DOCSLIB.ORG

Unesco-Ihe Institute for Water Education

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unesco-Ihe Institute for Water Education UNESCO-IHE INSTITUTE FOR WATER EDUCATION Comparative Study of Flood Risk Management and Land Use in the Deltas of Rhine River, Yellow River and Mississippi River Huang Bo Ma Guangzhou MSc Thesis WSE-HE-LWD-07.11 April 2007 Comparative Study of Flood Risk Management and Land Use in the Deltas of Rhine River, Yellow River and Mississippi River Master of Science Thesis by Huang Bo Ma Guangzhou Supervisors Prof. E. Schultz, PhD, MSc (UNESCO-IHE) W.J.M. Snijders MSc (RWS) L. G. Hayde, PhD, MSc (UNESCO-IHE) Examination committee Prof. E. Schultz, PhD, MSc (UNESCO-IHE) W.J.M. Snijders, MSc (RWS) D. de Bruin, MSc (retired RWS) L. G. Hayde, PhD, MSc (UNESCO-IHE) This research is done for the partial fulfilment of requirements for the Master of Science degree at the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands Delft April, 2007 The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this study do neither necessarily reflect the views of the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, nor of the individual members of the MSc committee, nor of their respective employers. Abstract The Rhine River in the Netherlands, the Yellow River in China and the Mississippi River in the U.S. are three great rivers in the world. Each of them is performing a significant role in the country. The delta area for each river, in particular, is served as the centre in importance and commonly the most developed region in the whole river basin. These three deltas are not excepted. All of them are the economic and cultural centre either in the district or in the whole country and all have a big harbour. However, because of the special location, near the sea and the river passing through, the delta area is always threatened both by river flood and the storm surge or hurricane. As a result, flood risk management is the main task for the local people and the government. The objective of our study is focused on the flood risk management and land use in these three deltas, and a comparison is made on several aspects: physical, socio-economical, technical, organizational and institutional, legal and policy. First we would put forward the main problems on flood risk management existing in each region, then make an analysis for each problem, after that come up with possible solutions, at last a comparison between three deltas is discussed and recommendation is followed. The whole report is composed by five parts, part A, B and C are separated for each delta. It includes the problems, analysis of the problems and possible solutions; part D and E are comparisons and recommendation respectively. The problems existing in each delta are similar in some extent or in a certain scope. The common problems are high flood from the river, storm surge (hurricane) from sea, land subsidence and land loss, coastal erosion, sea level rise, etc. In each delta area, there are common or special reasons for different problems and traditional or peculiar measures are carried out in problem addressing. These measures are very valuable for each other, and could be learned from their experience and lessons. Keywords River delta, flood risk, problems analysis, comparison, recommendation Acknowledgements Firstly, we would like to express our sincere thanks and appreciation to Prof. Schultz. He introduced this interesting topic to us, gave us very valuable suggestion and help during proposal-making and research periods. Especially, the encouragement in the last minutes promotes us to successfully finish the final report in time. Secondly, we want to say thanks to our external supervisor Mr. Mr. W.J.M. Snijders. His continuous support and wonderful inspiration really help us move towards right track. He and his organization funds our US journey and give us chances to see New Orleans. Thirdly, we would like to appreciate Dr. L.G. Hayde for his guidance and providing us with so much excellent assistance to pursue our study. Additionally, we want to thank Haley Winer from US the Army Corps of Engineers. During our research we went to New Orleans for data collection, where we received his great help. It is him to guide and drive us to see the main flood protection engineering works and provide much important information about flood management in Mississippi River Delta. In the meanwhile, we had good opportunities to discuss with Mr. D de Bruin (retired from RWS), Prof. Battjes from TU Delft, Mr. Jos Dijkman from Delft Hydraulics, Bas Jonkman from RWS, and Mr.Edmond Russo from Army Corps of Engineers. We thank them for their suggestions and providing the vital information and materials. The last but not least, we should thank Yellow River Conservancy Commission and our colleagues who are studying with us in IHE. YRCC gave us the opportunities to promote ourselves. Netherlands is a beautiful and friendly country. Nice environment and friendly people gave us enjoyable stay. We thank all and all nice things. Table of contents Abstract Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Context of the study.................................................................................................11 1.1 Natural and social-economic changes in coastal area............................................11 1.2 Needs for alternative options of regional development.........................................11 1.3 Interest of comparison of three regions in different countries...............................11 2 The current practices and future perspective in three regions ...........................12 2.1 Rhine River Delta ..................................................................................................12 2.2 Mississippi River Delta..........................................................................................12 2.3 Yellow River Delta ................................................................................................13 3 Set-up of the study ...................................................................................................14 4 Objectives of the study ............................................................................................15 5 Methodology.............................................................................................................15 Part A: Yellow River Delta 1 Introduction..............................................................................................................19 1.1 The Yellow River.................................................................................................19 1.2 Yellow River Delta ..............................................................................................20 1.3 Social-economic development in Delta ...............................................................22 2 Main problems on flood risk management............................................................23 2.1 Relatively instability of the river course..............................................................23 2.2 Continuous sedimentation and imperfect flood defense works...........................24 2.3 Storm surge hazard and disintegrated defense system.........................................25 2.4 Land loss..............................................................................................................26 2.5 Competition between different interests in terms of land use and management .27 3 Analysis of the problems .........................................................................................28 3.1 The characteristics of water and sediment...........................................................28 3.2 The sedimentation in the Lower Yellow River and the delta area.......................30 3.3 Decrease of water and silt inflow to delta in recent years ...................................32 3.4 Regional development and land use changes ......................................................34 3.5 Flood risk in the Lower Yellow River and the delta area....................................39 3.6 Risk analysis of storm surge hazard ....................................................................41 3.7 Flood control engineering system in the Lower Yellow River and Delta ........48 3.8 Institutional aspects..............................................................................................54 4 Possible solutions......................................................................................................58 4.1 Sediment reduction.............................................................................................58 4.2 Alternatives of extending the running life for current course.............................66 4.3 Spare course plan................................................................................................77 4.4 Reinforcement of the river dykes and improvement of river training works ......81 4.5 Land use management .........................................................................................81 4.6 Storm surge prevention system............................................................................82 4.7 Improvement of the organizational and managing regime ..................................84 Reference ........................................................................................................................87 Part B: Rhine River Delta 1 Introduction..............................................................................................................91 1.1 The Rhine............................................................................................................91 1.2 The Rhine Delta..................................................................................................93
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effects of Climate Variability on Evaporation in Dongping Lake, China, During 2003–2010
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Meteorology Volume 2013, Article ID 789290, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/789290 Research Article Effects of Climate Variability on Evaporation in Dongping Lake, China, during 2003–2010 Yuan Rong,1,2 Hongbo Su,1 Renhua Zhang,1 and Zheng Duan3 1 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands Correspondence should be addressed to Hongbo Su; [email protected] Received 24 May 2013; Accepted 27 August 2013 Academic Editor: Xiangzheng Deng Copyright © 2013 Yuan Rong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Based on two long-term, hourly (10:30–11:30 and 13:10–14:10) meteorological over-lake observations and data from Shenxian meteorological station, nearby Dongping Lake, the Penman-Monteith equation and reference evaporation ratio algorithm were used to calculate lake evaporation in Dongping Lake, China, from 2003 to 2010. The variation trend of evaporation of Dongping Lake was analyzed, and the influences that caused changes in lake evaporation were also discussed. The results show that (1) the total annual evaporation in Dongping Lake increased
    [Show full text]
  • Supplement of a Systematic Examination of the Relationships Between CDOM and DOC in Inland Waters in China
    Supplement of Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 5127–5141, 2017 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5127-2017-supplement © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of A systematic examination of the relationships between CDOM and DOC in inland waters in China Kaishan Song et al. Correspondence to: Kaishan Song ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC BY 3.0 License. Figure S1. Sampling location at three rivers for tracing the temporal variation of CDOM and DOC. The average widths at sampling stations are about 1020 m, 206m and 152 m for the Songhua River, Hunjiang River and Yalu River, respectively. Table S1 the sampling information for fresh and saline water lakes, the location information shows the central positions of the lakes. Res. is the abbreviation for reservoir; N, numbers of samples collected; Lat., latitude; Long., longitude; A, area; L, maximum length in kilometer; W, maximum width in kilometer. Water body type Sampling date N Lat. Long. A(km2) L (km) W (km) Fresh water lake Shitoukou Res. 2009.08.28 10 43.9319 125.7472 59 17 6 Songhua Lake 2015.04.29 8 43.6146 126.9492 185 55 6 Erlong Lake 2011.06.24 6 43.1785 124.8264 98 29 8 Xinlicheng Res. 2011.06.13 7 43.6300 125.3400 43 22 6 Yueliang Lake 2011.09.01 6 45.7250 123.8667 116 15 15 Nierji Res. 2015.09.16 8 48.6073 124.5693 436 83 26 Shankou Res.
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgements
    Acknowledgements First of all, I sincerely thank all the people I met in Lisbon that helped me to finish this Master thesis. Foremost I am deeply grateful to my supervisor --- Prof. Ana Estela Barbosa from LNEC, for her life caring, and academic guidance for me. This paper will be completed under her guidance that helped me in all the time of research and writing of the paper, also. Her profound knowledge, rigorous attitude, high sense of responsibility and patience benefited me a lot in my life. Second of all, I'd like to thank my Chinese promoter professor Xu Wenbin, for his encouragement and concern with me. Without his consent, I could not have this opportunity to study abroad. My sincere thanks also goes to Prof. João Alfredo Santos for his giving me some Portuguese skill, and teacher Miss Susana for her settling me down and providing me a beautiful campus to live and study, and giving me a lot of supports such as helping me to successfully complete my visa prolonging. Many thanks go to my new friends in Lisbon, for patiently answering all of my questions and helping me to solve different kinds of difficulties in the study and life. The list is not ranked and they include: Angola Angolano, Garson Wong, Kai Lee, David Rajnoch, Catarina Paulo, Gonçalo Oliveira, Ondra Dohnálek, Lu Ye, Le Bo, Valentino Ho, Chancy Chen, André Maia, Takuma Sato, Eric Won, Paulo Henrique Zanin, João Pestana and so on. This thesis is dedicated to my parents who have given me the opportunity of studying abroad and support throughout my life.
    [Show full text]
  • The Framework on Eco-Efficient Water Infrastructure Development in China
    KICT-UNESCAP Eco-Efficient Water Infrastructure Project The Framework on Eco-efficient Water Infrastructure Development in China (Final-Report) General Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Ministry of Water Resources, China December 2009 Contents 1. WATER RESOURCES AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURE PRESENT SITUATION AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER RESOURCES....................................................................................................... 6 1.2 WATER USE ISSUES IN CHINA .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 FOUR WATER RESOURCES ISSUES FACED BY CHINA .......................................................................................... 8 1.4 CHINA’S PRACTICE IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT................................................................................10 1.4.1 Philosophy change of water resources management...............................................................................10 1.4.2 Water resources management system .....................................................................................................12 1.4.3 Environmental management system for water infrastructure construction ..............................................13 1.4.4 System of water-draw and utilization assessment ...................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Bijlage 4A: De Dienstkringen Van De Rotterdamse Waterweg (Hoek Van Holland)
    Bijlage 4a: de dienstkringen van de Rotterdamse Waterweg (Hoek van Holland) Behoort bij de publicatie: 1-2-2016 © Henk van de Laak ISBN: 978-94-6247-047-7 Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar gemaakt in enige vorm of op enige wijze, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. BIJLAGE 4a: DE DIENSTKRINGEN VAN DE ROTTERDAMSE WATERWEG (HOEK VAN HOLLAND) Machinestempel ‘Nieuwe Waterweg 1866-1936 BRUG NOCH SLUIS’ 23-9-1936 1. De start van de rivierdienst Door de aanleg van grote werken als de Nieuwe Merwede en de Rotterdamse Waterweg en de ontwikkeling van de scheepvaart op de grote rivieren, die in einde 19e eeuw in een stroomversnelling kwam door de overgang van houten zeilschepen op ijzeren stoomschepen, groeide waarschijnlijk het besef, dat het rivierbeheer een specialisatie was, die centralisatie van de aandacht en kennis vereiste. Met ingang van 1 april 1873 werd door de Minister van Binnenlandse Zaken dan ook ‘het technisch beheer der rivieren’ ingesteld onder leiding van de inspecteur in algemene dienst P. Caland. Aan deze inspecteur werd de hoofdingenieur H.S.J. Rose toegevoegd, die met de voorbereiding van de werkzaamheden verbonden aan dit beheer, was belast. De uitvoering van de werken bleef voorlopig nog een taak van de hoofdingenieurs in de districten1. Op 1 januari 1875 trad een nadere regeling in werking voor het beheer van de grote rivieren2 en per die datum werd ook H.S.J. Rose aangewezen als hoofdingenieur voor de rivieren3. Deze MB behelsde de instelling van het rivierbeheer, die was belast met zowel de voorbereiding als de uitvoering van de werkzaamheden, verbonden aan het beheer van de grote rivieren, met inbegrip van de uiterwaarden, platen en kribben.
    [Show full text]
  • Make Your Company an ESTA Supporter (For Just 800 €)
    EST s f xcellence 17 Crane ob f he ear – cat – Telescopi es Nordic Crane Vest AS LTM1500-8.1 at Valhall DP The diesel riven ile ne th ll ts electrical equipmen i ot EX-approved In rde to se he ile crane s emporary uipment, n ive nd as latform, dditional safety tem had o e nstalled n the ile ne such s ga etection nd utomati hutdown. The ystem completely e-energizes crane, emovin he ossibility f avin n gnition rce. ESTA Awards of Excellence 2017 The ile ne s placed on op f al designed ne s hat ld istribute he oad f he ne Crane job of the year – cat. B – Telescopic cranes > 120 T to he n ctureNordic f he Crane latform Vest ASBeams s lso aid ou unde the ile ne heels so hat he ne could rive ward ndLTM1500 ackward-8.1 at urin Valhall ssembly DP f he mobile rane. This s he arges mobileThe diesel ne driven ordi mobile e crane s with have all its ed electrical on equipmentive latform is not n heEX-approved. orth In andorder ossibl to use ythe mobile the rs 50 mobilecrane crane as hata temporary ave een equipment, n ive on ffshore a live oil anddrilling gas platform,platform a ndditional he ld. safety system had to be installed on Międzynarodowy Transport Drogowy the mobile crane such as gas detection and automatic shutdown. The system completely de-energizes the Kazimierz Skuratowicz crane, removing the possibility of having an ignition source. ul. Opolska 56 49-100 Niemodlin, PL The mobile crane was placed on top of special designed crane mats that would distribute the load of the crane tel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Low Countries. Jaargang 11
    The Low Countries. Jaargang 11 bron The Low Countries. Jaargang 11. Stichting Ons Erfdeel, Rekkem 2003 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_low001200301_01/colofon.php © 2011 dbnl i.s.m. 10 Always the Same H2O Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands hovers above the water, with a little help from her subjects, during the floods in Gelderland, 1926. Photo courtesy of Spaarnestad Fotoarchief. Luigem (West Flanders), 28 September 1918. Photo by Antony / © SOFAM Belgium 2003. The Low Countries. Jaargang 11 11 Foreword ριστον μν δωρ - Water is best. (Pindar) Water. There's too much of it, or too little. It's too salty, or too sweet. It wells up from the ground, carves itself a way through the land, and then it's called a river or a stream. It descends from the heavens in a variety of forms - as dew or hail, to mention just the extremes. And then, of course, there is the all-encompassing water which we call the sea, and which reminds us of the beginning of all things. The English once labelled the Netherlands across the North Sea ‘this indigested vomit of the sea’. But the Dutch went to work on that vomit, systematically and stubbornly: ‘... their tireless hands manufactured this land, / drained it and trained it and planed it and planned’ (James Brockway). As God's subcontractors they gradually became experts in living apart together. Look carefully at the first photo. The water has struck again. We're talking 1926. Gelderland. The small, stocky woman visiting the stricken province is Queen Wilhelmina. Without turning a hair she allows herself to be carried over the waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Half a Century of Morphological Change in the Haringvliet and Grevelingen Ebb-Tidal Deltas (SW Netherlands) - Impacts of Large-Scale Engineering 1964-2015
    Half a century of morphological change in the Haringvliet and Grevelingen ebb-tidal deltas (SW Netherlands) - Impacts of large-scale engineering 1964-2015 Ad J.F. van der Spek1,2; Edwin P.L. Elias3 1Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands; [email protected] 2Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht 3Deltares USA, 8070 Georgia Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, U.S.A.; [email protected] Abstract The estuaries in the SW Netherlands, a series of distributaries of the rivers Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt known as the Dutch Delta, have been engineered to a large extent. The complete or partial damming of these estuaries in the nineteensixties had an enormous impact on their ebb-tidal deltas. The strong reduction of the cross-shore tidal flow triggered a series of morphological changes that includes erosion of the ebb delta front, the building of a coast-parallel, linear intertidal sand bar at the seaward edge of the delta platform and infilling of the tidal channels. The continuous extension of the port of Rotterdam in the northern part of the Haringvliet ebb-tidal delta increasingly sheltered the latter from the impact of waves from the northwest and north. This led to breaching and erosion of the shore-parallel bar. Moreover, large-scale sedimentation diminished the average depth in this area. The Grevelingen ebb-tidal delta has a more exposed position and has not reached this stage of bar breaching yet. The observed development of the ebb-tidal deltas caused by restriction or even blocking of the tidal flow in the associated estuary or tidal inlet is summarized in a conceptual model.
    [Show full text]
  • 8366/21 ADD 1 Ev Hierbij Gaat Voor De Delegaties Document C(2021
    Raad van de Europese Unie Brussel, 30 april 2021 (OR. en) 8366/21 ADD 1 TRANS 256 DELACT 88 BEGELEIDENDE NOTA van: de secretaris-generaal van de Europese Commissie, ondertekend door mevrouw Martine DEPREZ, directeur ingekomen: 28 april 2021 aan: de heer Jeppe TRANHOLM-MIKKELSEN, secretaris-generaal van de Raad van de Europese Unie nr. Comdoc.: C(2021) 2853 final - Annex Betreft: BIJLAGEN bij GEDELEGEERDE VERORDENING (EU) …/... VAN DE COMMISSIE tot wijziging van de bijlagen I en II bij Richtlijn (EU) 2016/1629 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad wat betreft de wijziging van de lijst van binnenwateren in de Unie en de minimale technische voorschriften voor vaartuigen Hierbij gaat voor de delegaties document C(2021) 2853 final - Annex. Bijlage: C(2021) 2853 final - Annex 8366/21 ADD 1 ev NL EUROPESE COMMISSIE Brussel, 28.4.2021 C(2021) 2853 final ANNEXES 1 to 2 BIJLAGEN bij GEDELEGEERDE VERORDENING (EU) …/... VAN DE COMMISSIE tot wijziging van de bijlagen I en II bij Richtlijn (EU) 2016/1629 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad wat betreft de wijziging van de lijst van binnenwateren in de Unie en de minimale technische voorschriften voor vaartuigen NL NL BIJLAGE I “BIJLAGE I LIJST VAN BINNENWATEREN IN DE UNIE, GEOGRAFISCH ONDERVERDEELD IN DE ZONES 1, 2 EN 3 HOOFDSTUK 1 Zone 1 Frankrijk Stroomafwaarts van de transversale grens van de zee in de riviermonding van de Seine, de Loire, de Gironde en de Rhône Duitsland Eems Van de verbindingslijn tussen de voormalige vuurtoren van Greetsiel en de westpier van de haveningang bij Eemshaven, zeewaarts tot N 53° 30′ E 6° 45′, d.w.z.
    [Show full text]
  • De Nieuwe Waterweg En Het Noordzeekanaal Een Waagstuk
    De Nieuwe Waterweg en het Noordzeekanaal EE N WAAGSTUK Onderzoek in opdracht van de Deltacommissie PROF . DR. G.P. VAN de VE N April 2008 Vormgeving en kaarten Slooves Grafische Vormgeving, Grave 2 De toestand van de natie Willen wij het besluit van het maken van de Nieuwe Wa- bloeiperiode door en ook de opkomende industrie en dienst- terweg en het graven van het Noordzeekanaal goed willen verlening zorgde ervoor dat de basis van de belastingheffing begrijpen, dan moeten wij enig begrip hebben van het groter werd. De belastingen voor de bedrijven en de accijnzen functioneren van de overheid en de overheidsfinanciën, de konden zelfs verlaagd worden. Ook werd een deel van de toestand van de scheepvaart en de technische mogelijkhe- staatsschuld afgelost zodat de rentebetalingen gingen dalen den voor het maken van deze waterwegen. tot onder de 40% in de jaren 1870-1880. Toen stopte de aflos- sing van de staatsschuld omdat er prioriteit werd gegeven aan de uitvoering van grote infrastructurele werken zoals de aan- Overheid en overheidsfinanciën leg van de spoorwegen, de normalisering van de rivieren en de voltooiing van de aanleg van twee belangrijke waterwegen, het Hoewel er in 1848 door de nieuwe grondwet in Nederland Noordzeekanaal en de Nieuwe Waterweg. een liberale grondwet was aangenomen met een volwassen De gunstige positie van de overheidsfinanciën is ook te dan- parlementair stelsel, was het in de jaren vijftig nog allerminst ken aan de grote inkomsten uit Nederlands Indië. Tot 1868 zeker dat de liberalisatie van het staatsbestel en de economie was dit te danken aan het cultuurstelsel.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Past, China's Future Energy, Food, Environment
    China’s Past, China’s Future China has a population of 1.3 billion people, which puts strain on her natural resources. This volume, by one of the leading scholars on the earth’s biosphere, is the result of a lifetime of study on China, and provides the fullest account yet of the environmental challenges that China faces. The author examines China’s energy resources, their uses, impacts and prospects, from the 1970s oil crisis to the present day, before analyzing the key question of how China can best produce enough food to feed its enormous population. In answering this question the entire food chain – the environmental setting, post-harvest losses, food processing, access to food and actual nutritional requirements – is examined, as well as the most effective methods of agricultural management. The final chapters focus upon the dramatic cost to the country’s environment caused by China’s rapid industrialization. The widespread environ- mental problems discussed include: • water and air pollution • water shortage • soil erosion • deforestation • desertification • loss of biodiversity In conclusion, Smil argues that the decline of the Chinese ecosystem and environ- mental pollution has cost China about 10 per cent of her annual GDP. This book provides the best available synthesis on the environmental conse- quences of China’s economic reform program, and will prove essential reading to scholars with an interest in China and the environment. Vaclav Smil is Distinguished Professor in the Faculty of Environment, University of Manitoba, Canada. He is widely recognized as one of the world’s leading authorities on the biosphere and China’s environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the State of the Environment in China 2016
    2016 The 2016 Report on the State of the Environment in China is hereby announced in accordance with the Environmental Protection Law of the People ’s Republic of China. Minister of Ministry of Environmental Protection, the People’s Republic of China May 31, 2017 2016 Summary.................................................................................................1 Atmospheric Environment....................................................................7 Freshwater Environment....................................................................17 Marine Environment...........................................................................31 Land Environment...............................................................................35 Natural and Ecological Environment.................................................36 Acoustic Environment.........................................................................41 Radiation Environment.......................................................................43 Transport and Energy.........................................................................46 Climate and Natural Disasters............................................................48 Data Sources and Explanations for Assessment ...............................52 2016 On January 18, 2016, the seminar for the studying of the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth CPC Central Committee was opened in Party School of the CPC Central Committee, and it was oriented for leaders and cadres at provincial and ministerial
    [Show full text]