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Spartacist No. 53 Summer 1997

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Spartacist No. 53 Summer 1997 SPARTACJT NUMBER 53 ENGLISH EDITION SUMMER 1997 Il====== I China on the Brink-- Workers Political Revolution or Capitalist Enslavement? SEE PAGE 2 Permanent Revolution vs . the "Anti-Imperialist 'United Front" The Origins of Chinese Trotskyism SEE PAGE 21 Original Documents Published from Soviet Archives Trotsky's Fight Against Stalinist Betrayal of Bolshevik Revolution . SEE PAGE 36 Revolutionary Regroupment or . Centrist Alchemy? SEE PAGE 56 AUSTRALlA ... A$2 BRIT»'IN ... £1 CANADA ..• CDN$2 IRELAND ... IR£1 SOUTH AFRICA ... R3 USA ... US$1.S0 2 SPARTACIST For a Leninist-Trotskyist Party! China on the Brink: Workers Political Revolution or Capitalist Enslavement? A decisive turning point in the history of the Chinese Revolution is approaching. Whether the increasingly assertive forces for capitalist restoration succeed in destroying the gains of the 1949 Revolu­ tion, or whether workers political revolution sweeps away the corrupt Beijing Stalinist bureaucracy, will not only determine the fate of the Chinese people, but will leave a huge imprint on the countries of East Asia and beyond. The death this February of China's "paramount leader," Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-ping), occa­ sioned countless commentaries from capitalist spokesmen around the world lauding his market "reforms" which led to the privatization of small and medium-scale industries and opened whole areas of the country to foreign capitalist investment. Yet the more farsighted of the bourgeois media also noted that the "reforms" have created conditions for social turmoil. Over 100 million poor and middle peasants, displaced by the liquidation of the rural communes and the return to privately operated agri­ culture, have poured into the cities and towns searching for work. Meanwhile, there is a growing cleavage in economic development and living stan­ dards between the southeast coastal and Yangtze River delta areas-the primary recipients of foreign investment-and the rest of the country, from the rural hinterland to centers of state~owned. heavy industry in northeast and central China. Even as the New York Times praised Deng for the "dynamism of his reforms," this newspaper of record for U.S. imperialism worried about "how incomplete and therefore tenuous those reforms remain." No sooner had the official memorial services for Deng concluded than the U.S. and other imperialist pow­ Tiananmen Square, Beijing, May 1989-Chinese workers ers moved to demand that China slash investment defended student protesters, opposed Deng's pro-capitalist in state-owned industries as a condition for joining "reforms." When working people entered the protests en the World Trade Organization and "to speed the masse, the Stalinist regime trembled. opening of the country's economy" (New York Times, 2 March). policy of reintegration of Hong Kong and Taiwan with the In this regard, the reversion of Hong Kong to Chinese mainland on a capitalist basis. This fall, the national con­ control on July 1 after 150 years as a British colony is a sig­ gress of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) may feature nal event. The Beijing Stalinists long ago declared that the an open battle for succession between the sclerotic "Old takeover would in no way threaten Hong Kong's capitalist Guard" of longtime party veterans and a "third generation" economy, putting forward their "One China, two systems" of younger officials who mostly seek to enrich themselves ..... ·1111 ; I SUMMER 1997 3 , ,~' Chinese Stalinists have pledged to maintain capitalism in Hong Kong after July 1 takeover. The "magic of the marketplace" means bright lights and limousines for the wealthy few, while tens of thousands of laborers in Hong Kong live in wire­ mesh cages. in a "free market"-i.e., capitalist-China. This could be by a class-conscious proletariat which had undergone long the context for a bid for political power by openly capitalist­ years ·of political struggle and which saw the seizure of restorationist elements. '. power as the first step in world socialist revolution. The political heirs of Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) have In contrast, the CCP came to power through a military­ brought the Chinese Revolution to the abyss. The 1949 seizure .. bureaucratic, social overturn. Modeling itself on the USSR of power by Mao's peasant-guerrilla army over the Guomin-' under Stalin's bureaucratic regime, Maoist rule followed the dang (Kuomintang) Nationalist regime of Chiang Kai-shek. Stalinist dogma of building "socialism" in a single country. shattered capitalist rule and liberated the country from sub­ Denying the fundamentaIMarxistunderstanding that social­ servience to Japanese and Western imperialism. The Chinese ism can only be built at the highest level of technology and Revolution created the conditions for enormous gains for \ economy, requiring' the extension' of socialist revolution workers, peasants and women. The huge defeat the Chinese to advanced industrial 'countries, this-nationalist schema Revolution represented for the U.S. and other imperialist pow­ expressed the material interests of the bureaucratic caste ers was brought home by the intervention of China's People's which usurped power in the Soviet Union in 1923-24. like­ Liberation Army (PLA) in the Korean War of 1950-53, which wise. Mao's Stalinist regime defended the interests of the saved North Korea from being overrun by the American impe-' rialists and their South Korean puppet regime. But what issued out of the 1949' Revolution was a ,English Edition , bureaucratically deformed workers state, ruled by a privi­ leged caste headed by the, CCP and PLA leadership. A key factor conditioning this 'outcome was the atomized state of the Chinese proletariat, which had suffered two decades of SPARTACJST ~. deadly repression under both the. Guomindang and the An Organ of Revolutionary Marxism bloody Japanese occupation which began with the seizure of Published by the International Executive Committee of the Manchuria in 1931 and spread to the major cities in 1937. International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist) As well, the Chinese working class had been repeatedly and EDITORIAL BOARD: Elizabeth Gordon '(editor), James Robertson grievously betrayed by Stalinism, most notably in the defeat and Emily Tanner (associate editors), Helene Brosius, Jon Brule, George Foster, Jane Kerrigan, Len Meyers, Sam Price, Reuben of the 1925-27 Revolution. Furthermore, China had under­ Samuels, Joseph Seymour, Alison Spencer, David Strachan gone a severe economic decline related to the world depres­ sion of the 1930s, cutting into the prospects for a revival of PRODUCTION MANAGER: Susan Fuller even elemental trade-union struggle. CIRCULATION MANAGER: Mindy Sanders There was a qualitative difference between the 1949 Chi­ SPARTACIST PUBLISHING COMPANY nese Revolution and the 1917 October Revolution in Russia Box 1377 GPO, New York, NY 10116, USA Phone: (212) 732-7862 Opinions expressed in signed articles or lett~rs d~ not necessarily led by Lenin and Trotsky's Bolshevik Party. The Russian express the editorial viewpoint. Revolution created a state regime of proletarian democracy instituted through the rule of workers, peasants and soldiers Number 53 ~X-523 Summer 1997 soviets (councils). The October Revolution was carried out II , , "~::rm::III:::::r:: ::I::!I:I:rnn:m ::!II:nlo:::mlllll:rrnlllllml::lI ::lIID:rr:: I:: 'Ir: ~mr.JmI][]mllImlIlm::m::' ::: ': ::UJIIIIIII[:mlCmr:::I:' 4 SPARTACIST +'·r' '~ Victorious People's Liberation Army enters Beijing, 1949. The Chinese proletarian masses were bystanders as the Maoist-led revolution finally threw out Chiang Kai-shek and the Guomindang capitalist regime. CCP/PLA bureaucracy which ruled from the inception of enormous wealth in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and the People's Republic of China. elsewhere in the Pacific Rim. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991-92, after decades But the dreams of the bureaucrats and bankers of a peace­ of military and especially economic pressure from world ful, bountiful restoration of capitalism are illusory. The state imperialism, proved the bankruptcy of the Stalinist schema the Stalinists administer is based on the revolution which of "socialism in one country" once and for all. But if this expelled the Chinese bourgeoisie and created a nationalized dogma was utopian and reactionary under Soviet conditions, economy; It is on the basis of China's collectivized econ­ it was all the more absurd to claim that China on its own omy-a prerequisite for socialist development-that we could achieve the advanced state of development necessary Trotskyists have always called for the military defense of for creating a socialist society as the country groaned under the Chinese deformed workers state against capitalist the weight of an impoverished peasantry making up three­ forces-including defending its right to a nuclear arsenal. fourths of its population. Now in the "post-Soviet" world, At the same time, we fight for a proletarian political revolu­ imperialist pressures on China and remaining countries tion led by a Trotskyist party to remove the parasitic, nation­ where capitalist rule and imperialist overlordship have been alist ruling caste which stands as an obstacle to the develop­ overthrown-North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam-have increased ment of a socialist society and which today offers itself as qualitatively, while the imperialist powers, centrally the U.S. brokers to the imperialists. and Japan, are positioning themselves for a fight over the The aims of China's would-be exploiters-centrally to
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