Agriculture and Forestry in Bavaria Facts and Figures 2002

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Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landwirtschaft und Forsten

www.landwirtschaft.bayern.de www.forst.bayern.de Introduction Contents

2 Politicians, professionals and socie- 1. Agriculture as an economic sector 5 ty at large must continuously adjust Gross output 5 Value added 5 to new agropolitical challenges. Agricultural productivity 5 Reliable information is a great help. Employment in agriculture and forestry 5 Bavaria’s food industry 5 This brochure contains selected Dairy structure 6 facts and figures from the Agricul- Slaughterhouse structure 6 tural Report 2002. They provide an 2. Bavarian foreign trade in food and agricultural products 6 Bavarian exports of food and agricultural products by recipient countries 7 insight into the current situation in Bavarian exports of food and agricultural products by food groups 7 agriculture and forestry, and underline their importance for Agricultural imports 7 Consumer expenditure 8 Bavaria. Food supply in Bavaria 8 Safeguarding the competitiveness and sustainability of 3. Agricultural employment in Bavaria 8 4. Structural changes in Bavarian agriculture 9 Bavaria’s agricultural, forestry and food industries remains a Full-time holdings 9 primary objective of Bavarian agrarian policy. To effectively Part-time holdings 10 Leasehold farming 10 support farming in Bavaria, we depend on open and objective 5. Economic situation of farm holdings in Bavaria 10 dialogue in our society. This must be based on a commitment to 6. Agricultural consultancy and administrative organisation 12 the environment and solidarity with family farms. Organisation, tasks, personnel 12 Use of IT in specialist schools and in agricultural support programmes 12 Bavaria is a major agricultural region at the heart of Europe, 7. Farm succession and professional qualification in Bavaria 13 Professional education in agriculture 13 and our farmers produce high-quality food. They also preserve 8. Agrarian social policy 13 and care for the highly diverse, man-made landscapes so 9. Plant production 14 Land distribution 14 appreciated by our fellow citizens, by holidaymakers and by Integrated crop management 14 those seeking relaxation in the countryside. As the owners of Green gene engineering 14 woodland, farmers carry additional economic and ecological Organic farming 15 10. Land use in Bavaria 15 responsibility. This brochure illustrates the great diversity of Cereals 16 farming activities and the contribution farmers make towards Potatoes 16 Sugar beet 16 enriching our society. Hops 16 Oil-producing crops 17 Fodder crops and permanent grassland 17 Alpine farming and forestry 17 Wine 17 Horticulture 18 Fruit farming 18 Josef Miller 11. Animal products industry 19 Production and marketing 19 Bavarian State Minister of Agriculture and Forestry Cattle keeping 19 Milk production and delivery 20 Milk processing 20 Pig keeping 20 Sheep keeping 21 Publisher: Poultry keeping 21 Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Postfach 22 00 12, 80535 München, Germany Horse keeping 22 [email protected]; www.stmlf.bayern.de Fisheries 22 www.landwirtschaft.bayern.de; www.forst.bayern.de 12. Rural development through land consolidation and village renewal 23 RB No. 08/03/03 of November, 2002 13. Non-food utilisation of biomass 23 Editorial office: Public Relations and Agricultural Statistics Office 14. Funding of agropolitical measures 24 Photographs: Lehr 1,4,8,15; StMLF archive; 12,21,23; Günter 22 15. Forestry and the timber industry 25 Graphics: Sainer Werbeagentur GmbH, 82166 Gräfelfing Forest area and social functions of forests 25 Translation: Jennifer Pockrandt, Reichertshausen Printing: Aumüller Druck, Regensburg Forest damage, forest conservation and research 28 Organisational structure/personnel of the Bavarian Forestry Administration 29 Paper made from certified sustainable Certified to Management of state-owned forest 30 forestry products PEFC/04-4-0003 Privately-owned and communal woodland 31 Statistics from : Bavarian State Agency for Statistics and Data Processing – Timber industry and the market situation 32 Bavarian Agricultural Report 2002 16. Hunting 32 1. Agriculture as an economic sector

Gross output Table 1 3 The value of Bavaria’s gross agricultural output (exclud- Gross output, input-related expenditure and ing forestry and fisheries) in 1999 was EUR 8.15 billion. gross value added of Bavarian agriculture and forestry Indicator 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 >>> Table 1 in EUR mill. Value added Gross output 8,383 8,801 8,929 8,559 • Input-related expenditure 4,769 4,835 4,951 4,866 • In the last two years, Bavarian agriculture and forestry Gross value added 3,615 3,966 3,978 3,693 4,070 has seen an increase of some 10 % in its gross value added, to a figure of EUR 4.1 billion in 2001, when Bavaria’s contribution to Germany’s gross value added was just under 18 %. Chart 2 The agribusiness sector comprises agriculture together Productivity One Bavarian farmer provided ... persons with food: with its up- and downstream industries. Of the EUR 129 billion which make up the gross value added of German 120 110 agribusiness, farming accounts for 17 %, upstream in- 100 dustries for 6 % and downstream industries for 77 %. 80 66 60 51 37 Agricultural productivity 40 28 The number of farm holdings in Bavaria has decreased 20 15 0 continuously over the past few decades. At the same 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 time, there has been a huge increase in agricultural productivity. >>> Chart 2 Table 3 Bavarian food industry Employment in agriculture and forestry Indicator Number Total Sales in of plants employees EUR billion In 2001, 214,000 persons were gainfully employed in 1995 2001 1995 2001 1995 2001 agriculture. This is 15,000 fewer than in 1999 and cor- Manufacturing/pro- responds to 3.6 % of the working population. cessing establish- One out of eight jobs in Bavaria depends directly or indi- ments with 20 or more employees 997 980 89,830 92,621 17.10 19.69 rectly on the agricultural sector. This means that some Fewer than 12 % of the working population are employed in agricul- 20 employees 475 440 2,856 2,740 0.43 0.41 ture and forestry or in upstream or downstream seg- Food ments. trades 10,287 • 114,062 96,809 6.15 5.90 Total food Bavaria’s food industry industry 11,759 •206,748 192,170 23.68 26.00 In 2001, the Bavarian food industry posted sales of EUR 26.0 billion. A total of 192,000 people were employed in the industry’s two segments, food manufacturing and Table 4 processing, and the food trades. Bavarian dairy companies by raw-material input The Bavarian food manufacturing and processing seg- Year Total Raw-material input exceeding... but less than.... ment accounts for three quarters of food-industry sales. in 1 000 t/year/dairy company Within Bavaria, more than half of the food industry’s less 50 100 150 200 300 than to bis to to or workforce is employed in the food trades segment 50 100 150 200 300 more Number of (bakers, butchers, etc.). In 2001, 96,800 employees gene- dairy companies rated annual food-trade sales of EUR 5.9 billion. 1992 110 52 24 12 9 9 4 >>> Table 3 1995 103 44 25 9 10 11 4 Dairy structure 1998 95 41 21 12 5 10 6 2000 92 40 17 13 6 10 6 Dairy farming in Bavaria continued to restructure during the period under review. In 2000, the number of dairies decreased to 122, and the number of dairy companies dropped to 92. By the end of 2001, there were 89 companies managing 121 dairies. Bavaria encourages investments that will lead to further structural improvements in dairy farming and thus increase profits and promote competitiveness. >>> Table 4 2. Bavarian foreign trade in food and agricultural products

4 Slaughterhouse structure Since 1970, Bavaria’s agricultural and food industry has Currently, some 2,000 small slaughterhouses and 45 increased its exports by over 700 %. Food of animal ori- medium-sized and large EU-approved slaughterhouses gin accounts for the major part of this increase, while are registered in Bavaria. exports of live animals have decreased significantly. – A dense network of slaughterhouses is the prerequi- >>> Chart 5 site for short transport distances. In 2000, agricultural exports from Bavaria (excluding – Available slaughtering capacities are geared to regional trade between the Laender) totalled EUR 4.71 billion. production volumes. Bavaria accounts for 18.3 % of Germany’s agricultural – Mixed slaughterhouse ownership promotes competi- exports (including those from the new Laender), i.e. tion and benefits farmers. more than any other state. – Most of the supraregional slaughterhouses have been The 15 EU countries remain the most important export able to improve their capacity utilisation, which is market for agricultural goods. 82 % of agricultural important if they are to be competitive on the national exports, with an approximate value of EUR 3.9 billion, and international markets. go to these countries. However, trade with Central and Eastern European countries (CEP countries) is also very important. In 2000, Bavaria exported agricultural goods to the value of EUR 345 million to these countries. >>> Chart 6

Chart 6

Bavarian agricultural trade in EUR mill. 6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Agricultural exports Agricultural imports

Chart 5

Bavarian agricultural exports since 1970 by commodity classes in EUR mill. 589 2,151 3,461 4,711 5000 of which to EU countries 82.3 % 85.2 % 82.2%

4000

3000

1,319 1,948 2,235 2000 339 299 193 1,520 905 1000 225 827 156 523 111 85 97 129 0 1970 1980 1990 2000

Live animals Beverages and tobacco Food of Food of Total animal origin vegetable origin Bavarian exports of food and agricultural products Chart 7 5 by recipient countries Bavaria’s exports of agricultural and food products Bavaria’s major agricultural trading partner is Italy. This in 2000 by major export markets holds for both exports and imports, although exports clearly exceed imports. The highest import surplus is in Other countries 21.0 % agricultural trade with the Netherlands. France 12.8 %

Of Bavaria’s non-EU trading partners, Russia was the Austria 10.4 % most important export market in 2000, followed by the Netherlands 6.3 % USA, Switzerland, Poland, the Czech Republic and Japan. Altogether, Bavaria exported agricultural and Belgium food products to 175 countries during 2000. Luxembourg 5.8 % Bavaria exported agricultural and food products worth Spain 3.9 %

EUR 226.6 million to countries acceding to the EU. Great Britain 3.7 % Imports from these countries amounted to EUR 345.3 Greece 3.3 % million. >>> Chart 7 Italy 32.8 %

Bavarian exports of food and agricultural products by food groups The major animal-origin agricultural exports were Chart 8 cheese (19.2 %), milk and fresh milk products (12.8 %) Bavaria’s exports of agricultural and food products and meat and meat products (12.9 %). These three food in 2000 by major agricultural products groups accounted for some 45 % of total agricultural Other agricultural products 26.2 % exports. Miscellaneous foodstuffs of vegetable origin, Tinned fruits and including soups, sauces, pasta and baked goods, made vegetables 1.9 % up 18.0 % of 2000 exports. Wheat 1.7 %

>>> Chart 8 Hops 2.3 % Agricultural imports Beer 2.4 % In 2000, Bavaria imported goods to the value of just Sugar 2.6 % under EUR 4.4 billion. Of these, foodstuffs of vegetable Milk 12.8 % Meat and origin made up the lion’s share. meat products 12.9 % >>> Chart 9 Miscellaneous foodstuffs of vegetable origin 18.0 %

Cheese 19.2 %

Chart 9

Bavaria’s agricultural imports since 1970 by commodity classes in EUR mill. 5000 978 1,887 3,002 4,366 of which from EU countries 69.1 % 75.3 % 78.0 %

4000

3000 2,458

2000 1,172 1,804 469 215 32 1,198 1000 771 674 684 204 385 85 42 27 15 0 1970 1980 1990 2000

Live animals Beverages and tobacco Foodstuffs of Foodstuffs of Total animal origin plant origin 6 Chart 10 The major suppliers of imports to Bavaria in 2000 were Bavaria’s agricultural and food imports Italy, the Netherlands and France. The share of imports in 2000 by major supplier countries from EU countries has increased from two-thirds to more than three-quarters since 1980. Other countries 24.9 % >>> Charts 10 and 11 Hungary 2.5 % Denmark 3.0% Consumer expenditure Greece 3.0% The share of consumer expenditure that goes on food Spain 4.4 % has decreased considerably. In all households, expen-

Belgium diture on food and drinks (excluding canteen meals and Luxembourg 4.7 % meals out) accounted for only 15.6 % of private spen- Austria 9.2 % ding. Expenditure on food and non-alcoholic drinks France 12.6 % accounted for only 11.8 % of private spending. Netherlands 13.7 % >>> Chart 12 Italy 22.0 % The proportion of agricultural income attributable to consumer expenditure on food has decreased steadily, Chart 11 from about 50 % in 1970 to some 40 % in 1985 and 28 % by 2001. Bavaria’s agricultural and food imports in 2000 by major products >>> Chart 13

Fruit, including tropical and Food supply in Bavaria subtropical fruits 15.1 % Other agricultural Whereas food self-sufficiency has largely been achieved products and foodstuffs 23.6 % in the EU for the most important food groups, Bavaria is Tinned vegetables dependent on imports of pork and poultry meat, eggs, and fruit Fruit juices 4.5% wine, fruit and vegetables. There are substantial sur- Tobacco products 4.9 % Live plants and pro- pluses of cheese, milk, beef and veal as well as sugar. ducts for ornamental gardening 4.9 % >>> Chart 14 Wine 6.1 % Cheese 7.1% Meat and meat products 9.9 % Vegetables and culinary herbs 10.1 % Miscellaneous foods of vegetable origin 13.8 %

Chart 12

Share of private-sector expenditure that goes on food in Germany

% share Chart 14 20 18.5 16.5 Self-sufficiency levels for various food groups 15.6 15 2000 in % 12.8 11.2 10.5 Fruit 10

4.9 4.9 4.5 Vegetables 5

0 1991 1995 2000 Cereals Food Food, drinks and tobacco products combined Meals out/takeaways, etc. Sugar

Chart 13 Milk Share of agricultural income attributable to consumer spending on food of domestic origin Poultry % share 1980/81 2000/01 meat 80

64 Beef and veal 48 Cheese 32 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 16 100

0 EU Germany Bavaria Eggs Milk/Milk Slaughter Sugar beet/ Potatoes Cereals/ products stock/Meat and Sugar Cereal products meat products

3. Agricultural employment in Bavaria 4. Structural changes in Bavarian agriculture

In 2001, 385,400 persons were employed full-time or In 2001, there were 5,737 farm holdings with less than 7 part-time on Bavarian farm holdings. Of these, farmers 2.0 ha UAA. The total number of recorded holdings and their families accounted for 84 % (323,700 persons), (including special crops) was 146,162, with altogether while the remaining 16 % (61,700 persons) were non- 3,276,791 ha of UAA. In Bavaria, 97 % of all holdings are family farm workers. sole enterprises, managing 92.3 % of the UAA. The agricultural workforce in Bavaria has decreased by Bavarian agriculture has undergone pronounced struc- 55 % since 1975; the number of holdings has decreased tural changes. Since 1971, the number of holdings has by only half. The decline in labour input per 100 ha is more than halved. equally pronounced and reflects a huge increase in pro- >>> Chart 17 ductivity. The average UAA managed by the remaining farms has The average labour input is 4.7 AWU (annual work units) been increasing steadily. In 1990, the average holding per 100 ha UAA (utilised agricultural area). For full-time (excluding those with < 2 ha UAA) managed 16.9 ha UAA. holdings, the figure is slightly higher at 4.9, and for part- time farms slightly lower, at 4.1. In 2001, the average holding (excluding those with >>> Chart 16 < 2 ha UAA) managed 23.3 ha UAA. Structural changes affected holdings in different ways, depending on the size class. In 2001, only farms of 40 ha or more UAA showed an increase in numbers. Chart 16 >>> Chart 18 Decrease in farm employment The proportion of part-time holdings is currently 57.8 %. Holdings/workers Workers in 1000 per 100 ha There have been more part-time than full-time holdings 600 16.0 in Bavaria since 1987. 14.0 500 >>> Chart 19 12.0 400 10.0 300 8.0 Full-time holdings 6.0 200 In 2001, full-time holdings accounted for 42.2 % of all 4.0 farms (sole enterprises) and for 69 % of UAA. 100 2.0 0 0.0 1965 1975 1985 1995 2001 Between 1999 and 2001, the average size of full-time holdings increased by 2.4 ha, to 35.0 ha UAA. Chart 17 Decrease in the number of holdings in Bavaria (with 2 ha or more UAA) 400,000 352,659 301,999 300,000 243,372 200,000 198,765 149,057 140,425 100,000

1960 1970 1980 1990 1999 2001

Chart 18 Bavarian holdings by size classes Holdings 1979 1989 2001 80,000 79,077 70,000 63,391 61,026 60,000 49,234 50,000 46,794 36,864 40,000 36,647 34,441 33,044 30,000 26,686 21,632 19,698 20,307 21,396 20,000 15,640 14,366 10,000 3,523 5,794 0 2 to below 5 5 to below 10 10 to below 20 20 to below 30 30 to below 50 50 or more

Chart 19 Full-time and part-time holdings as a percentage of all farm holdings 60

40 1971 1974 1979 1983 1985 1987 1991 1995 1997 1999 2001 Full-time holdings Part-time holdings 8 Chart 20 Part-time holdings Share of leasehold land in Bavaria In 2001, 57.8 % of farm holdings and 31 % of UAA in Leasehold land ha leasehold land Bavaria were managed on a part-time basis. as percentage UAA per holding 50 16.0 Part-time holdings play a highly significant role in 14.0 40 Bavaria in the conservation of cultivated (man-made) 12.0 30 10.0 landscapes and, in particular, of ecologically valuable 8.0 grassland areas. 20 6.0 4.0 The average size of part-time holdings increased in 2001 10 2.0 to 11.5 ha UAA. 0 0.0 1971 1981 1991 2001 Leasehold farming In 2001, 92,435 holdings held 1,364,400 ha UAA under Chart 21 lease, an average of 14.8 ha of additional UAA per holding (full-time holdings: 17.7 ha UAA, part-time holdings: Farmland buying prices EUR/ha 6.3 ha UAA). 40,000 Acreage was increased primarily by leasing and seldom 32,599 31,686 28,909 30,000 by purchasing. The proportion of land held under lease 24,619 20,488 has accordingly increased, and now accounts for some 20,000 42 % of UAA. Just under 90 % of this leasehold land is 10,654 leased from non-family members. 10,000 >>> Chart 20 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 The high demand for leasehold land has driven rents to a relatively high level. At least 33 % of leasehold land costs EUR 256/ha or more, although there are marked Chart 22 differences between rents for arable land and for grass- 2000 prices for farmland in Bavaria’s different administrative districts land. Whereas grassland can be leased for EUR 173 EUR/ha UAA per ha, arable land costs EUR 259. This is EUR 86 or 50 % 40,000 34,441 more than for grassland. 30,000 28,714 26,070 The number of farmland sales has remained relatively 21,735 constant since 1975, at 4,000 to 6,000 sales a year (4,494 20,000 18,425 16,546 16,104 sales in 2000). This corresponds to annual sales of 10,000 between 4,300 and 9,000 ha of UAA (7,240 ha in 2000)

0 The price of farmland is influenced not only by produc- Upper Lower Upper Upper Central Lower Swabia Bavaria Bavaria Palatinate Franconia Franconia Franconia tivity but also by non-farming factors. There are large regional differences in Bavaria. >>> Charts 21 and 22 Chart 23

Aggregate agrarian funding by Bavaria, the Federal Republic and the EU in 2001 by source of funds

Bavaria: EUR 756 million (including consultancy)

FRG: EUR 1,329 million

EU: EUR 993 million Table 24 5. Economic situation Profits for full-time holdings in 2000/2001 Indicator Unit Business year of farm holdings in Bavaria 2000/2001 Farm size ha UAA 40.69 Farm labour AWU/holding 1.61 of whom: family labour AWU/holding 1.51 Average profits of full-time holdings increased in Disparity % 26 9 2000/2001 to EUR 32,411, an 18.7 % gain on the previous Profit EUR/ha UAA 797 year. Profit EUR/family AWU 21,459 Profit EUR/enterprise 32,411 >>> Table 24 Total income EUR/owner (=married couple) 35,832

Despite an increase in UAA since 1981/82 of approxi- Chart 25 mately 18 ha per farm, the number of farm workers on Growth in incomes for full-time holdings in Bavaria farms obliged to keep accounts has remained the same. EUR 1000 1981/82 1991/92 2000/2001 Especially during the 90s, farms showed a strong pro- 40 ductivity rise. 30 Annual non-farm income of farms obliged to keep accounts rose between 1981/82 and 2000/2001 from 20 approximately EUR 800 to approximately EUR 3,500. 10 >>> Chart 25 0 EUR/year EUR/year/family AWU EUR/year Price trends within the various product groups cause Profit/enterprise Profit/family AWU Total income profits to differ widely, depending on the type of farming. The 2000/01 boom in prices on the pig market, for Table 26 Profits for full-time holdings in 2000/01 by types of farming instance, caused pig-farm profits to soar to double those Indicator Unit Type of farming Market Forage Live- Permanent Mixed of the average farm. crops crops stock crops farming >>> Table 26 Proportion of farms % 16.1 73.9 4.4 1.4 4.2 In terms of the overall income of a married couple Farm size ha UAA 57.04 36.99 41.01 29.30 46.60 owning a holding, the profits of part-time holdings are Farm labour AWU/farm 1.55 1.59 1.67 3.13 1.73 comparable with those of full-time holdings. of whom: family AWU/farm 1.37 1.53 1.54 1.93 1.57 >>> Table 27 Profit EUR/ha UAA 630 799 1,462 1,589 760 Profit EUR/family AWU 26,314 19,337 38,854 24,133 22,566 In 2000, nearly 5,000 holdings were being operated in Profit EUR/ enterprise 35,922 29,559 59,964 46,573 35,435 accordance with organic farming rules. On average, the Total EUR/owner profits made by organic farms are only slightly lower income (=married than the profits of conventionally operated holdings. couple) 37,385 33,228 65,706 52,908 38,575 During the business year 2000/01, organic farms received on average EUR 19,205 in aid, which is 64.2 % of profits Table 27 or 18.6 % of revenues. Profits for part-time holdings in 2000/2001 Indicator Unit Business year >>> Table 28 2000/2001 Farm size ha UAA 17.09 In 2000/01, an average full-time holding in Bavaria re- Farm labour AWU/farm 0.78 ceived government aid to the value EUR 16,685. This of whom: family labour Family AWU/farm 0.78 included the EU’s compensatory payments and animal Profit EUR/ha UAA 491 premiums, compensatory payments for less-favoured Profit EUR/enterprise 8,363 regions, the Man-Made Landscape Programme, invest- Total income EUR/owner (=married couple) 30,940 ment promotion and subsidies for green diesel. On average, the aid package accounted for 12.3 % of revenues Table 28 Profits for full-time organic farm holdings in 2000/2001 or 51.5 % of profits. Indicator Unit Business year 2000/2001 >>> Charts 23 and 29 Farm size ha UAA 36.45 Farm labour AWU/farm 1.60 of whom: family labour Family AWU/farm 1.50 Profit EUR/ha UAA 821 Profit EUR/family AWU 19,884 Profit EUR/enterprise 29,925 Total income EUR/owner (=married couple) 36,844

Chart 29 Financial aid for farm holdings in 2000/2001 EUR 1000/enterprise Profit Aid package 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Market crops Fodder crops Livestock Permanent crops Mixed farming 6. Agricultural consultancy and administrative organisation

10 Organisation, tasks, personnel Use of IT in specialist schools and in agricultural The main areas of responsibility are: support programmes – Provision of advice on matters relating to agriculture Students at the specialist schools of agronomics learn and to home economics, including advice on structu- how to use standard software (e.g. word processing and ral trends and income combination spreadsheet programs) as well as programs which are – Vocational adult education tailored specifically to the agricultural sector. Special importance is attached to the use of programs for pro- – Vocational training and on-going education cessing farm-specific data. This helps to motivate the – Schooling in agronomics students and equips them well for their future work. – Administrative duties relating to agriculture as well as One of the main uses of IT in the administrative sector co-operation in the implementation of regulations continues to be the processing of applications for finan- imposed by other authorities cial support. In 2000, a total of 491,710 applications for – Agricultural support, including the payment of premi- the various forms of support available were processed ums and compensations as provided for by state, electronically. Of these, 403,804 applications were for federal and EU law land-related support, 81,301 for animal-related support – Applied research and the compilation of scientific and 6,605 for investment measures. research results for use in practice These duties are shared by 47 county offices for agriculture, which also serve as training centres for initial and ongoing vocational education and provide advice on home economics, by 61 schools of agriculture, eight state institutes, the Technology and Development Centre, five teaching and research institutes, three research station administrations, the Schwaiganger state stud farm, the “Staatliche Führungsakademie” training centre for food, agriculture and forestry, and the district government departments of agriculture.

Government agricultural consultancy in Bavaria* (Organisation and legal basis)

Bavarian Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry

* As of January 1, 2003, the Bavarian Institutes State Bavarian Staatliche Government level Institutes for Führungs- research Government for Business Economics and Agricultural akademie station specialist Structure, for Soil Cultivation and Plant Pro- Business schools of Economics adminis- duction, for Livestock Breeding, for Fisheries, for Food, trations agronomics for Nutrition and for Agro-engineering, as well and Agricultu- Agriculture ral Structure as the government research station adminis- and Forestry Advanced trations, will combine to form the Bavarian Soil Cultivation agricultural Institute for Agriculture. As of January 1, 2004, and Plant Government training Production teaching colleges the teaching and research institutes for ani- and research mal husbandry and the Schwaiganger State Viniculture and Technology institutes Schools of Stud Farm will be incorporated as well. The Horticulture and Develop- for animal agriculture Bavarian Institute for Apiculture will combine Livestock ment Centre husbandry (Level II) with the Institute for Viniculture and Horti- Breeding culture as of January 1, 2003. Schools of Fisheries agricultural Apiculture State Stud engineering Farm Nutrition Schwaiganger Specialist Agro- academy of engineering agriculture

Technical 7 District Supervisory Body Administrative 7 Directorates governments, for Matters district guidelines for Rural Legal basis: departments Relating to level and Development 1. “Gesetz zur Förderung der Bayerischen Landwirtschaft” information of agriculture Livestock Breeding of August 8, 1974 (BayRS 787-1-E) 2. “Verordnung über die Landwirtschaftsämter” of Sept. 4, 2001 (GVBl. p. 493, BayRS 7801-2-L) County 47 Offices for Agriculture 3. “Geschäftsordnung für die Landwirtschaftsämter” level with 61 Schools of Agriculture (Level I) of December 12, 2001 (AIIMBI 2002, p. 22) As of January 1, 2002 7. Farm succession and professional qualification in Bavaria

In 1999, 56.5 per cent of all farm owners aged over 45 Chart 30 11 either had no successor, or continued operation of the Farm succession in Bavaria in 1999 farm was uncertain. Share in % Continued operation is uncertain in 50 per cent of the full-time farm holdings and in about 63 per cent of the Full-time holdings part-time farm holdings, either because there is no successor or because the transfer of ownership has not Part-time holdings been resolved. 0 20406080100 >>> Chart 30 Farm succession Farm succession No farm succession ensured uncertain In the case of full-time farm holdings, more than three fifths of the successors have an agricultural background, whereas with part-time farm holdings, 87 per cent of the successors have a non-agricultural training. Chart 31 Professional education in agriculture Beginners in agricultural professions in 2001 In 2001, 1,856 persons started in-company training for an Farmer 561 agricultural profession. The most sought-after profession was that of horticulturist, followed by farmer. The ad- Rural home ministrative divisions of Upper Bavaria, Central Franco- economist 65 nia and Swabia reported the highest trainee figures. >>> Chart 31 Horticulturist 757

The number of people sitting the examination for a mas- Others 418 ter craftsman’s diploma has been decreasing since 1994. Since 1975, 11,229 persons have passed the examination Forester 55 in farming, 4,460 persons in rural home economics, and 2,836 persons in horticulture. Another 2,577 persons have qualified as animal husbandry experts, horse husbandry specialists, fisheries specialists, foresters, hunters, wine growers, agricultural distillers, dairy experts or dairy laboratory assistants. Chart 32 >>> Chart 32 Master craftsman’s diploma awards in 2001

Dairy specialist/ laboratory technician 22

Distiller 12

Animal/horse husbandry specialist 19

Wine grower 8

Horticulturist 75

8. Agrarian social policy Rural home economist 68

Farmer 178

Apart from insurance for the farming population against accidents, illness, old age and nursing care, income support and measures to cushion the social effects of agricultural restructuring are also goals of agrarian social policy. The independent agrarian social security system is geared to the special characteristics of agricultural living and working conditions, and has, on the whole, proved its worth. Administration of the social insurance scheme for farmers is the responsibility of the Farmers’ Associa- tion and the old-age, health and nursing-care insurance funds it has set up. They are public corporations and are subject to regulatory control by the Bavarian Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Family Affairs and Women. 9. Plant production

12 Chart 33 Land distribution Land distribution in Bavaria in 2001 Agricultural and forested areas account for 85 per cent of the overall land, and are thus a characteristic feature Agricultural land 50.6% of Bavaria’s man-made landscape. Buildings and However, in Bavaria too, agricultural land continues to unused land 5.2 % be sacrificed for other purposes. Traffic area 4.6 % In 2001, utilised agricultural area (UAA) in Bavaria amoun- Water ted to 3.26 million ha (overall area 7,055 million ha). bodies 1.9 % >>> Chart 33 Recreational areas 0.4 % Integrated crop management Commercially used land 0.4 % The aim of integrated crop management is to achieve

Miscellaneous 2.1 % high yields and good quality with minimum impact on

Forested area 34.8 % the environment. To this end, versatile crop management procedures are optimally combined so as to retain and improve soil fertility. Preventive measures against weeds, diseases and pests are significant features of the integrated system. Chart 34 The programme entitled “Ecologically Sound Crop Ecologically sound crop cultivation programme Cultivation” provides close control over plant protection measures and fertilisation in integrated plant production. Agroclimatological measuring stations >>> Chart 34 DP assisted decision modules Green gene engineering Monitoring The aims of “green gene engineering” are: of grain diseases Soil analyses – Environmentally compatible cultivation methods Nitrogen fertiliser (e.g. less use of agricultural pesticides) consultation system – Securing and increasing of yields Nitrogen monitoring – Improvement in the quality of cultivated plants DP assisted fertiliser and balancing programmes (e.g. increase in desired constituents) Deep drilling Organic farming Sole enterprise crop files At the end of 2000, the 3,050 agricultural holdings being officially monitored within the scope of the EC Organic Farming Regulation were cultivating 85,617 ha of UAA in accordance with organic farming principles. By the end of 2001, the number of holdings had increased to 3,386, with a cultivated UAA of 95,008 ha. The average size of the holdings is 28.1 ha UAA. In 2001, almost 5,000 agricultural holdings in Bavaria were operating in accordance with organic farming rules. The funds granted in 2001 to the Association of Organic Farmers in Bavaria (Landesvereinigung für den ökolo- gischen Landbau in Bayern e.V.) for general activities totalled EUR 68,500. 10. Land use in Bavaria

The share of land in Bavaria that is used agriculturally Chart 35 13 (UAA) declined between 1977 and 1999, from 53.2 % to Main forms of agricultural land use and principal 46.2 %. During the same period, the proportion of the crops in Bavaria in 2001 UAA given over to grassland sank from 41.8 % to 35.4 %. Arable land 64.0 %, of which In 2001, total UAA amounted to 3,257,600 ha. This was Cereals, total 37.5 % 495,000 ha (13 %) less than in 1970. Fodder 12.4 % Commercial crops Of the cereal crops, winter wheat predominates (37 %), (with renewable followed by winter barley (25 %), summer barley (12 %) raw materials) 5.5 % and grain maize (8 %). Root crops 3.8 % Set-aside area Root crop cultivation was dominated in 2001 by sugar (without renewable beet (71,557 ha), followed by potatoes (49,985 ha). Other raw materials) 3.8 % root crops are of little significance. Whereas sugar beet Miscellaneous 1.0 % Garden land, fruit cultivation decreased only slightly between 1980 and orchards, tree nurseries, vineyards, Christmas 1999, the amount of land given over to potato growing tree plantations, etc. 0.6 % decreased by almost half. Permanent grassland 35.4 % Of the fodder crops, the most important is silage maize (286,761 ha), which accounts for 71 % of fodder crops. This is followed by clover/clover-grass (nearly 98,000 ha). Table 36 The UAA in Bavaria also includes 1,380 alpine pastures. Cereal production in Bavaria

These provided approximately 40,000 ha of summer Year Acreage Yield Production grazing for 50,000 cattle, 3,600 sheep and just under 700 in 1,000 ha dt/ha in 1,000 tonnes horses in 2001. 1990 1,216 59.7 7,268 1995 1,193 55.3 6,600 >>> Table 35 2001 1,221 63.5 7,754 Cereals

Acreage and production Table 37 The acreage given over to the cultivation of cereals Potato production in Bavaria

(including grain maize) increased by 64,000 ha (5.5 %) to Year Acreage Average Yield Potato production 1,221,000 ha during the period under review. Most of the in ha in dt/ha in 1,000 tonnes additional acreage was used for winter wheat, winter 1990 63,084 310 1,953 barley and grain maize. 1995 60,255 283 1,707 2001 49,985 362 1,811 >>> Table 36

In the 1999/00 and 2000/01 crop years, Bavarian farmers Table 38 sold 48 % and 47 % respectively of the cereal harvest Sugar beet production in Bavaria (compared with 69 % and 65 % for Germany as a whole). Year Acreage Yield Production Sugar Adjusted In the 2001/2002 crop year, the harvest was bigger, and content yield some 300,000 tonnes more were sold than in the prece- in ha dt/ha in 1,000 tonnes in % dt/ha 1990 81,104 594 4,814 17.80 92.7 ding year. The marketed output rate is about 50 %. 1995 79,096 587 4,641 16.70 86.1 Potatoes 2001 71,557 623 4,461 17.60 109.5 In 2001, some 50,000 ha were given over to potato growing; this is the smallest acreage since statistics on potato acreages in Bavaria were first recorded. In 2000, 2.42 million tonnes of potatoes were produced, in 2001 only 1.81 million tonnes. On average, potato growers in Bavaria have 1.6 ha of land under potatoes. >>> Table 37

Sugar beet By successfully developing and continuously improving rhizomania-tolerant sorts of sugar beet, plant breeders have made a major contribution to the record yield of 623 dt/ha obtained in 2001. Farmers in Bavaria reduced their sugar beet acreages by some 8 % between 1999 and 2001. >>> Table 38 14 Hops Table 39 After reaching a record low in 1999, the area given over Hops production in Bavaria to hops growing increased again to 16,079 ha. In view of Year Number of Area under hops in ha Production Yield the downward trend on the hops market, the EU support holdings Total Per holding in dt dt/ha 1990 3,704 18,648 5.03 257,575 13.8 granted to growers for setting aside and clearing land is 1995 2,708 18,663 6.89 299,434 16.0 to be continued until 2003, a year longer than originally 2001 1,781 16,079 9.02 276,260 17.2 planned. The aim is a further reduction in the amount of land under hops cultivation. Table 40 During the last two years, 190 holdings in Bavaria have Oil-production crops in Bavaria (rape and other oil-producing crops) abandoned hops cultivation altogether, pushing the including renewable raw materials and set-aside areas

remaining number down to 1,781 (from 3,704 in 1990). Year Acreage Average yield Production The average hops acreage per holding is now 9.02 ha. in ha in dt/ha in tonnes >>> Table 39 1990 147,455 29.8 439,493 1996 109,991 26.4 290,130 Oil-producing crops 2001 151,919 33.0 501,808 In 2001, 152,000 ha were given over to the cultivation of rape. This was 6,700 ha more than in 2000. Chart 41 >>> Table 40 Fodder-crop production by types of crop Acreage in 1,000 ha Fodder crops and permanent grassland 1800 With Bavaria being a centre of livestock production, fod- 1700 der crops and grassland farming provide an important 1600 economic basis. Particular importance is attached to 1500 1400 grassland use and the cultivation of silage maize, clover 1300 and clover-grass. Altogether, some 50 % of UAA in 1200 Bavaria is used to produce feed for beef and dairy herds 1100 as well as for sheep and horses. 1000 >>> Chart 41 900 800 Alpine farming and forestry 700 Mountain farming is essential to the preservation and 600 sustainable use of the alpine region. Family-run farms 500 provide the basis for long-term settlement of these 400 areas and are a fundamental requirement for the preser- 300 vation of the mountain area as a cultural landscape and 200 a place to live, work and relax. The typical landscapes 100 0 are largely a product of the work of mountain farmers 1990/95 2001 and forest owners. In their own special way, they fulfil Permanent central functions for the public at large: grassland 1,260,787 1,153,557 – Creation and preservation of the unique man-made Fodder crops landscape, which is so important for tourism, total 469,248 405,945 – Protection of natural resources and preservation of of which: Fodder beet 10,736 1,595 ecological diversity. Upland management is essential Clover, clover-grass 103,472 97,756 to the preservation of species and biotopes. Lucerne 9,564 4,294 Silage maize 327,886 286,761 – Prevention of soil erosion and landslides. Other fodder crops (including cultivated grass) 17,590 15,539

Permanent grassland and fodder crops together 1,730,035 1,559,502 Wine Chart 42 15 Production potential Area under vines in Bavaria, as per the register of vineyards Between 1999 and 2000, the number of wineries declined Survey includes holdings with an area of 10 or more are under vines Number of holdings by 1.8 %, to 6,667. At the same time, the productive area Area under vines in ha under vines per winery continued to increase (1993: 0.77 8,000 ha; 1995: 0.80 ha; 1997: 0.84 ha; 2000: 0.94 ha). 7,659 7,649 7,500 7,364 >>> Chart 42 7,096 Production 7,000 6,667

In 2001, wine growers in Bavaria produced 500,000 hl 6,500 6,404 6,290 6,319 6,294 of wine must, of which almost 95 % came from the 6,188 5,987 administrative district of Lower Franconia. 6,000 5,877 5,911 5,808 5,856 White varieties made up nearly 91 % of the total, while 5,500 the 46,000 hl of red accounted for just over 9 %. >>> Chart 43 5,000 Year 1991 1993 1995 1997 2000 Horticulture Number of holdings Total area Productive area under vines under vines The last horticultural survey in Bavaria was conducted in 1994. Compared with 1982, the number of holdings Grafik 43 cultivating horticultural products for sale declined by 25.1 %, to 8,564. At the same time, however, the total Wine must production in Bavaria area under horticultural cultivation in Bavaria increased Yield in hl/ha by 2,985 ha, or 21.5 %, to 16,872 ha. This meant that the Production in 1,000 hl 99.8 100 average holding increased the area utilised for horticul- 90 tural production from 1.2 ha to 2.0 ha. Of the holdings 84.6 80 77.5 recorded in the 1994 survey, 5,204 or 60.8 % were horti- 68.5 70 cultural holdings which derived at least 50 % of their 67.1 592,9852 600 revenues from horticulture, trading or services. The 499,881 remaining 3,360 holdings are classified as farm holdings 500 467,166 402,604 401,720 with horticultural production. 400 86.0 % In 2001, the total acreage given over to vegetable grow- 300 200 29.0 % 37.4 % ing was some 12,200 ha. The lion’s share (about 12,000 28.2 % 23.1 % ha) was used to grow outdoor vegetables, while the rest 100 0 (over 200 ha) was under glass. Altogether 1,711 ha were Year 1991 1993 1995 1997 2001 under asparagus cultivation (productive area: 1,333 ha). Yield hl/ha Total hl Percentage vintage wine

Fruit farming According to the last fruit-farming survey, conducted in 1997, 4,031 Bavarian fruit farms produce some 50,000 tonnes of fresh-market fruit annually on 3,624 ha of land. Fruit growing is concentrated in climatically favourable regions such as Lower Franconia (1,123 ha), and the area around the town of Lindau (780 ha). In 2001, Bavaria as a whole produced dessert fruit comprising 30,544 tonnes of apples, 5,444 tonnes of pears, 8,292 tonnes of stone fruit, 33 tonnes of walnuts and some 13,570 tonnes of strawberries. The acreage under straw- berry cultivation increased between 1981 and 2001 by 500 ha, to 1,395 ha. 11. Animal products industry

16 Animal production is the livelihood of agriculture in Cattle keeping Bavaria. In 2001, 111,778 farms, which corresponds to Cattle keeping earns 55 per cent of the agricultural income 77 per cent of all agricultural holdings, raised livestock. in Bavaria and is thus the most important production At present, the share of animal production in overall sector. agricultural production amounts to 51 per cent in Whilst the number of cattle keepers and, in particular, Bavaria. This accounts for 70 % of agricultural income. the number of dairy cow keepers has dropped to 42 per The most significant structural changes since the end of cent and 35 per cent respectively since 1980, the stock of the war took place between 1984 and 2001. The number cattle and dairy cows has decreased only by 17 per cent of cattle keepers has dropped by 53.3 per cent since and 29 per cent respectively. These figures reflect the 1984, and the number of dairy cow keepers has de- concentration of livestock in the holdings remaining. creased by 61.1 per cent. In pig-keeping, the concentra- In 2001, the average herd size was 23.2, which is an tion process has been even more pronounced than in increase of 1.7 cows per keeper compared to 1999. The cattle keeping. In the space of seventeen years, 75.6 per total number of dairy cows in 2001 was 1.40 million. cent of holdings discontinued pig keeping, and 71.1 per >>> Table 44 cent stopped keeping breeding sows. Herd size structure has undergone profound changes. Livestock and meat While the majority of dairy cows are found in herds In the last two years, the per capita meat consumption comprising 30 to 49 cows, a comparison of herd size decreased by 2.9 kg, to a total of 60.7 kg per annum. The surveys shows an increase in the share of holdings with only increase was in poultry, with annual consumption 50 and more cows from 2.3 per cent in 1990 to 17.2 per rising to 10.4 kg per person. The per capita consumption cent in 2001. of beef dropped to 8.2 kg, and that of pork to 39.8 kg per Herd sizes vary considerably within Bavaria. The largest annum. herds are kept in Upper Bavaria and Swabia. These two administrative districts account for 54 per cent of all Production and marketing Bavarian cows. In 2001, Bavarian agriculture contributed about 15.2 per >>> Table 45 cent to German meat production. In the production of beef and veal, Bavaria contributed an above-average share of about 29 per cent. The Bavarian share in German pork production amounted to about 13 per cent in 2001. The market value of Bavarian slaughter animals was approximately EUR 1.61 billion in 2001.

Table 44

Cattle breeders and head of cattle by size of herd Size of herd Number of farms Number of animals from … to …(head) 1980 1990 2001 1980 1990 2001 1–9 51,752 26.7 % 26,107 18.9 % 10,057 12.3 % 279,801 5.7 % 143,273 3.0 % 54,954 1.3 % 10–19 47,818 24.7 % 27,156 19.6 % 11,730 14.4 % 676,836 13.7 % 385,470 8.0 % 167,904 4.1 % 20–29 32,710 16.9 % 20,811 15.1 % 9,750 11.9 % 789,347 16.0 % 503,640 10.5 % 238,017 5.8 % 30–49 36,053 18.5 % 29,115 21.1 % 16,662 20.4 % 1,372,940 27.8 % 1,126,820 23.4 % 651,387 15.9 % 50–99 23,259 2.0 % 30,198 22.0 % 24,371 29.8 % 1,511,974 30.5 % 2,034,097 42.3 % 1,712,791 41.9 % 100–199 2,075 1.1 % 4,319 13.1 % 8,542 10.5 % 255,702 5.2 % 531,350 11.1 % 1,093,704 26.8 % 200 or more 175 0.1 % 299 0.2 % 628 0.8 % 55,878 1.1 % 83,531 1.7 % 165,551 4.1 % Bavaria 193,842 138,005 81,740 4,942,478 4,808,181 4,084,408

Table 45 Dairy farmers and head of dairy cows by size of herd Size of herd Number of farms Number of animals from … to…(head) 1980 1990 2001 1980 1990 2001 1–9 91,153 52.0 % 43,270 36.3 % 11,848 19.5% 466,556 23.5 % 230,451 12.7 % 69,509 5.0 % 10–19 55,470 31.7 % 39,588 33.2 % 17,096 28.3 % 755,687 38.0 % 555,403 30.7 % 246,952 17.6 % 20–29 21,004 12.0 % 24,044 20.2 % 14,223 23.5% 490,539 24.7 % 570,654 31.5 % 344,721 24.6 % 30–49 7,218 4.1 % 11,714 9.7 % 13,383 22.2 % 251,029 12.6 % 412,564 22.8 % 499,006 35.6 % 50–99 359 0.2 % 686 0.6 % 3,762 6.2 % 20,641 1.1 % 38,874 2.2 % 231,136 16.5 % 100 or more 13 0.0 % 8 0.0 % 86 0.1 % 1,859 0.1 % 1,072 0.1 % 10,270 0.7 % Bavaria 175,217 119,310 60,398 1,986,311 1,809,018 1,401,594 Milk production and delivery Pig keeping 17 In each of the years 2000 and 2001, Bavaria contributed In 2001, Bavarian pig keepers had a share of just under about 7.6 million tonnes or about 27 per cent of the milk 15 per cent in the overall pig stock in Germany. In produced in Germany. Milk and cream deliveries totalled Bavaria, pig keeping was subject to an even greater 7.03 million tonnes in 2001. Milk accounts for 26 per cent concentration process than cattle keeping. Since 1980, of the gross agricultural output. the number of pig keepers has decreased by 79 per cent and the number of pigs by 9 per cent. The number of Chart 46 breeding sows has decreased by 11 % since 1980, and the Milk production, milk delivery and milk yield recording in Bavaria number of keepers has also dropped drastically (-77 %). Yield in kg/cow Production and delivery in 1,000 t >>> Chart 47 9,000 8,493 7,688 8,142 In pig keeping, the so-called growth threshold is 200 8,000 90.5 % 7,773 7,241 7,201 7,623 7,028 88.9 % 92.6 % 92.2 % fattening pigs or 50 breeding sows per keeper. 7,000 6,874 Since 1990, the average pig herd per holding has in- 6,000 5,527 5,587 80.4 % creased from 40.2 animals to 113.1 animals. The aver- 5,000 5,439 age number of breeding sows kept per holding has 3,618 4,876 4,000 4,415 64.8 % 4,279 increased from 15.8 to 32.9. 3,113 3,000 1,792 3,498 Fifty-seven per cent of breeding sow keepers had less 57.6 % 3,119 2,000 than twenty breeding sows; they have 11 per cent of the 1,818 1,000 breeding sow stock. More than two thirds of the breed-

0 ing sows are in herds of 50 and more animals. 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 2001 >>> Table 48 Average annual milk yield in kg/cow Milk production in 1,000 t Milk delivery to dairies in 1,000 t Sheep keeping Milk delivery to dairies as a % of total production Trends in numbers of animals are best demonstrated by comparing numbers of ewes, which have totalled some Milk processing 290,000 for years. Bavaria has about 17.6 per cent of all Consumer demand for Bavarian fresh milk products German sheep and thus more than any other German remained strong in 2000 and 2001. Compared to the pre- state. The overall number of sheep in Bavaria has in- vious year, production in 2001 remained more or less creased continuously since 1970, from approx. 163,800 constant at 1.91 million tonnes. Cheese production to 472,000 animals. The average flock has increased increased by 7.2 per cent, from 665,491 tonnes in 2000 from 24 to 57 head of sheep per keeper. to a total of 713,520 tonnes in 2001.

Chart 47 Pig keeping trends in Bavaria since 1980 Keepers in 1,000 Animals in millions 160 5.00 140 120 3.75 100 80 2.50 60 40 1.25 20 0 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1997 1998 2000 2001 Pig keepers Pigs Breeding sow keepers Breeding sows

Table 48 Breeding sow keepers and number of breeding sows by size of herd Size of herd Number of farms Number of animals from … to …(head) 1980 1990 2001 1980 1990 2001 1–9 43,408 76.9 % 16,815 60.1 % 5,360 41.7 % 128,282 27.0 % 55,721 12.6 % 19,877 4.7 % 10–19 6,409 11.4 % 4,106 14.7 % 1,946 15.1 % 86,480 18.2 % 56,285 12.7 % 27,243 6.4 % 20–29 2,866 5.1 % 2,301 8.2 % 1,242 9.7 % 68,051 14.3 % 54,988 12.4 % 29,832 7.1 % 30–49 2,320 4.1 % 2,421 8.6 % 1,516 11.8 % 86,857 18.3 % 92,060 20.8 % 58,023 13.7 % 50–99 1,282 2.2 % 1,950 7.0 % 1,780 13.8 % 83,192 17.5 % 131,256 29.6 % 124,907 29.5 % 100 or more 158 0.3 % 394 1.4 % 1,012 7.9 % 22,114 4.7 % 52,758 11.9 % 163,711 38.6 % Bavaria 56,443 27,987 12,856 474,976 443,068 423,593 12. Rural development through land consolidation and village renewal

18 Poultry keeping For decades, land consolidation and village renewal has Laying hens helped to promote rural development. In poultry keeping, the number of hen keepers has There are currently 1,700 rural development measures dropped from 149,470 to 34,063 since 1980, and the in progress, affecting 700,000 ha and benefiting more number of hens from 7,201,687 to 4,315,524. The number than a million inhabitants. The policy of village improve- of holdings with fewer than 30,000 hens has decreased ment and the reparcelling of land is helping enormously continuously, and only those holdings with hen counts to invigorate areas lacking in infrastructure and to create that fall within the maximum size category have remai- uniform, healthy living and working conditions through- ned more or less constant in number. Only in this hen- out Bavaria. count category (30,000 and above) has the share of hens The instrument of village renewal is currently in operation increased. in some 540 communes, with 1,800 villages and more The level of self-sufficiency in eggs is below 51 per cent than 470,000 inhabitants. In 2000 and 2001, the in Bavaria, compared to approx. 76 per cent in Germany Directorates for Rural Development (DRD) and the as a whole. Offices for Agriculture granted subsidies to the value of EUR 104 million for village improvements. Investments Fattening poultry to the value of EUR 327 million, both in the private and The number of chickens has increased again slightly in the municipal sectors, were triggered directly as a the last few years. At the time of the head count con- result. Small and medium-sized regional craft and trade ducted in May, 2001, 889 holdings kept about 3.9 million enterprises benefit most from these investments. broilers. The 92 fattening farms in Bavaria with coop capacities for over 10,000 birds account for 96 per cent of the broilers. Eight per cent of German broilers and nine per cent of German turkey-hens are produced in Bavaria. Turkey-hen production had a 21 per cent share in overall poultry production in Bavaria – here the level of self- sufficiency in Bavaria is 40 per cent.

Horse keeping Horse breeding and equestrian sports have developed into a significant economic factor in Bavaria. The number of riders in clubs is continuing to increase. In 2001, 941 clubs had 102,219 members. The number of horses Chart 49 kept in Bavaria is estimated at 120,000. Of these, two Rural development in 2001 thirds are kept on farm holdings and use approximately Area in 1,000 ha Number of projects 130,000 ha of UAA. 400 739 800 587 300 600 Fisheries 380,081 373 With altogether 126,000 ha of water, Bavaria is among 200 400 153,871 those German Laender richest in water bodies. 166,818 100 200

Carp pond fish farming 0 0 Planning Improvements and Completion In 2000 and 2001, 6,500 tonnes and 6,000 tonnes respec- soil ordinance tively of food carp or about 50 per cent of the entire German production was produced. Apart from carp, the Chart 50 20,000 ha of carp ponds were also used to breed tench, pike, pike-perch and catfish. Rural development investment in 2001 Total DRD expenditure excluding personnel and material costs Trout pond fish farming in EUR million The Bavarian share of the 23,000 tonnes of food trout produced in Germany annually amounts to 8,000 tonnes, or just under 34 per cent. Out of a total of 4,000 German fish farms, 3,300 (83 per cent) are located in Bavaria.

Angling fisheries

In 2000, 244,000 persons in Bavaria had a valid fishing Improvements to villages, hamlets and solitary farms licence; about 120,000 of these licence owners are mem- Improvements to utilised agricultural and silvicultural area Soil conservation and water management measures bers of the Bavarian fishing association. Every year, Landscape management Soil ordinance (including vineyards, planning and consultancy) about 9,000 candidates take the official fishing licence Village renewal examination, with 7,000 passing. Interim purchasing of land 13. Non-food utilisation of biomass 14. Funding of agropolitical measures

Biomass used as an energy source Support schemes 19 In 2000, about 3.6 per cent of Bavaria’s primary energy Allocation of responsibilities demand was met by biomass. This is equivalent to Responsibility for agrarian policy is shared by the about 2.1 billion litres of heating oil. Bavarian state, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) Chart 51 and the European Union (EU). Biomass mix in Bavaria The Bavarian state is primarily responsible for – Structural agrarian policy (rural development) Biomass in waste 24.0 % – Initial training, advanced training, consultancy, Other biomass in heating and CHP stations 17.3 % specialist schooling, agricultural research – Preservation of man-made landscapes and natural Digester gas 3.7 % resources Biogenic fuels – vegetable oil 2.7 % – Improvement of productivity and quality Sewage sludge 1.4 % – Improvement of living and working conditions in

Biogas (agricultural agriculture plants) 0.9 % The Federal German Republic for Charcoal 0.6 % – Social and fiscal policies Straw 0.5 % The European Union for Firewood 48.9 % – Market and price policies The EU also lays down the policy framework for almost At the end of 2001, Bavaria had the following infrastruc- all support schemes. ture for using biomass as an energy source: Solid biomass fuels: State-funded support – Some 265 heating plants Section 08 of the Bavarian budget shows expenditure of – 1.76 million wood-burning stoves and open fireplaces EUR 1,201,156,000 for the year 2002. Biogenic fuels: The legal basis for agricultural state funding in Bavaria – Biodiesel production capacity 80,000 tonnes p.a. is the Law on Assistance for Bavarian Agriculture of – Approx. 240 public biodiesel filling stations 8.8.1974 as amended on 24.7.1998. – 2,600 tonnes of biodiesel (including small-scale vegetable-oil CHP units) Aggregate agrarian policy funding by Bavaria, the Biogas: FRG and the EU – Approx. 560 biogas plants on agricultural holdings The aggregate sum shown in section 08 of the Bavarian – Approx. 250 sewage and landfill gas plants budget also includes funds partly reimbursed by the Central Franconia, the Allgäu region and the south- Federal Republic or the EU. Allowing for reimburse- eastern part of Upper Bavaria are regional centres for ments, Bavaria’s budgetary expenditure on agrarian agricultural biogas plants. measures (including consultancy) is about EUR 756 million. Material utilisation Chart 23 (on page 8) shows aggregate agrarian policy The main emphasis here during the last two years was on: funding by source of funds. – Natural-fibre-reinforced moulded plastics – Highly flexible polyurethane foam

– Rapeseed-oil asphalt Chart 52

Cultivation trends Financial support (in EUR million) for Bavarian agriculture In 2000 and 2001, renewable raw materials were cultiva- and forestry from the EU, the FRG and Bavaria in 2001 (excluding approx. EUR 400 million for administration, consultancy, research and miscellaneous items) ted on set-aside areas of approx. 34,600 ha and 36,700 Improvement of the market position Environmental problems 191,53 ha respectively. Oilseed crops for the production of fuel of Bavarian producers 41.41 Self-help or for other technical applications accounted for 95 per Support programmes for programmes 43.72 renewable raw materials cent of this acreage. 14.73 Investment promotion programmes 126.75 In addition, 50,000 ha of “normal land” are used every Support programmes for forestry 21.88 Animal premiums year to cultivate renewable raw materials (oilseed, pota- 111.41 Restructuring toes, sugar beet) for non-food uses. grants for rural Social areas 149.96 assistance 1,179.6 Funding Subsidies for green diesel 60.79 Land-related Funding in 2000 and 2001 totalled EUR 25.9 million. compensatory Other EU payments 727.31 Most of the projects funded were projects concerning payments 44.79 the use of biomass as an energy source. Thus the trend Special support schemes of previous years to intensify the funding of renewable and miscellaneous 23.83 energy has continued. Aggregate financial support EUR 2,737.71 million 15. Forestry and the timber industry

20 Forest area and social functions of forests National parks Forest area Established in 1970, the Bavarian Forest National Park One third of Bavaria (2.45 million ha) is covered by covers roughly 24,250 ha. The natural forest dynamics forests . Of this, about 54 % is privately owned by some are being influenced to such an extent by a bark beetle 500,000 forest owners, 31 % is under state ownership, infestation that in certain areas diseased spruce is being 13 % under communal ownership and two % under removed in order to protect adjacent forest. In the higher federal ownership. In 2000/01, Bavaria’s forest area reaches of the Bavarian Forest, 3,610 ha of spruce forest increased by 598 ha. have died. Reforestation, however, will take place natu- rally. In 2000 and 2001, the Bavarian Forestry Administra- Chart 53 tion invested approximately EUR 11.5 million in the National Park. Forest ownership Established in 1978, the Berchtesgaden National Park (in per cent) covers roughly 20,800 ha. The National Park Plan was State-owned 31.3 % introduced in 2001. Forest maintenance measures, such as the restoration of typical natural woodland in place of Communal ownership (incl. public spruce monoculture, is restricted to development zones. law entities) 13.0 % Hunting remains necessary in order to assist the regeneration of mixed forest. In 2000 and 2001, the Bavarian Federally-owned 1.5 % Forestry Administration granted the National Park funds to the value of roughly EUR 1.3 million. Privately-owned 54.2 % Natural forest reserves Natural forest reserves serve for the preservation and understanding of natural forest ecosystems. Forestry operations are forbidden in these reserves. A wide variety of scientific studies provides valuable information on eco- Protected and protection forest logically sensitive woodland management. At the end of Designating woodland as protected forest and following 2001, there were 151 natural forest reserves in Bavaria, this up with a statutory order is a particularly effective covering a total area of 6,410 ha. legal means of preventing deforestation, especially in densely populated and in sparsely wooded areas. By the Forests in protected areas end of 2000, town and country planning authorities had The huge importance of forests for nature conservation designated approximately 205,600 ha of woodland in and environmental protection is reflected in the extent Bavaria as protected forest, of which 184,600 ha had of woodland in protected areas: forests cover roughly been declared protected by statutory order. 2/3 of officially designated water conservation areas in Under Bavarian forestry law, protection forest is defined Bavaria and about 50 % of all nature or landscape con- as including all woodland in the higher reaches and in servation areas. Considering that the share of forests in ridge zones of the Alps and other montane environ- Bavaria as a whole is 36 %, protected areas have clearly ments (permanent protection forest) as well as wood- above-average forest coverage. Most of the forests out- land which protects neighbouring tree stands from side of protected areas, too, are of special importance storm damage. To compensate for the difficulty of managing permanent protection forest, forest owners are entitled to a subsidy. In 2000/2001, subsidies totalling EUR 1.9 million were granted.

Protection forest restoration In 1986, the Bavarian Forestry Administration introduced a catalogue of measures to restore the protective charac- ter of montane forest. Among these were measures to promote natural regeneration and to shield young trees by temporary avalanche protection. During 2000 and 2001, funding for the project totalled EUR six million. To guarantee the project’s continued success, the control of ungulate populations by hunting remains imperative. for various reasons, such as protection of groundwater Damage by insects and fungi 21 and surface water, prevention of soil erosion and pro- The years 2000/2001 were relatively unproblematic. tection against flooding. Some 63 % of the 558,000 ha Thanks to favourable weather conditions and the rapid proposed by Bavaria for the European Natura 2000 net- implementation of countermeasures by forest owners work is woodland, of which nearly 60 % is state-owned. and forest offices, there were no large-scale outbreaks The management of Natura 2000 sites has been entrus- of bark beetle. In 2000, salvage logging of affected trees ted to the Bavarian Forestry Administration, which pres- in Bavaria accounted for 167,000 solid m3 of timber, ented Germany’s first management plan for a wooded which is 30 % less than in preceding years. Damage by FFH area in 2001. the small spruce sawfly has been decreasing since 1996 except in the Tertiary hills of Lower Bavaria. However, Forest recreation the increased occurrence in alders of root/crown rot cau- Especially in congested urban areas, forests are indis- sed by the Phytophthora fungus is causing concern. pensable recreational areas. Among other amenities, Countermeasures based on intensive research have Bavarian state-owned forest has 9,500 km of hiking been initiated. trails, 2000 km of cycling trails, some 49 km of toboggan runs, 37 viewing platforms and 13 camping sites for New types of forest damage young people. The most important recreational benefit All in all, the condition of the crowns of forest trees in of all, however, is offered by the forest in its natural Bavaria deteriorated during 2000 and 2001. For all tree form. types, mean defoliation loss increased noticeably. This was due partly to inadequate precipitation in certain Forest education areas. The Alpine region was particularly affected, with Since January 1, 1998, forest education of the public has pines showing the most damage. been a statutory task of the state forestry authorities. This includes not only environmental education in the Chart 54 forest, but also information on sustainable commercial Mean defoliation loss and tree proportion use of forests. showing pronounced damage 1991-2001 Most forest education activities are organised by the Tree proportion showing pronounced damage in % Mean defoliation loss in % forest offices, forest experience centres and forest youth 30 camps. By participating in activities at 9000 events held 25 in each of the years 2000 and 2001, some 240,000 people 20 obtained first-hand knowledge about forests and forest 15 management. 10

5 Forest damage, forest conservation and research 0 Storm, snow and forest-fire damage 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Pronounced damage Mean defoliation loss In 2000/2001, significant storm and snow breakage were restricted to certain regions of Upper Bavaria (a thunder- Soil conservation storm in summer, 2001) and Upper Franconia (snow After many years of high pollutant input, forest floors breakage in winter, 2000/2001). In 2001, 33 forest fires are increasingly losing their buffering capacity. In the affected a total of some 21 ha. medium term, this may impair the stability of the forests and the quality of the groundwater, and threaten biodi- versity. For long-term environmental protection, there- fore, pollution control measures are equally important and just as necessary as the continued replacement of coniferous forest by mixed woodland.

Research & Development Forest-related R&D activities in Bavaria are carried out primarily by the Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, the Institute for Forest Seeding and Planting, and in the Bavarian Forest National Park. In addition, numerous projects entrusted to other organisations, such as the Weihenstephan Research Centre, the Technical University in Munich and the Weihenstephan University, are funded by the Bavarian Forestry Administration. Increased numbers of publications on research findings intensified knowledge transfer. 22 Organisational structure/personnel of the Bavarian Management of state-owned forest Forestry Administration Bavaria’s state-owned forest benefits from sustainable Forestry organisational structure forest management based on natural methods. Site- As of January 1, 2002, the Bavarian Forestry Administra- adapted mixed forests are best able to meet the mani- tion has comprised the Forestry department of the fold requirements placed on wooded areas. It is able to Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, four regional offi- fulfil all the commercial, protective, environmental and ces, 134 local forest offices, 1003 ranger districts and 15 social functions of a forest, both now and for future special units such as National Parks, research units or generations. working centres. Long-term silvicultural planning Employees In 2001, long-term forest planning including a detailed The Bavarian Forestry Administration was staffed by inventory was undertaken in 22 local forest offices. The about 2,100 civil servants and 680 other employees. In inventories document that stocks of mature wood, both 2001, an average of 2,300 loggers held permanent, all- deciduous and coniferous, have increased. the-year-round jobs in state-owned forests. Just under Logging, regeneration and tending 40 training positions were available. Dealing with the damage caused by hurricane Lothar, which caused Forestry operations in 2000 and 2001 were strongly devastation particularly in Swabia, presented an especi- influenced by the impact of hurricane Lothar, which ally difficult challenge in 2000. With the help of person- ripped through the countryside at the end of 1999. 42 % nel from all over Bavaria, the storm timber was recove- of the timber logged in 2000 was storm timber. Logging 3 red rapidly enough to prevent further damage, for operations produced 4.35 million m of timber in 2000, 3 example by bark beetle. In addition to these efforts, 140 and 4.85 million m in 2001. The roughly 1,700 ha of forestry workers and 23 head rangers assisted in neigh- devastated forest had been restocked by the spring of bouring Baden-Württemberg, which bore the brunt of 2001. the hurricane damage in Germany. In 2000/01, altogether 3,900 ha were regenerated artifici- ally, primarily with deciduous trees. 16,900 ha of young Initial and on-going training and 34,000 ha of pole stands were tended. To increase The Bavarian Forestry Administration provides training the timber value, 1,250 ha of trees were pruned. for various internal careers. The 15-year Fichtel Mountains forest regeneration pro- The Bavarian Technical College of Forestry is the only ject was completed in June, 2001. At a cost of roughly one of its kind in Germany. In 2001, following a one-year EUR 10 million, 1,755 ha of depleted forest were planted suspension in new admissions, 24 candidates enrolled up with 6.8 million trees, most of them deciduous. 9,400 for this two-year training course. ha of woodland were fertilised with lime. Forestry Administration employees participated in Economic result of the Bavarian Forestry ongoing training on an average of three working days per Administration year in 2000 and 2001. Technical courses (especially IT) and management training sessions attracted the most In 1999 and 2000, the Bavarian Forestry Administration participants. spent EUR 318 million and EUR 348 million respectively in discharging its responsibilities, EUR 15 million (1999) and EUR 29 million (2000) being devoted to public and other administrative tasks. Expenditure on services in privately-owned and communal woodland amounted to EUR 72 million in 1999 and EUR 80 million in 2000; this included grants/subsidies and other non-operating expenditure. The Bavarian Forestry Administration’s commercial activities yielded an operating profit of EUR 17 million in 1999, but, as a result of hurricane Lothar, only EUR 0.67 million in 2000.

Privately-owned and communal woodland Bavaria’s private and communal forests are also managed in a sustainable way. The Forestry Administration offers initial and ongoing training, as well as advice and development grants, to forest owners all over Bavaria. Communal or municipal authorities can conclude a con- tract to transfer management activities in their forests to the local forest offices. 16. Hunting

In 1999/2000, Bavaria supported private and communal Hunting grounds 23 forests with altogether EUR 36.4 million. This govern- Bavaria has 6.2 million ha of hunting grounds. 8,750 ment funding was used, for example, to develop rough- jointly managed and 2,366 privately-owned hunting ly 3,700 ha of new deciduous and mixed woodland, to grounds account for 87% of this area. The remaining afforest 850 ha of agricultural land, and to construct 13% is state-owned hunting ground managed by the some 200 km of scenically non-invasive forest roads. It Bavarian Forestry Administration. also included EUR 2.7 million used to support consoli- Shooting list dated forestry operations; financial assistance was provided, for example, for the administration of forestry Type of game 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 cooperatives and for joint investments in machinery. Red deer 9,264 9,313 8,638 The results of the annual financial survey on a represen- Chamois 4,639 4,165 3,820 tative group of communal forests showed a loss of EUR Wild boar 22,217 33,666 27,640 20/ha and EUR 21/ha for 1999 and 2000 respectively. Roe deer 825,503 One of the main reasons for this was the difficult timber Hare 143,790 133,160 116,928 market situation in the wake of hurricane Lothar. Privately-owned woodland yielded a profit of EUR During the 1999/00 and 2000/01 hunting seasons, the 196/ha and EUR 225/ha for 1999 and 2000 respectively. numbers of chamois and roe-deer shootings decreased slightly. Wild-boar shootings peaked in 1999/00 but then Timber and the timber market decreased again. Roe-deer shooting was more or less According to the 1986 federal inventory, Bavaria’s the same as in the previous three-year period. Following 3 forests produce roughly 21 million m of wood per year. a sharp increase in preceding years, the number of hare 3 Harvestable growth is approx. 18 million m of standing kills decreased somewhat. Various research projects 3 crop. Of this, some 10 to 12 m is currently felled each were conducted in 2000/01 on game endangered by de- year. pletion in numbers, such as wood grouse, black grouse, In Bavaria, as elsewhere, the raw timber market was fish otters, lynx and wild cats. Habitat studies were dominated in 2000 and 2001 by hurricane Lothar carried out and protective measures implemented. (26.12.1999). Altogether 4.3 million m3 of timber were blown down in Bavaria, and as much as 25 million m3 Forest damage due to game in Baden Württemberg. Timber prices plunged for In 2000, damage caused by ungulate browsing was Bavarian forest owners. The price for spruce timber, for inventoried for the sixth time. On the basis of this inven- example, decreased by almost 25 %, and it was not until tory, which is conducted every three years in all forests the end of 2000 that prices began to recover. This was of Bavaria, the forest offices monitored regeneration for partly thanks to the Bavarian Forestry Ministry’s marke- every hunting community. Roughly 2 million forest plants ting strategy of putting a stop on all regular felling until growing in some 21,500 ha of reforestation areas were the autumn and thus taking pressure off the swamped recorded. Evaluation of the data showed that although market. This measure also benefited the owners of browsing damage has become noticeably less, forest private and communal forest. At present, the timber regeneration is endangered in many areas unless pro- market appears to be stabilising. tective measures are taken. In 2000/01, forest certification became an established marketing instrument to assure purchasers that wood and wood products originate from sustainably managed forests. By the end of 2001, more than 86,000 forest owners in Bavaria (including the Bavarian Forestry Ministry) responsible for altogether 1.73 million ha of woodland were certified according to the pan-European forest certification system (PEFC). PEFC relies on a regional approach and thus enables small forest owners, too, to acquire credible certification. For information This publication is distributed free of charge by the Bavarian government as part of its public relations work. It may not be used for canvassing pur-poses by parties, candidates or electoral assistants during the 5-month period preceding an election. This applies to federal, state and local government elections as well as to elections for the European Parliament. 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