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Is Mouse Hair Morphology Consistent Throughout the Suborders Myomorpha and Castorimorpha?

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Is Mouse Hair Morphology Consistent Throughout the Suborders Myomorpha and Castorimorpha? JCBPS; Section B; May.2015–July.2015, Vol. 5, No. 3; 2601-2620. E- ISSN: 2249 –1929 Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Available online atwww.jcbsc.org Section B: Biological Sciences CODEN (USA): JCBPAT Research Article Is Mouse Hair Morphology Consistent throughout the Suborders Myomorpha and Castorimorpha? 1Britten Sessions, 2 Wilford M. Hess, 3 Michael Rice, 4 Jared Donaldson, and *5 Brad Carmack 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, US 84602, 2 Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, 3 Department of Microbiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 4, 5* Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, US Received: 13 April 2015; Revised: 30 April 2015; Accepted: 04 May 2015 Abstract: Surface scale patterns of 18 Utah mouse species from the families Cricetidae, Dipodidae, Heteromyidea, and Muridae were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hair width, scale length, patterns, and positions in relation to the longitudinal direction of hair were used to characterize differences and similarities in hair morphology between species within the families studied. Previous mouse hair studies have provided data about distinct mammalian underfur and guard hair characteristics; our results confirm that mouse hair morphology consists of distinct guard hair and underfur which were identified by width size and pattern. Statistical analysis was used to characterize hair morphology for the species studied. Keywords: Hair characteristics, identification chart, hair morphology, mouse, Rodentia, SEM, Utah. 2601 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3; 2601-2620. Is Mouse … Carmack et al. INTRODUCTION Mice have long lived with and near humans. Found in essentially every terrestrial habitat, mice have learned to adapt to a variety of conditions and environmental surroundings. Each family has evolved to more specially adapt to its given conditions: Animals in the family Muridae have small hands and strong forelimbs allowing them to jump easier. Animals in the family Dipodidae has long back feet and tail to more easily keep its balance, and the family Heteromidae has pouches to more easily transport food1. Although mouse size tends to vary between 5 and 30 cm, the body length, especially the tail, depends upon the need for greater stability and balance, especially when climbing trees1. Natural selection has played a large role in the preservation of and further diversification of the species of mice. The two rodent suborders Myomorpha and Castorimorpha, which include most of the species of mice, constitute 1,671 described species which is nearly a fourth of all mammalian species. Only the order Chiroptera claims a species diversity of comparable magnitude at 1,116 species2, 3. Due to the length of time in which mice have evolved, large variations and diverse characteristics posit mice as excellent subjects for hair studies with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hair samples of species from Myomorpha and Castorimorpha, found in Utah, were selected to determine the variation in hair morphology selected from were studied to determine hair scale patterns, ascertain uniformity among the samples, and compare the results to findings of other mammalian hair studies. Various light, electron microscopy, and image analysis procedures have been used to study mammalian hair 4-22. Many studies have helped to further identify and classify hair structure and morphology 23, 26. However, though mammalian hair research in general has expanded, very little research, including classification, had been done on mouse hair 27, 29. In the last thirty years, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SEM analyses of mammalian hair have become popular due to their comparative advantages in magnification and resolution 30. Morphological differences in scale structure and patterns of mammalian hair vary significantly from species to species26, 31, 32. The availability of SEM images and morphological analysis of hair of mouse species will be useful for taxonomic, forensic, and archaeology applications 4, 10, 33-37. Due to controversies in classification of hair of mouse species, SEM analysis could provide a useful tool for further identification of individual species of mice1. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to identify and characterize the hair morphology of the selected 18 species of mice, and compare the results to previously conducted studies. EXPERIMENTAL Selected mouse hair samples were secured from 18 specimens in the Monte L. Bean Life Sciences Museum at Brigham Young University. To achieve uniform results of both guard hair and underfur, the hair samples were cut at or near the shoulder 38. Previous studies determine that hair morphology from tanned and untanned specimens appears to be identical 38, and unpublished results3. Following previously described procedures 8, 9, 38, hair samples were submerged in distilled water with a drop of Teepol detergent. The samples were sonicated for three minutes to remove dirt and debris. Samples were then rinsed in distilled water and air dried. For each species specimens were positioned on aluminum stubs mounted with carbon film. Notches were filed into stubs to assist with specimen orientation on stubs. However, for some specimens the small size of the hair made it difficult to carefully orient the specimens. 2602 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3; 2601-2620 Is Mouse … Carmack et al. The samples were sputter coated with gold and images were recorded with an FEI XL 30 ESEM FEG (FEI Company, Hillsboro, Ore., USA) as described by Castillo, et al 39. Where possible, hair width was measured at the widest points of hair surfaces. Where curvature was present (Figs. 41-43), hair shafts were also measured at points of maximum width. It has been confirmed that hair height can vary considerably even on one shaft of hair. As such, hair height was averaged by taking several measurements on one hair, repeated on as many hairs as necessary to obtain 30 measurements. Each hair was measured using Image J software (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/). Figs. 1-6: Scanning electron micrographs of mammalian hair. Family Cricetidae: Brush Mouse (1-3) Cactus Mouse (4-6). 2603 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3; 2601-2620 Is Mouse … Carmack et al. Figs. 7-12: Scanning electron micrographs of mammalian hair. Family Cricetidae: Canyon Mouse (7-9), Deer Mouse (10-11), Northern Grasshopper Mouse (12). 2604 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3; 2601-2620 Is Mouse … Carmack et al. Figs. 13-18: Scanning electron micrographs of mammalian hair. Family Cricetidae: Northern Grasshopper Mouse (13-15), Pinyon Mouse (16-18). 2605 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3; 2601-2620 Is Mouse … Carmack et al. Figs. 19-24: Scanning electron micrographs of mammalian hair. Family Cricetidae: Southern Grasshopper Mouse (19-21). Family Dipodidae: Western Jumping Mouse (22-23). Family Heteromyidae: Dark Kangaroo Mouse (24). 2606 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3; 2601-2620 Is Mouse … Carmack et al. Figs. 25-30: Scanning electron micrographs of mammalian hair. Family Heteromyidae: Dark Kangaroo Mouse (25-26), Desert Pocket Mouse (27-29), Great Basin Pocket Mouse (30). 2607 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3; 2601-2620 Is Mouse … Carmack et al. Figs. 31-36: Scanning electron micrographs of mammalian hair. Family Heteromyidae: Great Basin Pocket Mouse (31-32), Little Pocket Mouse (33-34), Long-tailed Pocket Mouse (35-36). 2608 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3; 2601-2620 Is Mouse … Carmack et al. Figs. 37-42: Scanning electron micrographs of mammalian hair. Family Heteromyidae: Long-tailed Pocket Mouse (37), Olive-Backed Pocket Mouse (38-40), Rock Pocket Mouse (41-42). 2609 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3; 2601-2620 Is Mouse … Carmack et al. Figs. 43-48: Scanning electron micrographs of mammalian hair. Family Heteromyidae: Rock Pocket Mouse (43), Silky Pocket Mouse (44-46). Family Muridae: House Mouse (47-48). 2610 J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. Sec. B, May 2015 – July 2015; Vol.5, No.3; 2601-2620 Is Mouse … Carmack et al. Figs. 49-53: Scanning electron micrographs of mammalian hair. Family Muridae: House Mouse (49-50), Western Harvest Mouse (51-53). Hair morphology was classified following the patterns given by Teerink 26. These included three terms to describe scale position in relation to the longitudinal direction of the hair: transversal, longitudinal, and intermediate. Descriptive scale pattern terms were also after Teerink 26. Three new descriptive scale patterns were observed and designated: elongate broad petal (a cross between Teerink’s elongate and broad petal patterns); joint-cusp (interlocking bone pattern); and jagged elongate (similar to Teerink’s elongate petal pattern but with jagged edges). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION For each of the orders and species listed below, SEM was used to visualize morphological characteristics of scale patterns of underfur and guard hair. Comparative descriptions are given which have been summarized in Table-1. SEM was also used to measure guard hair and underfur widths and heights (at least 30 measurements for each species), which are summarized in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Statistical box plot values
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