, comes from more than two D.109/95). For O.24/07/00). competitions, but all tackles per licence species listed at the profits must be used can be used. In big Annex III of the In Catalonia, for social or game, each rod has O.26/02/99 the Mooring at sea and charitable purposes a single hook and 6 quantities differ (See fishing after sunset is (Art. 9 of Decree rods are allowed. Art. 4. par. 3.a & b) prohibited (Art. 10- 69/1999 of June 4 (Article 6 of of O.26/02/99. 13 of Decree modified in 2002 by O.26/02/99, During competition, 109/95). Decree 61/2002). O.24/07/00). a special authorization is In Andalusia, fishing needed in order to after sunset is also surpass the limits prohibited (Art. 10, mentioned above 14, 15 D.361/2003). (Art. 5 of O.26/02/99). 141 Tunisia – It is strictly – Gears allowed are – The daily bag limit – Art 9 of Decree of – Fishing Grouper is forbidden to sell the equipment used for is stated only for 28/09/95 on prohibited for NATIONAL REGULATIONS (BY COUNTRY)

Prohibitions on Limitations on Minimum landing Spatial and Other general fishing methods Catch limits Forbidden species Country sale of fish sizes and weights temporal limits prohibitions and techniques 142 Tunisia – It is strictly – Gears allowed are – The daily bag limit – Art 9 of Decree of – Fishing Grouper is forbidden to sell the equipment used for is stated only for 28/09/95 on prohibited for product of the launch of a underwater RF and regulation of underwater RF, underwater RF (Art. projectile destined to is limited to 5 kg fisheries. except with COLLECTION 24 of Law of 1994). transfix the fish. except for single authorization from Chemical mixing or pieces which exceed the relevant compressed gas this weight (par.2 of authority. cannot be used for Art. 25 of Law of the propulsion of the 1994). – During projectile, unless the contests, the compression of the relevant authority gas is obtained by a can give special manual action. (Art. authorization 19 of the Law of allowing the 1994). aforementioned quantity to be exceeded (par.2 of Art. 25 of Law of 1994).

Turkey Sale, barter or trade – Every type of Daily quantity of fish Defined by Defined by Defined by It is prohibited to use of all or part of the fishing lines to be caught in sport recreational fishery recreational fishery recreational fishery and possess nets, catch is not allowed including longline, fishing cannot circular: circular: Coral, circular: narcotics, deadening (fishing circulars cast nets weighing exceed the quantity dolphins, sturgeon, and lethal chemicals, valid from 1/9/06 to up to 5 kg and given in Annex 4 of • mullet (13 cm, 5 fatty fish, ocean Some areas were all types of 31/8/08). scoop-nets, are the Fisheries kg) sunfish, sea trout, defined as restricted. explosives, carbide, allowed. – The use Regulation • horse mackerel (13 brown meagre, quick lime, narcotic of fishing gear other corresponding to the cm, 5 kg) basking shark, plants, or to use than those Fisheries Law No. • turbot (40 cm, 2 spider crab, sea electric current, Fishing is prohibited mentioned above is 1380 (Article 6 of pieces) turtle, grass carp, electroshock, liquid in areas that have determined by the Fisheries law No. • swordfish (130 cm, silver carp, sea gas and air pressure been specified and Provincial 1380). 1 piece) horse, curled methods for amateur announced by the Directorate in • sea bass (18 cm, 5 octopus, salmon... fishing activities. city directorate as accordance with the kg) (Fishing circulars “hauling areas.” principles dictated by • blue fish (14 cm, 5 valid from 1/9/06 to the Ministry (Article 6 kg) 31/8/08). • of the Fisheries Law, • blue fin tuna (90 RF boat cannot be No. 1380). Gill net cm, 1 piece) more than 7.5m. • RF is banned near and spear gun are, • albacore (60, 1

Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean the Ministry (Article 6 kg) 31/8/08). • of the Fisheries Law, • blue fin tuna (90 RF boat cannot be more than 7.5m. No. 1380). Gill net cm, 1 piece) • RF is banned near and spear gun are, • albacore (60, 1 however, allowed piece) aquaculture cages. (fishing circulars • Atlantic mackerel • valid from 1/9/06 to (20 cm, 5 kg) No harpoons and underwater 31/8/08). • grouper (40 cm, 3 spearguns are pieces). • Castnet: allowed at night

maximum length 3 time. metre, maximum 5 kg of small sized (fishing circulars mesh size 28mm. fish are allowed. valid from 1/9/06 to • Gill net: maximum (fishing circulars 31/8/08). length 5m, valid from 1/9/06 to maximum height 31/8/08). 1.5m, maximum mesh size 28mm. • Maximum of 4 lines per each angler are permitted and each line can have maximum 6 hooks. Croatia – Fish and other The manner, type – It is permitted to – Ordinance on the marine organisms and the quantity of catch and collect a protection of fish and 143 caught while fishing gear and maximum of 5 kilos other marine conducting sport and equipment which can of fish and other organisms of recreational fishing be used in the sport marine organisms NATIONAL REGULATIONS (BY COUNTRY)

Prohibitions on Limitations on Minimum landing Spatial and Other general fishing methods Catch limits Forbidden species Country sale of fish sizes and weights temporal limits prohibitions and techniques 144 CroatiaTunisia – FishIt is strictly and other The– Gears manner, allowed type are – ItThe is permitteddaily bag tolimit – OrdinanceArt 9 of Decree on the of – Fishing Grouper is forbiddenmarine organisms to sell the andequipment the quantity used forof catchis stated and only collect for a prote28/09/95ction on of fish and prohibited for productcaught while of fishingthe launch gear of and a maximumunderwater of RF 5 kilos and otherregulation marine of underwater RF, underwater RF (Art. projectile destined to is limited to 5 kg fisheries. except with

COLLECTION conducting sport and equipment which can of fish and other organisms of 24recreational of Law of fishing1994). betransfix used the in thefish. sport marineexcept fororganisms single 20/08/02. authorization from activities may not be andChemical recreational mixing or perpieces day. which The exceed the relevant put on the market fishingcompressed activities gas are cartilaginousthis weight (par.2 fishes, of authority. (Art. 33 of the Marine determinedcannot be used by the for asArt. well 25 ofas Law single of fish Fisheries Act of ministerthe propulsion (Article of 35 the of heavier1994). – than During 5 kilos 1997). tprojectile,he Marine unless Fisheries the arecontests, excluded the from Actcompression of 1997). ofIt isthe therelevant amount authority given in permittedgas is obtained to use: by a paragraphcan give special 2 of this manual action. (Art. articleauthorization (Art. 33 of the 19• handof the lines Law (2of per Marineallowing Fisheries the Act 1994).licence). ofaforementioned 1997). During the • Trolling lines (2 competitionquantity to be in sport per licence). andexceeded recreational (par.2 of • Hand lines with fishingArt. 25 theof L quantityaw of hooks for of1994). catch is not limited cephalopods (2 (Art. 34 of the Marine Turkey Sale, barter or trade – Everyper licence) type of FisheriesDaily quantity Act ofof fish Defined by Defined by Defined by It is prohibited to use of all or part of the fishing• Traps lines for sea 1997).to be caught in sport recreational fishery recreational fishery recreational fishery and possess nets, catch is not allowed includingworm (2). longline, fishing cannot circular: circular: Coral, circular: narcotics, deadening (fishing circulars cast• Spearguns nets weighing for exceed the quantity dolphins, sturgeon, and lethal chemicals, • mullet (13 cm, 5 Some areas were valid from 1/9/06 to up underwaterto 5 kg and fishing given in Annex 4 of fatty fish, ocean all types of kg) defined as restricted. 31/8/08). scoop(2) -nets, are the Fisheries sunfish, sea trout, explosives, carbide, allowed. – The use Regulation • horse mackerel (13 brown meagre, quick lime, narcotic No gear other than handof fishing lines gear and other corresponding to the cm, 5 kg) basking shark, plants, or to use than those Fisheries Law No. • turbot (40 cm, 2 spider crab, sea electric current, trolling lines (no Fishing is prohibited mentioned above is 1380 (Article 6 of pieces) turtle, grass carp, electroshock, liquid more than two in areas that have determined by the Fisheries law No. • swordfish (130 cm, silver carp, sea gas and air pressure pieces each) can be been specified and Provincial 1380). 1 piece) horse, curled methods for amateur used for the catching announced by the Directorate in • sea bass (18 cm, 5 octopus, salmon... fishing activities. of big game (e.g. city directorate as Bluefinaccordance tuna withand the kg) (Fishing circulars “hauling areas.” swordfish).principles dictated by • blue fish (14 cm, 5 valid from 1/9/06 to the Ministry (Article 6 kg) 31/8/08). • Useof the of Fisheries self-contained Law, • blue fin tuna (90 RF boat cannot be more than 7.5m. underwaterNo. 1380). Gill net cm, 1 piece) • RF is banned near breathingand spear apparatus gun are, • albacore (60, 1 is prohibited for both sport and recreational Usefisheries. of self (Regulat-containedion underwateron sport and breathingrecreational apparatus fishing is prohibited for both sport and recreational fisheries. (Regulation on sport and recreational fishing established in 2001).

Slovenia Prohibition of The Minister offering on the responsible for market (Art. 30). marine fisheries is empowered to prescribe the fishing gear and methods that may used in sport and recreational fishing as well as the daily bag limits applicable to such activities (Art. 28 (6) of the Marine Fisheries Act Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean of 2002). – The method of underwater sports fishing and the permitted daily quantity of catch shall be prescribed by the minister (Art. 29 (8) of the Marine Fisheries Act of 2002).

145

Annex V REGULATION OF RECREATIONAL FISHING IN THE MPAs

Nº de Partial Specific Evidence zones with No- Reserve Fines (for other Fee for fishing licence for of illegal Country MPA Inauguration take breaking management within the Observations different (restricted fishing in the sales of zone regulations) initiatives MPA 146 regulations areas) MPA catches

France Cerbére-Banyuls shellfish Yes (with a 2 gathering 1974 (650 ha Yes (60 and maximum of

COLLECTION Yes not known No 1.600 fishing not known of sea) (1 NT + 1 ha) underwater PR) fishing licences annually) prohibited Table. GeneralregulationsonrecreationalfishingintheMPAs.

Bouches de Experimental regulation on Bonifacio recreational fishing has been implemented for a 6 month period PR1: during underwater Representatives 2012; recreational fishing of recreational fishermen had to declare their prohibited; fishing intention to fish in PR2: all associations are 5 (3 RI + 2 the MPA beforehand to the 1999 RP) Yes types of Yes usually No No Yes fishing consulted Environmental Office of Corsica; a permitted but before maximum catch of with limits on decisions are 5kg/person/day underwater made. was allowed; after fishing consultation with local stakeholders, it will be decided whether or not to make the regulations permanent (ANNEX IX) Posidonies de la Management côte palavasienne measures in 2001 0 No No No DOCOB phase No No No of development

Parc Marin Côte There are Bleue meetings with users and A Code of representatives of the activities Conduct with 1983 (9,873 Yes the Natura 2 (NT) No Yes carried out in No No Yes ha of sea) (295 ha) the area. 2000 Network is being drawn (expectations are noted and up suggestions given)

Iles du Frioul 0 No No No No No No Yes

Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean Port- Northern Cros/Porquerolles zone where trolling is only 1963 (Port- permitted at A fishing Cros) and 2 (1 NT + 1 least 50m Yes No No license is No 2002 (Illa de PR) from the required in Porquerolles) shore / Porquerolles spearfishing forbidden in the National Parc

Golfe du Lion In the Governing Body Cerbère- Banyuls + there are 4 representatives Only in Côte des 2011 Albères No No from No Cerbère- Yes recreational Banyuls included in the area fishing associations (among others)

Scandola 1975 1 (NT) Yes No Not known Not known Not known Not known Not known

The NT zone Baie et Cap Limited contact d’Antibes – Iles has artificial

147 2003 (13,627 with the 1 (NT) Yes No No reefs aimed at de Lérins ha) National Fishing No No Yes improving Federation resources

REGULATION OF RECREATIONAL FISHING IN THE MPAs

France CerbérePosidonies-Banyuls du shellfish Yes (with a Cap d’Agde 2002 (2,329 gathering 20 No No No No No maximumNo of Yes 1974ha of (650 sea) h a Yes (60 and

COLLECTION Yes not known No 1.600 fishing not known of sea) (1 NT + 1 ha) underwater licences PR) fishing annually) España Cap de Creus prohibitedUnderwater 4 (1 NT + 3 fishing PR + 4 prohibited in Bouches de 1998 (3,056 Yes Experimental zones with some areas Yes No No No Yes regulation on Bonifacio ha of sea) (835ha) no and shore recreational fishing has been regulations) fishing in implemented for a others 6 month period PR1: during Illes Medes/Costa Underwaterunderwater Representatives 2012; recreational fishermen had to del Montgrí fishing of recreational 1983 (2,037 3 (1 NT + declare their Yes prohibitedprohibited; in Yes fishingYes No No intention to fish in ha of sea) 2PR) PR2: all associations are 5 (3 RI + 2 the buffer the MPA beforehand to the 1999 RP) Yes zonetypes of Yes usually No No Yes fishing consulted Environmental Office of Corsica; a Yes permitted but before Isla de Alborán 1997 (429 ha 3 (2 NT + 1 Only trolling maximum catch of with limits on Yes decisionsNot known are No Yes Not known of sea) PR) is permitted 5kg/person/day underwater made. was allowed; after fishing consultation with Daily contact local stakeholders, Cala Ratjada it will be decided with whether or not to recreational make the Underwater fishermen. regulations fishing When there are permanent prohibited in (ANNEX IX) MPA committee A decision is to Posidonies de la the state- Management This MPA is meetings be made on côte palavasienne owned part measures in 2001 0 No No No recreational chargingNo a fee No No governed partly 2007 (11,286 3 (1 NT + 2 of the MPA DOCOB phase by the State Yes Yes fishermen are for fishing. At Yes Yes ha of sea) PR) but allowed of development consulted. present the and partly by in the region- regional Fishermen are fishing licence owned part. expected to is free government Other kinds declare their of fishing are catch after limited every fishing trip made within the MPA.

Cabo de Gata- Meetings with Níjar recreational fishermen. Fishermen are Underwater expected to fishing declare their prohibited; 1995 (4,613 2 (1 NT + 1 catch after Yes boat fishing ha of sea) PR) Yes every fishing Not known Not known Not known is subject to trip made within Ministerial the MPA (even Order if they catch nothing, they still have to report it)

Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean Italia Cinque Terre PR1: recreational fishing prohibited for tourists; PR2: All types of fishing 1997 (4,591 3 (1 NT + 2 Yes allowed, but Yes No No Yes No ha of sea) PR) boat fishing is only for residents (spearfishing fishing prohibited in both)

Miramare only shore 1986 (120 2 (1 NT + 1 Yes fishing is Yes No No No No ha of sea) PR) (30ha) permitted 149

REGULATION OF RECREATIONAL FISHING IN THE MPAs

FranceItalia CerbéreCinque Terre-Banyuls shellfishPR1: Yes (with a gatheringrecreational 2 maximum of 1974 (650 ha Yes (60 andfishing

COLLECTION Yes not known No 1.600 fishing not known of sea) (1 NT + 1 ha) underwaterprohibited for licences PR) fishingtourists; PR2: annually) prohibitedAll types of fishing 1997 (4,591 3 (1 NT + 2 Bouches de Yes allowed, but Yes No No Yes No Experimental ha of sea) PR) regulation on Bonifacio boat fishing recreational fishing is only for has been residents implemented for a (spearfishing 6 month period PR1: fishing during underwater Representatives 2012; recreational prohibited in fishing of recreational fishermen had to both) declare their prohibited; fishing intention to fish in PR2: all associations are Miramare 5 (3 RI + 2 only shore the MPA 1986 (120 2 (1 NT + 1 Yes beforehand to the 1999 RP) Yes fishingtypes of is Yes usuallyNo No No YesNo ha of sea) PR) (30ha) fishing consulted Environmental permitted Office of Corsica; a permitted but before maximum catch of with limits on decisions are Torre del Cerrano PR1: 5kg/person/day underwater made. was allowed; after fishing consultation with fishing local stakeholders, prohibited; it will be decided rod and line whether or not to make the fishing only regulations for residents; Meetings are programmed permanent PR2: (ANNEX IX) Posidonies de la permitted for withManagement côte palavasienne residents; recreationalmeasures in 2001 0 No No No No No No non- fishermenDOCOB phase and Plans are being made to charge 2009 (3,431 residents associationsof development so 3 (PR) No Yes non-residents a Yes No ha of sea) need these may previous collaborate in fee to fish in authorization; coordinating the certain areas underwater MPA fishing regulations prohibited;;

PR3: underwater fishing prohibited; Line fishing allowed for residents and

Bergeggi PR1: fishing allowed only to residents of the Commune de Bergeggi Zone B: subject to previous 30€ per year; authorization; Underwater 20€ per season Yes, with a 2007 (215 ha 3 (1 NT + 2 fishing maximum of Yes Yes No Yes of sea) PR) prohibited; 200 fishing PR2: Zone C: licences permitted for non- 100€ per year; Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean residents subject to 80€ per season previous authorization; underwater fishing prohibited

Capo Carbonara PR1: line fishing prohibited; A log-book is underwater given out with fishing Residents pay Yes, for all each licence for prohibited; types of fishermen to Very occasional 20€ per year. 1999 (8,598 3 (1 NT + 2 PR2: fishing (except note down their Yes Yes meetings with Yes ha of sea) PR) underwater Non-residents underwater catches and fishermen fishing pay 20€/month fishing which hand these to prohibited; or 50€/year is prohibited) the line fishing management permitted but team with limitations

Capo Rizzuto Restricted Shore fishing: activity and licence Very occasional • 6€ per month 1991 (14,721 3 (1 NT + 2 Yes required; Yes meetings with or 12€ per Yes Yes

151 ha of sea) PR) underwater fishermen year for fishing residents; prohibited • 9€ per month or 18€ per

REGULATION OF RECREATIONAL FISHING IN THE MPAs

France CerbéreCapo Rizzuto-Banyuls shellfish Shore fishing: Yes (with a gathering 2 maximum of 1974 (650 ha Yes (60 and • 6€ per month

COLLECTION Yes not known No 1.600 fishing not known of sea) (1 NT + 1 ha) underwater or 12€ per licences PR) fishing year for annually) prohibited residents; • 9€ per month Bouches de Restricted or 18€ per Experimental activity and year for Non- regulation on Bonifacio recreational fishing licence Very occasional residents 1991 (14,721 3 (1 NT + 2 has been Yes required; Yes meetings with Yes Yes implemented for a ha of sea) PR) 6 month period underwaterPR1: fishermen fishing Boat fishing: during underwater Representatives 2012; recreational prohibitedfishing of recreational fishermen had to • 12€ per declare their prohibited; fishing month or 24€ intention to fish in PR2: all associations are 5 (3 RI + 2 per year for the MPA beforehand to the 1999 RP) Yes types of Yes usually residentsNo No Yes fishing consulted Environmental • 18€ per Office of Corsica; a permitted but before month or 36€ maximum catch of with limits on decisions are per year for 5kg/person/day underwater made. Non-residents was allowed; after fishing consultation with Isole di Ventotene Yes, for non- local stakeholders, and S.StefaNo limited residents: it will be decided activity and whether or not to licence 100€ per year; make the 1997 (2,799 2 (1 NT + 1 Yes, for non- regulations Yes required; Yes No 30€ per month; No ha of sea) PR) residents permanent underwater 15€ per week; (ANNEX IX) Posidonies de la fishing Management 80€ for 4 côte palavasienne prohibited measures in months in 2001 0 No No No No No No DOCOB phase summer of development Plemmirio PR1: Boat fishing: recreational 50€ per year; fishing only allowed for a 15€ per month; residents of Yes, with a Syracuse; 8€ per week for 2004 (2,429 3 (1 NT + 2 maximum of Yes PR2: allowed Yes No boat fishing; Yes ha of sea) PR) 600 fishing for residents licences and non- residents alike; Shore fishing: (spearfishing fishing 10€ per month, prohibited in

Plemmirio Boat fishing: 50€ per year;

15€ per month; PR1: recreational 8€ per week for fishing only boat fishing; allowed for a residents of Syracuse; Yes, with a PR2: allowed Shore fishing: 2004 (2,429 3 (1 NT + 2 maximum of Yes ha of sea) PR) Yes for residents Yes No 10€ per month, 600 fishing and non- licences Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean residents 5€ per week; alike; (spearfishing fishing prohibited in Boat + shore both) fishing:

20€ per month

10€ per week

Porto Cesareo Recreational 7€ per month fishing for boat fishing Representatives permitted and 4€ for of fishermen are 1997 (16,654 6 (4 NT + 2 with shore fishing Yes Yes consulted about ha of sea) PR) limitations; (with discounts Yes Yes any decisions underwater for residents, on their activity fishing age and prohibited disability)

Portofino PR1: fishing For Non- only residents: permitted for 110 € per year a residents; for shore PR2: allowed 1998 (346 ha 3 (1 NT + 2 fishing; for residents of sea) PR) Yes Yes No Yes Yes and non- 220€ per year 153 residents for boat fishing; with licences; (spearfishing (50% discount fishing for people over prohibited in 65; free for

REGULATION OF RECREATIONAL FISHING IN THE MPAs

France PortofinoCerbére-Banyuls shellfish For Non- Yes (with a PR1:gathering fishing residents: 2 maximum of 1974 (650 ha Yes (60 onlyand

COLLECTION Yes not known No 1.600 fishing not known of sea) (1 NT + 1 ha) permittedunderwater for 110 € per year licences PR) afishing residents; for shore annually) PR2:prohibited allowed fishing; 1998 (346 ha 3 (1 NT + 2 for residents Yes and non- Yes No 220€ per year Yes Yes Experimental Bouches de of sea) PR) residents for boat fishing; regulation on Bonifacio recreational fishing with licences; has been (spearfishing (50% discount implemented for a fishing for people over 6 month period PR1: prohibited in 65; free for during 2012; recreational both)underwater Representatives people with fishing of recreational fishermen had to disabilities) declare their prohibited; fishing intention to fish in PR2: all associations are Punta Campanella 5 (3 RI + 2 In 2005 a the MPA beforehand to the 1999 RP) Yes types of Yes trainingusually course No No Yes fishing wasconsulted held on Environmental Office of Corsica; a permitted but fishingbefore activities Fishing maximum catch of with limits on anddecisions tourist are 5kg/person/day allowed underwater fishingmade. in the was allowed; after (except in the consultation with fishing MPA; fishermen zones within local stakeholders, 1997 (1,539 3 (2 NT + 1 are informed Yes 200m of the Yes Not known Yes Yes it will be decided ha of sea) PR) about how to whether or not to NT); behave when make the underwater regulations fishing and fishing permanent when there are prohibited (ANNEX IX) Posidonies de la Managementimportant côte palavasienne measuresnotifications in that 2001 0 No No No No No No DOCOBthey need phase to ofknow. development Tavolara - Punta No specific Coda Cavallo licence Fishing required for permitted fishing within with some 1997 (15,357 3 (2 NT + 1 the MPA, Yes limitations; ha of sea) PR) Yes No No except for Yes spearfishing gathering sea fishing urchins prohibited (Paracentrotus lividus).

Torre Guaceto 1991 (2,227 3 (2 NT + 1 Yes recreational Yes No 10€ per day; a Yes, daily No fishing maximum of 25

Torre Guaceto recreational fishing 10€ per day; a 1991 (2,227 3 (2 NT + 1 permitted; maximum of 25 Yes, daily Yes Yes No ha of sea) PR) underwater licences issued licence No fishing per day) prohibited

Isole Ciclopi RP1 & RP2: Yes, for recreational fishing residents in 3 (1 RI + 2 Yes both RP and 1989 (623ha) permitted; Not known Not known Not known Not known RP) (35ha) underwater for non- residents in fishing one RP prohibited

Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean Grecia Kalymnos Not Not known Not known Not known Not known Not known Not known Not known Not known known

Zakynthos recreational Not Not known Not known known Not known Not known Not known Not known Not known Not known fishing is strictly prohibited

Alonissos Recreational fishing 2 (1 NT + 1 1992 Yes permitted Not known Not known Not known Not known Not known PR) under State regulations

Croacia Brijuni Shore fishing: 65€ per day

25€ per year There are plans for boat fishing to increase recreational (only for licence fees for fishing with residents of the fishing in the daily or MPA (for both 2,651.7 ha of 5 (3 NT + 2 three No, only a Yes monthly Yes Not regularly Yes shore and boat sea PR) neighbouring state licence licences and villages) fishing) and with certain eventually they limitations 2.50€ per want to a month for boat complete ban fishing (only for on fishing 155 residents of the three neighbouring

REGULATION OF RECREATIONAL FISHING IN THE MPAs

CroaciaFrance BrijuniCerbére -Banyuls shellfish Shore fishing: Yes (with a gathering 65€ per day 2 maximum of 1974 (650 ha Yes (60 and

COLLECTION Yes not known No 1.600 fishing not known of sea) (1 NT + 1 ha) underwater 25€ per year for boat fishing licences There are plans PR) fishing to increase (only for annually) recreationalprohibited residents of the licence fees for fishing with fishing in the three Experimental Bouches de daily or 2,651.7 ha of 5 (3 NT + 2 neighbouring No, only a MPAregulation (for both on Bonifacio Yes monthly Yes Not regularly Yes shore and boat sea PR) villages) state licence recreational fishing licences and fishing)has beenand with certain eventuallyimplemented they for a 2.50€ per 6 month period limitationsPR1: month for boat want toduring a underwater Representatives fishing (only for complete2012; recreational ban fishing of recreational onfishermen fishing had to residents of the declare their prohibited; fishing three intention to fish in PR2: all associations are 5 (3 RI + 2 neighbouring the MPA beforehand to the 1999 RP) Yes types of Yes usually villages)No No Yes fishing consulted Environmental Office of Corsica; a Lastovo permitted but before Yes (a single Theremaximum are catch no of Archipelago with limits on decisions are licence for all 5kg/person/day 2006 0 No underwaterNot known No made. No No types of No differentwas allowed; levels after of protection fishing fishing) consultation with local stakeholders, it will be decided Eslovenia Madona Natural Not known 0 No No No No No No No whether or not to Monument make the regulations permanent (ANNEX IX) Posidonies de la Management côte palavasienne measures in 2001 0 No No No No No No DOCOB phase of development Annex VI Spain France País

EACH MPA SPECIFICFOREACH ARE THAT REGULATIONS Cala Ratjada Alborán Isla de del Montgrí Medes/Costa Illes Cap deCreus Calanques Cap d’Agde Posidonies du Iles deLérins d’Antibes – Baie etCap Scandola Golfe duLion Porquerolles Port Cros/ Côte Bleue Palavasienne la Côte Posidonies de Bonifacio Banyuls Cerbère- MPA

Recreational Fishing WithinMa rine PotectedAr easIntheMedite rranean • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Gathering shellfish,gorgoniansandseaurchins: (only trollingmethodsallowed ,andfishingcompetitionsareprohibited) border thepartialreserveareaofsea recreational fishingcompetitionsareprohibited prohibited gathering seaurchinsprohibitedfromApril1 Lithophaga lithophaga shellfish gatheringprohibitedfor: forbidden species:crustaceans spearfishing prohibitedinoneofthetwoprotectedareas . It isforbiddentofishcrustaceansandE.marginatus spearfishing: maximum8piecesperday. (pending adecisiontomakethisrulepermanent) sardine orblue-fintuna spearfishing isprohibitedwithinthebufferzonenextto no spearfishing prohibitedinthepartialreserveareas the useofelectrically-powereddevicesforrecreationalfishingis Spearfishing forbiddenintheNationalPark For asix-monthtrialperiodin2012:max.catch:5kgperpersonday fishing permittedonlyduringtheday , aregreater than theyareoutside theMPA marginatus minimum landing size for some species, such as minimum size for hooks required fishing prohibited between sunset and sunrise fishing competitions prohibited maximum 1rodperpe rson and 4rodspervessel maximum 3hooks per maximum 4days aweekfishingperperson spearfishing competitionsprohib per vessel within thebufferzone,recreational boatfishingallowedbutonlyonerod shore fishingprohibitedfromtheshoresofno certain specificareas Porquerolles island:regulatedactivityrestrictedtoregisteredusersin of RFforbidden in certainspecificareas(maximum2rods,1hookperrod),othertypes Port-Cros island:trollingmethodsbeyond50mfromthecoastregulated minimum landingsizesforcertainspeciessuchas max. hooksizenumber:smallerthanorequaltoNº6 shore fishing:2lineswithmax.6hooks boat fishing:maximum12hookspervessel minimum landingsizesforthefollowingspecies: and limitedtothreedozenperpersonday - - - - - Regulations forareaswhererecreationalfishingis Symphodus tinca, Symphodus Labrus viridis,30cm Labrus merula, 30cm Sciaena umbra, prohibited throughouttheyearincertainareas 25cm

volantín [handline]

15cm No specificregulation No specificregulation No specificregulation No specificregulation No specificregulation No specificregulation (no specificregulation) permitted

ited throughoutthepark Pinna nobilis,Patellaferrugineaand

st toNovember30

Epinephelus -take landareas,which

, meagre brown

-take zone th inclusive 157

Spain Cap de Creus • spearfishing prohibited in the partial reserve areas • shore fishing prohibited from the shores of the no-take land areas, which border the partial reserve area of the sea Illes • spearfishing is prohibited within the buffer zone next to the no-take zone Capo Rizzuto • fishing at night prohibited (between 8:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.) Medes/Costa • within the buffer zone , recreational boat fishing allowed but only one rod • spearfishing prohibited del Montgrí per vessel • maximum catch: 5kg per vessel; 3kg per person REGULATIONS• spearfishing THAT AREcompetitions SPECIFIC prohibited throughout FOR EACH the park MPA REGULATIONS• maximum THAT 2 rodsARE (or handlines)SPECIFIC per person, FOR maximum EACH 2 hooks MPA per rod No specific regulation (or handline) Isla de Regulations for areas where recreational fishing is Regulations for areas where recreational fishing is País AlboránMPA País MPA • maximum 2 lines for trolling (only trolling methods allowedpermitted , and fishing competitions are prohibited) • the MPA reserves the right topermitted set a maximum weight of catch and to limit the number of fishermen France CalaCerbère Ratjada- • maximumfishing permitted 4 days onlya week during fishing the perday person France Cerbère- • specialfishing permittedattention toonly preserving during the the day species E. marginatus and P. Banyuls • maximumboat fishing: 3 hooksmaximum per volantín12 hooks [handline] per vessel Banyuls • americanusboat fishing: maximum 12 hooks per vessel • maximumshore fishing: 1 rod 2 linesper pe withrson max. and 6 4 hooksrods per vessel • fishingshore fishing: within 200m2 lines of with scuba max.-diver 6 hooks buoys prohibited • max.fishing hook competitions size number: prohibited smaller than or equal to Nº6 • recreationalmax. hook size fishing number: competitions smaller thanprohibited or equal (allowed to Nº6 only for boat fishing) • minimumfishing prohibited landing sizesbetween for certainsunset speciesand sunrise such as brown meagre, Isole di • specificminimum minim landingum sizeslanding for sizes certain within species the MPA such thatas brownare different meagre from, • sardineminimum or size blue for-fin hooks tuna required Ventotene and outsidesardine foror bluesome-fin species tuna • minimum landing size for some species, such as Epinephelus Bonifacio • For a six-month trial period in 2012: max. catch: 5 kg per person per day S.StefaNoBonifacio • spearfishingFor a six-month is prohibited trial period in 2012: max. catch: 5 kg per person per day (pendingmarginatus a ,decision are greater to make than thisthey rule are permanent)outside the MPA • licences(pending for a decision non-local to fishermen make this are rule different permanent) • spearfishspecial permiting: maximum required for8 pieces fishing per within day the. MPA • spearfishing: maximum 8 pieces per day. Plemmirio • boat fishing: maximum 1 hand line with 2 hooks; maximum 3 fishermen • • • Itspearfishing is forbidden prohibited to fish crustaceans in the state and-governed E. marginatus area . perIt is vessel;forbidden maximum to fish crustaceans 2 trolling lines; and maximum E. marginatus 5kg catch. per vessel • spearfishingforbidden species: prohibited E. marginatus, in one of the S. twoumbra, protected U. cirrosa areas and M. costae • shorespearfishing fishing: prohibited maximum in 2 onerods of and the 3kg two catchprotected per person areas Cabo de Gata- • boatforbidden fishing: species: only 1 crustaceansrod per person • fishingforbidden prohibited species: from crustaceans April 1st to May 15th Níjar • shoreshellfish fishing: gathering only 2prohibited rods per for:per sonPinna nobilis, Patella ferruginea and • jiggingshellfish technique gathering prohibited prohibited (since for: Pinna 2009) nobilis , Patella ferruginea and • spearfishingLithophaga lithophaga prohibited • fishingLithoph ataga night lithophaga prohibited • st th • st th • forbiddengathering species:sea urchins Epinephelus prohibited marginatus from April 1 and to P.November americanus 30 inclusive • recreationalgathering sea fishing urchins competitions prohibited fromproh ibitedApril 1(allowed to November only for 30 boat inclusive fishing) and limited to three dozen per person per day and limited to three dozen per person per day • minimum landing sizes for some species that are different from outside • recreational fishing must use individual systems; electromagnetic or • Porto Cesareo • • limitationsminimum landing on the numbersizes for of the captures following species: hydraulicminimum equipmentlanding sizes prohibited for the following species: Italy Cinque Terre • maximum- Labrus of 2 merula, rods and 25cm 2 hooks per fisherman • fly- larvaeLabrus prohibited merula, as 25cm either bait or for chumming Labrus viridis, 30cm Labrus viridis, 30cm • maximum- 3 kg of catch per fisherman • spearfishing- is prohibited - Symphodus tinca, 15cm - Symphodus tinca, 15cm • forbidden species: Epinephelus sp., Polyprion americanus, Pinna nobilis • non-native bait (i.e., from outside the Mediterranean) prohibited - Sciaena umbra, 30cm - Sciaena umbra, 30cm • lighting equipment for fishing or collecting bait prohibited Posidonies de Posidonies de • no jigging, no monel wire lines and no piombo guardiano [gear used to No specific regulation No specific regulation Miramarela Côte No specific regulation la Côte detect the kind of seabed in readiness for bottom trolling] Palavasienne Palavasienne • the following techniques are prohibited: longline, trident, use of individual (only shore fishing permitted, fishing competitions prohibited) nets such as coppo or bilancia, giacchio or rezzaglio, sparviero, fish Côte Bleue No specific regulation Côte Bleue traps , or natelli No specific regulation

• fishing at night prohibited (between 8:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.) Port Cros/ • Spearfishing forbidden in the National Park Port Cros/ • Spearfishingmaximum 3 hooks forbidden per rodin the or handNational line Park currently drawing up regulations on recreational fishing (spearfishing PorquerollesTorre del • Port-Cros island: trolling methods beyond 50m from the coast regulated Porquerolles • Portminimum-Cros hookisland: size, trolling 8mm methods beyond 50m from the coast regulated prohibited) Cerrano in certain specific areas (maximum 2 rods, 1 hook per rod), other types • inmaximum certain specific2 rods per areas boat, (maximum maximum 2 rods,3 hooks, 1 hook minimum per rod), hook other size, types 8mm of RF forbidden • ofmaximum RF forbidden 5kg per fishermen and 10kg per boat (unless a single caught • limitations on use of longlines (restricted to the free zone to residents Bergeggi • Porquerolles island: regulated activity restricted to registered users in • Porquerollesindividual exceeds island: this regulated weight) activity restricted to registered users in with a fishing licence) certain specific areas • certainmaximum specific 5 octopus areas per person (minimum landing weight 250gr) • spearfishing prohibited • th Golfe du Lion Gathering shellfish, gorgonians and sea urchins: Golfe du Lion • Gatheringsquid fishing shellfish, allowed gorgonians only from Octoberand sea 20thurchins: to March 20 • maximum number longlines: 3; maximum number of hooks per longline: - prohibited throughout the year in certain areas • recreationalprohibited fishing throughout competitions the yearprohibited in certain (allowed areas only for boat fishing) 50; minimum size of hook: 22mm (no specific regulation) • trolling and longlines: residents(no specific only regulation) • fishing at night prohibited (between 8:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.) Portofino Scandola No specific regulation Scandola • fishing competitions prohibitedNo specific regulation • jigging and fish traps prohibited • maximum 2 rods per person, minimum hook size, 18mm • shore fishing: maximum 2 rods per person Baie et Cap Baie et Cap • fishing gear must be approved by MPA staff prior to fishing (fishermen • boat fishing: maximum 3 rods per boat and 3 hooks per rod, minimum Punta d’Antibes – No specific regulation d’Antibes – must indicate the techniquesNo specific they will regulation be using) hook size: 18mm Campanella Iles de Lérins Iles de Lérins • • trolling technique: maximum 2 lines with minimum hook size: 18mm forbidden species: E. marginatus, Sciaena umbra, Scyllarides latus • maximum 3kg per fisherman , 15kg per boat (unless a single caught Posidonies du • maximum 3 kg per fisherman per day (unless a single caught individual Posidonies du exceeds this weight) No specific regulation individual exceeds this weight)No specific regulation Cap d’Agde Cap d’Agde • cephalopod fishing permitted • boat fishing: maximum 1 rod per person, maximum 2 hooks per rod Capo • in general, priority given to residents • spearfishing prohibited CalanquesCarbonara • the use of electrically-powered devices for recreational fishing is Calanques • maximumthe use of 2electrically rods per -fisherman,powered d twoevices hooks for recreationalper rod; minimum fishing hook is size, • shore fishing: maximum 2 rods (or handlines) per person, maximum 2 prohibited 18mmprohibited (for shore and boat fishing) hooks per rod (or handline) • recreational fishing competitions are prohibited • jigging,recreational monel fishing wire linescompetitions and piomb areo prohibitedguardiano prohibited • trolling: maximum 2 rods Spain Cap de Creus • spearfishing prohibited in the partial reserve areas Spain Cap de Creus • nonspearfishing-native bait prohibited (i.e., from in outsidethe partial the reserve Mediterranean) areas prohibited • maximum 1 artificial lure per line for catching cephalopods • shore fishing prohibited from the shores of the no-take land areas, which • recreationalshore fishing fishing prohibited competitions from the prohibitedshores of the no-take land areas, which • boat fishing: maximum 5 natelli (floats) per vessel border the partial reserve area of the sea • borderspearfishing the par prohibitedtial reserve area of the sea • boat fishing: maximum 5 corks with lead weights per vessel Illes • spearfishing is prohibited within the buffer zone next to the no-take zone Illes • spearfishing is prohibited within the buffer zone next to the no-take zone • maximum 50 sea urchins per person per day Tavolara - maximum 1 rod or handline per fishermen; maximum 3 hooks per rod or Medes/Costa • within the buffer zone , recreational boat fishing allowed but only one rod Medes/Costa • within the buffer zone , recreational boat fishing allowed but only one rod • recreational fishing competitions prohibited (allowed only for boat fishing) Punta Coda handline per vessel • maximumper vessel 1 correntina per fishermen with a maximum of 6 hooks del Montgrí • fishing at night prohibited (between 8:00 p.m. and 6:00 a.m.) Cavallodel Montgrí Capo Rizzuto • spearfishing competitions prohibited throughout the park • maximumspearfishing 1 trollingcompetitions line per prohib boat ited throughout the park • spearfishing prohibited No specific regulation • fishing permitted only onNo holidays specific and regulation weekends Isla de • maximum catch: 5kg per vessel; 3kg per person Isla de • maximum 50 sea urchins per person Alborán • maximum 2 rods (or handlines) per person, maximum 2 hooks per rod Alborán (only trolling methods allowed , and fishing competitions are prohibited) • recreational(only trolling fishingmethods competitions allowed , and prohibited fishing competitions are prohibited) (or handline) • • maximum 2 lines for trolling Torre Guaceto possession/transport of spearfishing gear in MPA prohibited Cala Ratjada • maximum 4 days a week fishing per person Cala Ratjada • maximum 4 days a week fishing per person • the MPA reserves the right to set a maximum weight of catch and to limit recreational fishing competitions prohibited • maximum 3 hooks per volantín [handline] • maximum 3 hooks per volantín [handline] the number of fishermen spearfishing is prohibited • maximum 1 rod per person and 4 rods per vessel • othermaximum regulations: 1 rod per person and 4 rods per vessel • fishing competitions prohibited • fishing competitions prohibited th th - fishing permitted only from September 16 to May 14 , between • fishing prohibited between sunset and sunrise • fishingsunrise prohibited and between sunset sunset and sunrise 158 COLLECTION • minimum size for hooks required Rec• rminimumeational- maximum Fishing size for Within catch hooks Ma of rrequired 3kgine P rperotected licen ceAr eas In the Mediterranean 159 • minimum landing size for some species, such as Epinephelus • minimum landing size for some species, such as Epinephelus marginatus, are greater than they are outside the MPA marginatus, are greater than they are outside the MPA

Punta • fishing gear must be approved by MPA staff prior to fishing (fishermen Campanella must indicate the techniques they will be using) • forbidden species: E. marginatus, Sciaena umbra, Scyllarides latus • maximum 3kg per fisherman , 15kg per boat (unless a single caught individual exceeds this weight) • cephalopod fishing permitted • in general, priority given to residents • maximum 2 rods per fisherman, two hooks per rod; minimum hook size, 18mm (for shore and boat fishing) • jigging, monel wire lines and piombo guardiano prohibited • non-native bait (i.e., from outside the Mediterranean) prohibited • recreational fishing competitions prohibited • spearfishing prohibited Tavolara - • maximum 1 rod or handline per fishermen; maximum 3 hooks per rod or Punta Coda handline Cavallo • maximum 1 correntina per fishermen with a maximum of 6 hooks • maximum 1 trolling line per boat • fishing permitted only on holidays and weekends REGULATIONS• maximum THAT 50 ARE sea urchins SPECIFIC per person FOR EACH MPA • recreational fishing competitions prohibited Table. The proportion vulnerable species in the total recorded catch (in numbers for Regulations for areas where recreational fishing is each type of fishing and overall percentage). País TorreMPA Guaceto • possession/transport of spearfishing gear in MPA prohibited Annex VII • recreational fishing competitionspermitted prohibited • spearfishing is prohibited France Cerbère- • otherfishing regulations: permitted only during the day Côte Bleue species shore Boat spearfishing total % • boat fishing: maximum 12 hooks per vessel th th Banyuls - fishing permitted only from September 16 to May 14 , between Total catches: • shore sunrisefishing: and2 lines sunset with max. 6 hooks • max.- hookmaximum size number: catch of smaller3kg per than licen orce equal to Nº6 9158 Symphodus spp. 255 96 8 359 3.92 • minimum- maximum landing 2 sizes rods, for2 hooks certain per species rod; minimum such as hook brown size meagre 18mm, Symphodus tinca 114 47 15 176 1.92 maximum 25 one-day fishing licences issued daily sardine- or blue-fin tuna Symphodus roissali Bonifacio • For- a sixnon-month-native trial bait period (i.e., from in 2012: outside max. the catch: Mediterranean) 5 kg per person prohibited per day 19 107 0 126 1.38 (pending- forbidden a decision species to make and minimumthis rule permanent) landing sizes Symphodus mediterraneus 22 68 0 90 0.98 Greece Kalymnos • spearfishing: maximumNo 8 pieces information per day availa. ble Scomber japonicus • It is forbidden to fish crustaceans and E. marginatus. 11 48 0 59 0.64 Zakynthos • spearfishing prohibited inFishing one of strictlythe two prohibited protected areas Coris julis 1179 2501 4 3684 40.23 • forbidden species: crustaceans Labrus merula 16 22 6 44 0.48 Alonissos • boatshellfish fishing: gathering minimum prohibited distance for: from Pinna coast nobilis of between, Patella 0.25ferruginea and 1.5 and miles,Lithoph dependingaga lithophaga on fishing area Dicentrarchus labrax 5 6 15 26 0.28 st th • rodsgathering and handlines sea urchins only prohibited from April 1 to November 30 inclusive Total 1621 2895 48 4564 49.84 Croatia Brijuni • maximumand limited 3 to hooks three per dozen rod perfor shoreperson and per boat day fishing Cerbère-‐ • maximumminimum landing 3 hooks sizes per treblefor the hook following for shore species: and boat fishing Banyuls species Shore Boat Spearfishing total % • maximum- Labrus 2 kg merula, per day 25cm per vessel or per fisherman (unless a single caught- Labrus individual viridis exceeds, 30cm this weight) Total catches: • sale- ofSymphodus resources caught tinca, 15cmwithin this MPA is prohibited 6343 Coris julis 240 347 587 9.25 • - Sciaena umbra, 30cm it is obligatory to return egg-bearing female lobsters and crabs to the sea Seriola dumerili 0 3 3 0.05 Posidonies de • fishing techniques allowed: triple hook, bottom fishing rod and jigging for la Côte cephalopod No specific regulation Labrus merula 13 7 20 0.32 LastovoPalavasienne No specific regulation Symphodus mediterraneus 2 1 3 0.05 Archipelago Côte Bleue (except maximum of 2 rodsNo specificper shore regulation fishermen throughout the MPA) Symphodus tinca 7 7 14 0.22 Symphodus roissali 2 1 3 0.05 Slovenia PortMadona Cros/ • Spearfishing forbidden in the National Park Dicentrarchus labrax 2 16 18 0.28 Porquerolles(Natural • spearPort-Cros fishing island: and trollingshellfish methods gathering beyond prohibited 50m fromthroughout the coast the regulatedMPA Monument) in certain specific areas (maximum 2 rods, 1 hook per rod), other types Mugil cephalus 16 0 16 0.25 of RF forbidden Chlelon labrosus 17 0 17 0.27 • Porquerolles island: regulated activity restricted to registered users in certain specific areas Sciaena umbra 0 1 1 0.02 Golfe du Lion • Gathering shellfish, gorgonians and sea urchins: Scomber japonicus 0 88 88 1.39 - prohibited throughout the year in certain areas (no specific regulation) Scomber scombrus 0 135 135 2.13 Scandola No specific regulation Thunnus thynnus 0 5 5 0.08 Scorpaena scrofa Baie et Cap 3 2 5 0.08 d’Antibes – No specific regulation Dentex dentex 6 4 10 0.16 Iles de Lérins Pagrus pagrus 21 51 72 1.14 Scyliorhinus canicula 0 16 16 0.25 Posidonies du No specific regulation Cap d’Agde Total 329 684 1013 15.97 Medes species Shore Boat spearfishing total % Calanques • the use of electrically-powered devices for recreational fishing is prohibited Total catches: 150 Coris julis 13 8.67 • recreational fishing competitions are prohibited Dentex dentex 1 0.67 Spain Cap de Creus • spearfishing prohibited in the partial reserve areas • shore fishing prohibited from the shores of the no-take land areas, which Dicentrarchus labrax 4 2.67 border the partial reserve area of the sea Epinephelus marginatus 1 0.67 Illes • spearfishing is prohibited within the buffer zone next to the no-take zone Labrus sp. Medes/Costa • within the buffer zone , recreational boat fishing allowed but only one rod 1 0.67 del Montgrí per vessel Pagrus pagrus 3 2.00 • spearfishing competitions prohibited throughout the park Sarda sarda 2 1.33 Isla de No specific regulation Alborán Sciaena umbra 1 0.67 (only trolling methods allowed , and fishing competitions are prohibited) Scomber japonicus 1 0.67 Cala Ratjada • maximum 4 days a week fishing per person Scorpaena scrofa 2 1.33 • maximum 3 hooks per volantín [handline] Total 29 19.33 • maximum 1 rod per person and 4 rods per vessel • fishing competitions prohibited Cap de Creus species Shore Boat spearfishing total % • fishing prohibited between sunset and sunrise 160 COLLECTION • minimum size for hooks required Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 161 • minimum landing size for some species, such as Epinephelus marginatus, are greater than they are outside the MPA

Cap de Creus species Shore Boat spearfishing total % Total catches: Pagrus pagrus 129 61 190 0.77 3387 Coris julis 111 399 0 510 15.06 Dicentrarchus labrax 3 0 3 0.01 Sarda sarda 0 95 0 95 2.80 Coryphaena hippurus 88 67 155 0.63 Scomber japonicus 0 69 0 69 2.04 Dentex dentex 34 196 230 0.93 Scomber scomber 0 17 0 17 0.50 Seriola dumerili 29 22 51 0.21 Pagrus pagrus 9 65 0 74 2.18 Mugil cephalus 75 0 75 0.30 Symphodus cinereus 0 10 0 10 0.30 Labrus spp. 17 1 18 0.07 Symphodus mediterraneus 1 5 2 8 0.24 Sparisoma cretense 451 68 519 2.10 Symphodus tinca 4 2 1 7 0.21 Euthynnus alletteratus 145 36 181 0.73 Symphodus roissali 3 0 0 3 0.09 Thunnus thynnus 6 0 6 0.02 Symphodus ocellatus 4 0 0 4 0.12 Merluccius merluccius 1 0 1 0.00 Scorpaena scrofa 2 6 6 14 0.41 Xyrichthys novacula 0 9 9 0.04 Dicentrarchus labrax 0 5 8 13 0.38 Total 3093 1935 5028 20.34 Coryphaena hippurus 0 2 0 2 0.06 Serra Gelada species Shore Boat Spearfishing total % Dentex dentex 5 1 12 18 0.53 Total catches: 813 Dicentrarchus labrax 0.59 Seriola dumerili 0 1 0 1 0.03 Euthynnus alletteratus 6.50 Thunnus alalunga 0 1 0 1 0.03 Sarda sarda 3.46 Epinephelus marginatus 2 0 15 17 0.50 Scomber japonicus 6.56 Sciaena umbra 0 0 7 7 0.21 Pagrus pagrus 1.46 Mugil cephalus 0 0 4 4 0.12 Coryphaena hippurus 9.67 Labrus viridis 0 0 1 1 0.03 Dentex dentex 4.34 Labrus merula 3 0 0 3 0.09 Seriola dumerili 10.78 Total 144 678 56 878 25.92 Xyrichthys novacula 4.69 Côte des Auxis rochei 1.17 Albères species Shore Boat Spearfishing total % Thunnus thynnus 1.17 Total catches: Total 50.39 1750 Coris julis 152 173 325 18.57 Tabarca species Shore Boat Spearfishing total % Scomber scomber 0 6 6 0.34 Total catches: 1376 Pomadasys incisus 28 2.03 Pagrus pagrus 7 60 67 3.83 Symphodus tinca 113 8.21 Symphodus sp. 12 3 15 0.86 Scorpaena scrofa 8 0.58 Symphodus mediterraneus 1 0 1 0.06 Dicentrarchus labrax 54 3.92 Symphodus tinca 3 0 3 0.17 Dentex dentex 34 2.47 Scorpaena scrofa 0 1 1 0.06 Epinephelus marginatus 2 0.15 Dicentrarchus labrax 2 0 2 0.11 Sciaena umbra 74 5.38 Dentex dentex 3 2 5 0.29 Mugil cephalus 18 1.31 Mugil cephalus 7 0 7 0.40 Labrus merula 105 7.63 Labrus merula 0 1 1 0.06 Total 436 31.69 Scyliorhinus canicula 0 4 4 0.23 Porquerolles species Shore Boat Spearfishing total % Total 187 250 437 24.97 Total catches: ? Coris julis 53.00 Plemmirio species Shore Boat Spearfishing total % Total catches: Labrus sp. 5.00 24722 Coris julis 1945 1388 3333 13.48 Coryphaena hippurus 2.00 Sarda sarda 170 81 251 1.02 Sarda sarda 2.00 Scomber scomber 0 6 6 0.02 Total 62.00

162 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 163 Leaflet: The Bonifacio MPA implemented experimental regulation of recreational fishing for a 6-month period during 2012; recreational fishermen had to declare their intention to fish in the Annex IX MPA beforehand to the Environmental Office of Corsica, and catches were limited to 5kg per fisherman day; after consultation with local stakeholders, it will be decided whether or not to make the regulations permanent.

Table. Italian MPA regulations illustrating the complete ban on spearfishing. “Vietata”=forbidden. Source: “La pesca subacquea in apnea nelle aree marine protette. Ministero dell’Ambiente e Annex VIII della Tutela del Territorio e del Mar. DIREZIONE PROTEZIONE DELLA NATURA – Segreteria tecnica per la tutela del mare e la navigazione sostenibile”.

164 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 165 166 COLLECTION Recreational Fishing Within Marine Protected Areas In the Mediterranean 167 The MedPAN collection

The MedPAN collection is a series of publications designed to provide Marine Protected Areas (MPA) managers and other stakeholders in the Mediterranean, guidance, practical and useful information, experience feedback or overviews on key MPA management issues.

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The MedPAN collection is an initiative of the MedPAN organization and several partners, including RAC/SPA, WWF, IUCN Mediterranean, ACCOBAMS, the French MPA Agency and the Conservatoire du Littoral. It is edited by MedPAN, the network of MPA managers in the Mediterranean.

The network of Marine Protected Areas managers in The Mediterranean www.medpan.org