DOCSLIB.ORG

Ireland in the Reign of Henry VIII: the Making of Tudor Political Theology, 1515-47

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ireland in the Reign of Henry VIII: the Making of Tudor Political Theology, 1515-47 Ireland in the reign of Henry VIII: the making of Tudor political theology, 1515-47 James Leduc Vol. 2 of 2 The University of Dublin, Trinity College The School of Histories and Humanities The Department of History Supervisor: Professor Jane Ohlmeyer Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy (2021) i Table of contents Part II: Convulsions Chapter 5: ‘True’ Christian crown subject-hood after the royal supremacy and Act of Kingly Title 2 5.1: Archbishop George Browne and the ‘true Christian crown subject’, 1538 5.2: Enforcing the Reformation, 1537-9 5.3: The Butler affinity and ‘true Christian crown subject-hood’, 1536-46 5.4: A new Christian political theology of ‘truth’ I: the problem of dissimulation, 1535-40 5.5: A new Christian political theology of ‘truth’ II: scales of perfection, 1540-6 5.6: The sacrament of power: the ‘new life’ of ‘true’ crown subject-hood, 1541-6 5.7: Conclusion Chapter 6: The rhetorics of monarchical and viceroyal order: the proliferation of sovereigns, faction, and the disordered ruler 54 6.1: Law and the proliferation of sovereigns, 1515-34 6.2: The earl of Kildare and the convulsions of office, 1533-7 6.3: The problem of war and peace, 1520-40 6.4: The disordered ruler: Leonard Grey, faction, and moral governance, 1535-40 6.5: James Butler, Anthony St Leger, and the ‘overmighty’ ruler, 1540-7 6.6: Conclusion Chapter 7: The Henrician economy of treason I: war, law, and sovereign power 100 7.1: War, treason, and the seas, 1518-46 7.2: Legislation, faction, and war: the expanding scope of treason, 1531-9 7.3: Treason, war, and sovereign power, 1534-9 7.4: Power, circumstance, and the rule of law: the case of pardons, 1534-9 7.5: Imperium, ‘civility’, and the retroactive power of treason, 1540-2 7.6: Conclusion Chapter 8: The Henrician economy of treason II: spiritual and civil (dis)order and the polarisation of Tudor political theology 137 8.1: Treason and heresy, 1400-1530 8.2: Prophecy and imperium, 1515-39 ii 8.3: Civil and ecclesiastical hierarchies of command and the political theology of holiness, 1500-39 8.4: The polarisation of Tudor political-theological order, 1535-46 8.5: The ‘trial of this country’, 1546 8.6: Conclusion Chapter 9: Oaths and interpolity order: governing the ‘true Christian crown subject’ between princely, lordly, and papal sovereignties, 1520-47 176 9.1: Oaths, diplomacy, and interpolity order, 1520-43 9.2: Rebellion, militarization, and the royal commissioners: the expanding scope of oaths and the changing terms of association, 1534-47 9.3: The royal supremacy and the Act of Kingly Title, 1536-46 9.4: Oaths, dissimulation, and the Janus-faced nature of Tudor political-theological order 9.5: Conclusion Chapter 10: Conclusion: Reframing the sixteenth century: order, law, and the political theology of the Tudor state 218 10.1: ‘Religion’, ‘politics’, and the ‘secular’ in Tudor Ireland 10.2: Tudor Ireland: law, treason, and ‘civility’ 10.3: Toward a political-theological genealogy of secularism and the ‘state’ Bibliography 251 1 Part II: Convulsions 2 Chapter 5: ‘True’ Christian crown subject-hood after the royal supremacy and Act of Kingly Title It was not long after Henry VIII’s break with Rome that the Henrician doctrine of obedience began to inflect the ‘office-based’ parameters of allegiance, service, and subject-hood in Ireland. As we saw in chapter one, obedience in Tudor political theology served a similar function to faith in Lutheran theology: it was the precondition for salvation. With the royal supremacy, the ‘realm’ became ‘church-like’, obedience and faith were conflated, obedience to God was equivocated with obedience to the king, and Christ’s salvific prerogative was ambivalently assimilated to the crown’s sovereignty. This same doctrine of obedience, as we shall now see, also underpinned the terms of Tudor service, subject-hood, and crown submission in Ireland. The ‘office of true obedience’ became the precondition for ‘true subject-hood’ in several ways, all of which centred on a revitalised concern with ‘truth’ as a newly contested site of divine and civil order. The result was manifold, and all dimensions present distinctly Tudor and Irish iterations of Christendom-wide phenomena in the age of Reformation. If the final decade of Henry VIII’s reign witnessed the ever-more salient presence of distinctly Reformation hues in the terms of service and in the dynamics of rivalry and conflict in the Pale and beyond,1 the discourse of ‘reform’ itself underwent important changes. The 1530s witnessed a change in the century-old ‘rhetoric of reform’: no longer exclusively targeting the English population of the colony, a new conciliatory element was introduced that also integrated the Irish within its fold.2 Yet a further shift beholden to a distinctly Reformation political theology of ‘truth’ occurred between 1536 and 1543, one that galvanised anew the older, ‘office- based’ problem of the possible disjuncture between inner conviction and outward expression within the post-Reformation terms of order and subject-hood as a potent threat to Tudor sovereignty. If in England, the ‘trumpeting of inner faith over outward works became a badge of the new [Henrician] orthodoxy’,3 in Ireland, it became an indicator of the progress the king’s new Irish subjects had made in becoming ‘true’ and 1 See chapters 6-9. 2 Christopher Maginn and Steven G. Ellis, The Tudor discovery of Ireland (Dublin, 2015). 3 Lucy Wooding, Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England (Oxford, 2000), p. 82. 3 ‘civil’. Henrician obedience re-intensified older concerns with heartfelt commitment to the crown as the guarantor of the truth and trustworthiness of the subject’s service. This chapter explores the combined weight of both post-royal supremacy theocracy and the concentration of imperium in the constitutional settlement of 1541 in Ireland by focusing on the political theologies of Tudor Christian serviceable subject- hood. Beginning with the new Tudor Christian crown subject formally inaugurated in Archbishop of Dublin, George Browne’s ‘Beads’ (1538) and ‘Articles of religion’ (1538), the discussion then traces the impact of the royal supremacy on Anglo-Irish order and discourse as the administration enforced the Reformation. It then analyses the dissimulatory fount of Tudor political theology after 1536 and the new contours and depths of ‘civility’, conformity, and obedience it gave way to in the 1540s as these became increasingly indexed to ‘honesty’ and gradations of ‘perfection’. The chapter ends by showing how these gradations of perfection became quasi-salvific signs of the fulfilment of the process of becoming truly ‘civil’ and obedient, that, as we saw in chapter three, lay at the heart of the discourse of ‘civility’, but which in the final decade of Henry VIII’s reign – and despite the royal supremacy formally leaving the potestas ordinis of the clergy beyond its reach – was galvanised and re-oriented anew into a sacramental fount of governmental order and power predicated upon the ‘new life’ English-Irish and Irish lords entered upon submitting to the crown. 5.1: Archbishop George Browne and the ‘true Christian’, 1538 If the royal supremacy in theory made all into renewed testaments of God’s will and truth in the world, it was two years after the parliamentary statute that at the hands of Archbishop of Dublin, George Browne, it became a de iure model for the truth of Christian crown subject-hood and service in Ireland. Lamenting the limits on his jurisdiction as chief ecclesiastical agent of the king’s cause, Browne requested in January 1538 that Cromwell, ‘for the good love and mind that you bear unto the mere and sincere doctrine of God’s Word, and also unto the advancement and setting forward of our Most excellent Prince’s right title’, grant him special powers, like he had over all parishes in England, to execute his office properly so that his ‘faithful heart and diligent service’ could pay dividends.4 Browne then devised the ‘Form of the Beads’ as a model 4 SP Henry VIII, ii, p. 540. 4 for divine service in the lordship. But they were also more: it implied a vision of spiritual-civil order and hierarchy through which God’s word and the king’s just title were disseminated and rightfully recognised. Although historians see Browne’s injunctions as a doctrinally ‘conservative’ statement,5 such a characterisation obscures the radical transformation of Christian crown subject-hood they embodied, a transformation that harnessed, at the thresholds of ‘orthodox’ and ‘evangelical’ theology, the terms of spiritual and civil order of the royal supremacy into the projected basis of Christian governance at the pulpit and in the parish. If the archbishop’s 1538 injunctions against the clergy amounted to what James Murray called a ‘handbook for Henry VIII’s new model Irish clergy’,6 both it and the ‘Beads’ – more ambitiously – blurred the spiritual and the temporal into the single, dutiful purpose of promoting the king’s cause by generalising service to the figure it simultaneously conjured: the ‘true Christian crown subject’. The ‘Beads’ stipulated that not only should every ‘true Christian subject of this land’ ‘acknowledge and obediently recognize’ the royal supremacy; they should also ‘speak, publish, teach their children and servants the same, and show unto them’ how the ‘Bishop of Rome hath heretofore usurped not only upon God, but also upon our Prince’.7 Although the injunctions’ ambiguous language when it came to the doctrine of justification will be examined in section 5.6, consider now the affinities between Luther’s doctrine of the priesthood of all believers and the politico-theological dynamics at work here, even if Browne by no means expounded the doctrine itself.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Reform Treatises and Discourse of Early Tudor Ireland, C
    The Reform Treatises and Discourse of Early Tudor Ireland, c. 1515‐1541 by Chad T. Marshall BA (Hons., Archaeology, Toronto), MA (History and Classics, Tasmania) School of Humanities Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania, December, 2018 Declaration of Originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Signed: _________________________ Date: 7/12/2018 i Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Signed: _________________________ Date: 7/12/2018 ii Acknowledgements This thesis is for my wife, Elizabeth van der Geest, a woman of boundless beauty, talent, and mystery, who continuously demonstrates an inestimable ability to elevate the spirit, of which an equal part is given over to mastery of that other vital craft which serves to refine its expression. I extend particular gratitude to my supervisors: Drs. Gavin Daly and Michael Bennett. They permitted me the scope to explore the arena of Late Medieval and Early Modern Ireland and England, and skilfully trained wide‐ranging interests onto a workable topic and – testifying to their miraculous abilities – a completed thesis. Thanks, too, to Peter Crooks of Trinity College Dublin and David Heffernan of Queen’s University Belfast for early advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Hunting for the Genetic Legacy of Brian Boru in Irish Historical Sources
    Hunting for the genetic legacy of Brian Boru in Irish historical sources. Catherine Swift, Mary Immaculate College Having won an English chariot from an Italian gentleman at play, my uncle had our arms painted on the panels in a more splendid way than ever (surmounted, as we were descended from the ancient kings) with an Irish crown of the most splendid size and gilding. I had this crown in lieu of a coronet engraved on a large amethyst signet-ring worn on my forefinger; and I don’t mind confessing that I used to say the jewel had been in my family for several thousand years, having originally belonged to my direct ancestor, his late Majesty, King Brian Boru or Barry. I warrant the legends of the Heralds’ College are not more authentic than mine was.1 In his travels in Ireland in 1842, Thackeray followed the course of the Shannon up river from Tarbert to Limerick and then travelled through Clare to Galway, visiting “a decent little library” in Ennis where he bought “six volumes of works strictly Irish”. As he describes them subsequently, “these yellow-covered books are prepared for the people chiefly” and included tales of a highwayman entitled Adventures of Mr James Freeny, legends in Hibernian Tales2 and “the lamentable tragedy of the ‘Battle of Aughrim’ writ in the most doleful Anglo-Irish verse.” He does not refer explicitly in his Irish Sketchbook to Brian Boru but it seems fair to assume that his description of Barry Lyndon’s ancestry was based, at least in part, on stories he had heard when travelling through Thomond or, perhaps, even elsewhere in Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • Piety, Sparkling Wit, and Dauntless Courage of Her People, Have at Last Brought Her Forth Like
    A Popular History of Ireland: from the Earliest Period to the Emancipation of the Catholics by Thomas D'Arcy McGee In Two Volumes Volume I PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. Ireland, lifting herself from the dust, drying her tears, and proudly demanding her legitimate place among the nations of the earth, is a spectacle to cause immense progress in political philosophy. Behold a nation whose fame had spread over all the earth ere the flag of England had come into existence. For 500 years her life has been apparently extinguished. The fiercest whirlwind of oppression that ever in the wrath of God was poured upon the children of disobedience had swept over her. She was an object of scorn and contempt to her subjugator. Only at times were there any signs of life--an occasional meteor flash that told of her olden spirit--of her deathless race. Degraded and apathetic as this nation of Helots was, it is not strange that political philosophy, at all times too Sadducean in its principles, should ask, with a sneer, "Could these dry bones live?" The fulness of time has come, and with one gallant sunward bound the "old land" comes forth into the political day to teach these lessons, that Right must always conquer Might in the end--that by a compensating principle in the nature of things, Repression creates slowly, but certainly, a force for its overthrow. Had it been possible to kill the Irish Nation, it had long since ceased to exist. But the transmitted qualities of her glorious children, who were giants in intellect, virtue, and arms for 1500 years before Alfred the Saxon sent the youth of his country to Ireland in search of knowledge with which to civilize his people,--the legends, songs, and dim traditions of this glorious era, and the irrepressiblewww.genealogyebooks.com piety, sparkling wit, and dauntless courage of her people, have at last brought her forth like.
    [Show full text]
  • Louth Estate Papers
    National Library of Ireland Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann Collection List No. 90 Louth Papers (MSS 40,032-40,117; MS 34,907; MS L 96-97) A collection of estate and family papers of the Plunkett family, Barons Louth, of Louth Hall, county Louth, 1548-1941. Complied by Dr Paul Dillon, holder of the Studentship in Irish History provided by the National Library of Ireland in association with the Irish Committee of Historical Sciences & Ciara McDonnell, Assistant Keeper, 2001-2004. 1 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................4 I. ESTATE PAPERS..................................................................................................14 I.i. Title Deeds..........................................................................................................14 I.i.1. County Louth...............................................................................................14 I.i.2. Counties Kildare, Meath and Monaghan and other property ......................22 I.ii. Leases & Agreements........................................................................................25 I.ii.1. County Louth..............................................................................................25 I.ii.2. Counties Meath, Monaghan & other places ...............................................34 I.iii. Lease Lists........................................................................................................37 I.iv. Proposals for land transactions
    [Show full text]
  • A Letter from Ireland: Volume 2
    A Letter from Ireland: Volume 2 Mike Collins lives in County Cork, Ireland. He travels around the island of Ireland with his wife, Carina, taking pictures and listening to stories about families, names and places. He and Carina share these pictures and stories at: www.YourIrishHeritage.com He also writes a weekly Letter from Ireland, which is sent out to people of Irish ancestry all over the world. This volume is the second collection of those letters. A Letter from Ireland: Volume 2 Irish Surnames, Counties, Culture and Travel Mike Collins Your Irish Heritage. First published 2014 by Your Irish Heritage Email: [email protected] Website: www.youririshheritage.com © Mike Collins 2014 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilised in any form or any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. All quotations have been reproduced with original spelling and punctuation. All errors are the author’s own. CREDITS All photographs and illustrative materials are the author’s own. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the many individuals who granted A Letter from Ireland permission to reprint the cited material. ISBN: DESIGN Cover design by Ian Armstrong, Onevision Media Your Irish Heritage, Old Abbey, Cork, Ireland PRAISE FOR ‘A LETTER FROM IRELAND’ It's a great book for those, like myself, who have read a great deal about the history in which my ancestors live but still scratch their heads feeling like there's something missing. Mike fills in many of those gaps in interesting and thought provoking ways, making you crave more.
    [Show full text]
  • IRISH PASSENGER LISTS Published in U.S. Newspapers
    IRISH PASSENGER LISTS Published in U.S. Newspapers Thomas Jay Kemp IRISH PASSENGER LISTS Published in U.S. Newspapers Thomas Jay Kemp © Copyright 2020, GenealogyBank Cover Illustration Photo: Dunluce Castle, County Antrim, Ireland Credit: Kenneth Allen; Wikimedia Commons © 2020 NewsBank All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America GenealogyBank, a division of NewsBank, Inc. 5801 Pelican Bay Boulevard, Suite 600 Naples, Florida 34108 www.GenealogyBank.com (866) 641-3297 About GenealogyBank GenealogyBank is a leading online genealogical resource from NewsBank, Inc. GenealogyBank’s exclusive newspaper archive features over 13,000+ small town and big city historical newspapers across the U.S. from 1690 to present day to help you discover and document your family story. You’ll find births, marriages, engagement notices, hometown news, obituaries and much more! Search today and get a glimpse into the triumphs, troubles and everyday experiences of your American ancestors. NewsBank, Inc. has been one of the world’s premier information providers for more than 35 years. Through partnerships with the American Antiquarian Society, Wisconsin Historical Society and more than 3,000 publishers, NewsBank is uniquely qualified to offer some of the most comprehensive genealogical information available – and to provide new content regularly. About the Author Thomas Jay Kemp is a librarian and archivist. He is the author of dozens of reference books and hundreds of articles about genealogy and family history. Tom previously served as the Chair of the National Council of Library & Information Associations (Washington, D.C.) and as Library Director of both the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and the New England Historic Genealogical Society.
    [Show full text]
  • A Letter from Ireland
    A Letter from Ireland Mike Collins lives just outside Cork City, Ireland. He travels around the island of Ireland with his wife, Carina, taking pictures and listening to stories about families, names and places. He and Carina blog about these stories and their travels at: www.YourIrishHeritage.com A Letter from Ireland Irish Surnames, Counties, Culture and Travel Mike Collins Your Irish Heritage First published 2014 by Your Irish Heritage Email: [email protected] Website: www.youririshheritage.com © Mike Collins 2014 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilised in any form or any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. All quotations have been reproduced with original spelling and punctuation. All errors are the author’s own. ISBN: 978-1499534313 PICTURE CREDITS All Photographs and Illustrative materials are the authors own. DESIGN Cover design by Ian Armstrong, Onevision Media Your Irish Heritage Old Abbey Waterfall, Cork, Ireland DEDICATION This book is dedicated to Carina, Evan and Rosaleen— my own Irish Heritage—and the thousands of readers of Your Irish Heritage who make the journey so wonderfully worthwhile. Contents Preface ...................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................ 4 Section 1: Your Irish Surname .......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of State Papers Ireland Tudor Period 1547–1553
    calendar of state papers #3 (1547-53)_Layout 1 05/12/2014 11:18 Page i Calendar of State Papers Ireland Tudor Period Commission 1547–1553 Manuscripts Irish Material: Copyrighted calendar of state papers #3 (1547-53)_Layout 1 05/12/2014 14:51 Page iii COIMISIÚN LÁMHSCRÍBHINNÍ na hÉIREANN Calendar of State Papers Ireland Tudor Period Commission 1547–1553 Manuscripts Revised Edition Irish Edited by Colm Lennon Material: Copyrighted Irish Manuscripts Commission 2015 calendar of state papers #3 (1547-53)_Layout 1 05/12/2014 14:51 Page iv Commission Manuscripts Copyright © 2015 Irish Manuscripts Commission Irish Colm Lennon has asserted his right to be identified as the author of the text in accordance with the Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000, Section 107. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. Material: Published by Irish Manuscripts Commission 45 Merrion Square Dublin 2 www.irishmanuscripts.ie ISBN 978-1-906865-50-4 Copyrighted Typeset by Carole Lynch in Times Index compiled by Julitta Clancy Printed by O’Sullivan Print calendar of state papers #3 (1547-53)_Layout 1 08/12/2014 16:59 Page v CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii General Introduction to NEW CALENDAR OF STATE PAPERS, IRELAND 1509–1585 ix Nicholas Canny Commission Introduction to STATE PAPERS, IRELAND 1547–1553 xiii Colm Lennon Note on other sources xv Abbreviations xvii Manuscripts STATE PAPERS, IRELAND 1547–1553 1 SP 61, Vol. 1, March 1547 – December 1548 1 SP 61, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Tony Heffernan Papers P180 Ucd Archives
    TONY HEFFERNAN PAPERS P180 UCD ARCHIVES [email protected] www.ucd.ie/archives T + 353 1 716 7555 F + 353 1 716 1146 © 2013 University College Dublin. All rights reserved ii CONTENTS CONTEXT Administrative History iv Archival History v CONTENT AND STRUCTURE Scope and Content vi System of Arrangement viii CONDITIONS OF ACCESS AND USE Access x Language x Finding Aid x DESCRIPTION CONTROL Archivist’s Note x ALLIED MATERIALS Published Material x iii CONTEXT Administrative History The Tony Heffernan Papers represent his long association with the Workers’ Party, from his appointment as the party’s press officer in July 1982 to his appointment as Assistant Government Press Secretary, as the Democratic Left nominee in the Rainbow Coalition government between 1994 and 1997. The papers provide a significant source for the history of the development of the party and its policies through the comprehensive series of press statements issued over many years. In January 1977 during the annual Sinn Féin Árd Fheis members voted for a name change and the party became known as Sinn Féin the Workers’ Party. A concerted effort was made in the late 1970s to increase the profile and political representation of the party. In 1979 Tomás MacGiolla won a seat in Ballyfermot in the local elections in Dublin. Two years later in 1981 the party saw its first success at national level with the election of Joe Sherlock in Cork East as the party’s first TD. In 1982 Sherlock, Paddy Gallagher and Proinsias de Rossa all won seats in the general election. In 1981 the Árd Fheis voted in favour of another name change to the Workers’ Party.
    [Show full text]
  • Private Sources at the National Archives
    Private Sources at the National Archives Small Private Accessions 1972–1997 999/1–999/850 1 The attached finding-aid lists all those small collections received from private and institutional donors between the years 1972 and 1997. The accessioned records are of a miscellaneous nature covering testamentary collections, National School records, estate collections, private correspondence and much more. The accessioned records may range from one single item to a collection of many tens of documents. All are worthy of interest. The prefix 999 ceased to be used in 1997 and all accessions – whether large or small – are now given the relevant annual prefix. It is hoped that all users of this finding-aid will find something of interest in it. Paper print-outs of this finding-aid are to be found on the public shelves in the Niall McCarthy Reading Room of the National Archives. The records themselves are easily accessible. 2 999/1 DONATED 30 Nov. 1972 Dec. 1775 An alphabetical book or list of electors in the Queen’s County. 3 999/2 COPIED FROM A TEMPORARY DEPOSIT 6 Dec. 1972 19 century Three deeds Affecting the foundation of the Loreto Order of Nuns in Ireland. 4 999/3 DONATED 10 May 1973 Photocopies made in the Archivio del Ministerio de Estado, Spain Documents relating to the Wall family in Spain Particularly Santiago Wall, Conde de Armildez de Toledo died c. 1860 Son of General Santiago Wall, died 1835 Son of Edward Wall, died 1795 who left Carlow, 1793 5 999/4 DONATED 18 Jan. 1973 Vaughan Wills Photocopies of P.R.O.I.
    [Show full text]
  • I I
    I • i i I - I y i l ';<] : i » Vi r * » A SAGA OF THREE CENTURIES The French Guerins of The Glen Thomas Guerin MONTREAL 1963 hiiîi O_iL? nil'•'■-•'He ii> v n as l*VtiimnlHrtr)Ci' cvi'-Jr lolioiu Hseoe DtucnI,' .'daft conic . IV vil* Kouïujïl 'Ui'.Wu's.'iv u ..i C.'iiitiiaadci llic Xciial" Vicliitian i?Tdc-t-.■'v-iiui'il ofCftact ai.' è u' it .' C 5a ml lolui of 1 «xiiaatcui. QicVafivt ■ of ! lu i <o.'p.'(d ofïic/nTiui. .îiNtft bti'oroo. TlCsUx TPunj 'f An»,' and '.'lincjJnaC <V£e.a ixl'd ofc,XîÜ jtefaiid. Üe^idiiax Auo ik.iiuil'il’tXiiciiAald of llic 1 au col Old ex o? ; .>'••< I. Ci,.' ■' ~.l l’.i l.i i,.>l.d .1 -> i ^ -..-cil., .. .u-i-r.ch.M. üalfi, ùith mai'e in.’ fu H dînas que rit' - of'.’e Vitnx Pi;oul’i ''.>i Xi fiUTV ifiiu it '.ii h . îlTc'j'xl’Vuice of »'»<(T«c .and 5 oni______________fr Canada, i\ *i?d.|uiiï". .saliiiiq t'.vtS Niai. Cilla, il c^it mot.n i' Siujaiu filtVC filial 6<CH IlicA Ulld 6oXUC (!|J iu famUnlolutn .v iu>l apWc.x-L 1»> l!ave 6cc.it. lic\dii(i)\c ucarii.' 1 lie -uc.il .1^ ,l W Il II .1 mil.' lùciu .and filial il.'.'iu'ii.i llial .'uili XT ~~------ - VliSoiit in in-u) .?i lnc[iidic.’ ÇU IS UT DEUS lie.xx au.' advance _ infmncd 6n iVucifiif nullieiUu- fx xeiiidle.xed cuid :c<üi.'.’i' n ll'.c 0 tf.ee of iliiin ëxiiiniuf Siiiu' in x< fund, ta [fie end Ul.ll ni.' .'tf’iee-ld cficA-TMO tftcie.
    [Show full text]
  • The Plantation of Leix and Ojfaly
    1891 61 The Plantation of Leix and Ojfaly F all the allies of ' Silken Thomas' there was none more loyal O to him in the hour of his distress than his brother-in law, Downloaded from Brian O'Conor, prince of Offaly. When Gilapatrick O'More, chief of the O'MoreB of Leix, allowed himself to be seduced to the English side, O'Conor remained faithful to his allegiance, and together with O'Brien, prince of Thomond, bore the brunt of lord Leonard Grey's displeasure. In the spring of 1587, only a few http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ weeks after Kildare's head had fallen on Tower Hill, a great hosting was instituted against him, and the lord deputy advancing by unaccustomed paths into his territory, then a vast wilderness of bog and forest-land, expelled him from the country, razed his fortresses to the ground, and appointed Cahir O'Conor, whose ambition had led him into treasonable practices again his brother, chief in his stead. The expedition was deemed ' a notable exploit;' at New York University on May 27, 2015 but before the year had expired O'Conor had returned to his old haunts and was soon as strong as ever. Truly, as St. Leger wrote to Cromwell, the country was much easier won than kept; ' for unless it be peopled with others than be there already, and also certain fortresses, there builded and warded, if it be gotten the one day it is lost the next.' l The task of suppressing O'Conor seemed hopeless, and partly for this reason, partly also perhaps because his conscience reproached him for his excessive severity, Grey offered him terms of peace.
    [Show full text]