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South Africa's Coalfields — a 2014 Perspective
International Journal of Coal Geology 132 (2014) 170–254 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Coal Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijcoalgeo South Africa's coalfields — A 2014 perspective P. John Hancox a,⁎,AnnetteE.Götzb,c a University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences and Evolutionary Studies Institute, Private Bag 3, 2050 Wits, South Africa b University of Pretoria, Department of Geology, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa c Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation article info abstract Article history: For well over a century and a half coal has played a vital role in South Africa's economy and currently bituminous Received 7 April 2014 coal is the primary energy source for domestic electricity generation, as well as being the feedstock for the Received in revised form 22 June 2014 production of a substantial percentage of the country's liquid fuels. It furthermore provides a considerable source Accepted 22 June 2014 of foreign revenue from exports. Available online 28 June 2014 Based on geographic considerations, and variations in the sedimentation, origin, formation, distribution and quality of the coals, 19 coalfields are generally recognised in South Africa. This paper provides an updated review Keywords: Gondwana coal of their exploration and exploitation histories, general geology, coal seam nomenclature and coal qualities. With- Permian in the various coalfields autocyclic variability is the norm rather than the exception, whereas allocyclic variability Triassic is much less so, and allows for the correlation of genetically related sequences. During the mid-Jurassic break up Coalfield of Gondwana most of the coal-bearing successions were intruded by dolerite. -
Alternative Model for the Derivation of Gold in the Witwatersrand Supergroup
J. geol. Soc. London, Vol. 141, 1984, pp. 263-272, 3 figs., 3 tables. Printed in Northern Ireland. Alternative model for the derivation of gold in the Witwatersrand Supergroup Thomas 0. Reimer SUMMARY: Present models of the derivation of the gold in the Witwatersrand conglomerates of South Africa as detrital grains directly from primary deposits in a source area consisting mainly of Archaean schist belts meets with a volume problem. Witwatersrand deposits have yielded about 923 kg/km2 Au compared to about 65 kg/km* Au in the richest known schist belts. Differences in the extent of mining activities cannot account for these differences in yield. Gold fineness, grain size, and morphology of the gold particles are also difficult to reconcile with a purely detrital derivation. Data on the mobility of gold in the hydrosphere and in the weatheringcycle are used to erect a model which predicts that mostof the gold in the Witwatersrand conglomerates was derived from a source area in trace amounts in a ‘dissolved’ form and precipitated at or close to the edge of the depositional basin, possibly under organic influences. Subsequent sedimentary reworking and metamorphiddiagenetic remobilization led to the formation of the complex association of minerals observed now in the conglomerates. Since the dawn of civilization an estimatedtotal of data irreconcilable with the ‘mechanical’ model of about 65 000 tons of gold has been produced. Of this derivation of the Witwatersrand gold. Atthe same about 55% has beenderived fromthe auriferous time an alternative model for the processes which led conglomerates of the early Proterozoic Witwatersrand tothe spectacularconcentration of gold in these Supergroup (2.3-2.7 Ga.). -
Uranium Deposits of Ontario- Their Distribution and Classification
Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 86 The Uranium Deposits of Ontario- Their Distribution and Classification By James A. Robertson 1981 lanWPope Ministry of !^st£ Natural ...__ W.T. Foster Deputy Minister Ontario ®OMNR-OGS 1981 ISSN 0704-2752 Printed in Canada ISBN 0-7743-602627 Publications of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and price list are available through the Ministry of Natural Resources, Public Service Centre Room 1640, Whitney Block, Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, M7A 1W3 (personal shopping and mail orders). and reports only from the Ontario Government Bookstore, Main Floor 880 Bay St., Toronto for per- sonal shopping. Out-of-Town customers write to Ministry of Government Services, Publica- tions Services Section, 5th Floor, 880 Bay St., Toronto. Ontario. M7A 1N8. Telephone 965-6015. Toll free long distance 1 •800-268-7540, in Area Code 807 dial 0-Zenith 67200. Orders for publications should be accompanied by cheque or money order payable to the Treasurer of Ontario. Every possible effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information con- tained in this report, but the Ministry of Natural Resources does not assume any liability for errors that may occur. Source references are included in the report and users may wish to verify critical information. Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form: Robertson, James A. 1981: The Uranium Deposits ol Ontario-Their Distribution and Classifica- tion; Ontario Geological -
Palaeontological Heritage of the Free State
SAHRA PALAEOTECHNICAL REPORT PALAEONTOLOGICAL HERITAGE OF THE FREE STATE Brandwag Rock Golden Gate Highlands National Park. Photograpgh: Gideon Groenewald Dr Gideon Groenewald Cell: (082) 339-9202 David Groenewald Cell: (083) 469-4696 Logistical Support: Sue Groenewald Cell: (082) 339 9202 PO Box 360, Clarens, 9707 ([email protected]) (Copyright: March 2014) GENERAL INTRODUCTION The core purpose of this SAHRA palaeotechnical report (PTR) is to briefly but comprehensively document the palaeontological heritage resources in South Africa in an accessible and useful format. Following the request by SAHRA, the report is presented in the form of two sections. The first section outlines the general geological history of South Africa and the second section provides a more detailed, geological history of the Free State, Gauteng, North West, Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces with specific reference to the palaeontological sensitivity of geological formations and their importance to the development of life through 3600 million years of time in Earth history. The first section summarises the geological history of South Africa and gives a very brief description of the six major events that shaped the Earth over time. The known and predicted fossil heritage within all the major fossiliferous stratigraphic units (formations, groups etc) that crop out in South Africa are presented on a map that relates directly to the composite geological map of South Africa where mapping was done on a 1:250 000 scale. The palaeontological sensitivity of geological units was allocated sensitivity ratings on a five point scale: very high sensitivity, high sensitivity, moderate sensitivity, low sensitivity and very low sensitivity (Table 1). -
Gold in South Africa by P.R
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metaff., vol. 86, no. 8 Aug. 1986. pp. 273-316. Gold in South Africa by P.R. JANISCH* SYNOPSIS This paper reviews the sources, production, and technology of gold in South Africa. First of all it details the geographical distribution of gold-bearing materials, together with the mineralogy and distribution of gold within those materials. It goes on to the geological origins, and to the discovery and early exploitation, of the gold deposits. The laws relating to the mining and disposal of the metal are explained, after which an outline is given of gold exploration, processing, and refining. The economics of gold production are discussed briefly, and it is concluded that, although present expertise in the financial and technological aspects of a gold-mining venture have largely reduced the risks involved, one severe risk remains: that the rate of cost inflation will not be matched by the rate of escalation in the gold price. SAMEV A TTING Hierdie referaat gee 'n oorsig oor die bronne, produksie en tegnologie van goud in Suid-Afrika. Eerstens verstrek dit besonderhede van die geografiese verspreiding van goudhoudende materiale tesame met die mineralogie en verspreiding van goud in daardie materiale. Daarna behandel dit die geologiese oorsprong, en vervolgens die ont- dekking en vroee ontginning van die goudafsettings. Die wette in verband met die ontginning van en beskikking oor die metaal word verduidelik, waarna goudeksplorasie, -verwerking en -raffinering in hooftrekke behandel word. Die ekonomie van goudproduksie word kortliks bespreek en die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat hoewel die huidige kundigheid wat betref die finansiele en tegnologiese aspekte van 'n goudmynonderneming die risiko's daaraan verbonde baie verminder het, daar nog een emstige risiko oorbly, naamlik dat die eskalasiekoers van die goudprys nie met die inflasiekoers van die koste sal tred hou nie. -
Geology of the Grand River Watershed an Overview of Bedrock and Quaternary Geological Interpretations in the Grand River Watershed
Geology of the Grand River Watershed An Overview of Bedrock and Quaternary Geological Interpretations in the Grand River watershed Prepared by Bob Janzen, GIT December 2018 i Table of Contents List of Maps ..................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. iii 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Bedrock Geology .................................................................................................. 1 Algonquin Arch ......................................................................................................... 2 Bedrock Cuestas ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Bedrock Surface ................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Bedrock Formations of the Grand River watershed ........................................... 8 2.2.1 Queenston Formation ................................................................................ 15 2.2.2 Clinton–Cataract Group ............................................................................. 15 2.2.2.1 Whirlpool Formation ............................................................................ 16 2.2.2.2 Manitoulin Formation .......................................................................... -
Geology Datasets of North America for Use with Ice Sheet Models Evan J
Discussions Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2018-139 Earth System Manuscript under review for journal Earth Syst. Sci. Data Science Discussion started: 22 November 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data Geology datasets of North America for use with ice sheet models Evan J. Gowan1, Lu Niu1, Gregor Knorr1, and Gerrit Lohmann1 1Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany Correspondence: Evan J. Gowan ([email protected]) Abstract. The ice-substrate interface is an important boundary condition for ice sheet modelling. The substrate affects the ice sheet by allowing sliding through sediment deformation and accommodating the storage and drainage of subglacial water. We present three datasets with different geological parameters for the region that was covered by the ice sheets in North America, including 5 Greenland and Iceland. The first dataset includes the distribution surficial sediments, which is separated into continuous, discontinuous and predominantly rock categories. The second dataset includes sediment grain size properties, which is divided into three classes: clay, silt and sand, based on the dominant grain size of the glacial sediments. The third dataset is the generalized bedrock geology. We demonstrate the utility of these datasets for governing ice sheet dynamics by using an ice sheet model with a simulation that extends through the last glacial cycle. Changes in ice thickness by up to 40% relative to 10 a reference simulation happened when the shear friction angle was reduced to account for a weaker substrate. These datasets provide a basis to improve the basal boundary conditions in ice sheet models. -
South Africa's Coalfields – a 2014 Perspective
South Africa's coalfields – a 2014 perspective 1Hancox, P. John and 2,3Götz, Annette E. 1University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences, Private Bag 3, 2050 Wits, South Africa; [email protected] 2University of Pretoria, Department of Geology, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa; [email protected] 3Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation Highlights • South Africa’s Coalfields are presented. • The role of Gondwanan coals as palaeoclimate archives is stated. • Future research fields include palynology, sequence stratigraphy, basin fill. Abstract For well over a century and a half coal has played a vital role in South Africa’s economy and currently bituminous coal is the primary energy source for domestic electricity generation, as well as being the feedstock for the production of a substantial percentage of the country’s liquid fuels. It furthermore provides a considerable source of foreign revenue from exports. Based on geographic considerations, and variations in the sedimentation, origin, formation, distribution and quality of the coals, 19 coalfields are generally recognised in South Africa. This paper provides an updated review of their exploration and exploitation histories, general geology, and coal seam nomenclature and coal qualities. Within the various coalfields autocyclic variability is the norm rather than the exception, whereas allocyclic variability is much less so, and allows for the correlation of genetically related sequences. During the mid-Jurassic break up of Gondwana most of the coals bearing successions were intruded by dolerite. These intrusions are important as they may cause devolatilisation and burning of the coal, create structural disturbances and related seam correlation problems, and difficulties in mining operations. -
Seamless Quaternary Geology of Southern Ontario
Miscellaneous Release—Data 128 – Revised Surficial Geology of Southern Ontario Project Summary and Technical Document Originally released as MRD 128 in October 2003 Revised version of MRD 128 (MRD 128—Revised) released April 2010 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................4 GENERAL QUATERNARY GEOLOGY OF SOUTHERN ONTARIO...........................................................4 DATA SOURCES..........................................................................................................................................5 QUATERNARY/SURFICIAL GEOLOGY MAPS......................................................................................................5 OTHER DATA SOURCES ............................................................................................................................6 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS .................................................................................................................................6 BEDROCK GEOLOGY MAPS............................................................................................................................6 AERIAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION...................................................................................................................6 AGGREGATE RESOURCES -
Appendix the Economic Commodities
Appendix The Economic Commodities This section provides a commodity cross-reference to ARSENIC the geological descriptions of the main text. The page (209-210) numbers given after most section headings (main entries are enumerated in italic type) are intended to direct the World 1979 production of arsenic trioxide 32 824 t. reader to the pages in which the geological descriptions Share of production: USSR 23%, France 22%, Sweden are found. The brief entries also give some idea of the 21%, Mexico 18%, Namibia 8%. These figures exclude world's annual production, and the five major countries the USA, whose production figures are withheld. Arse that share in this. Commodity production figures are nic compounds are used in herbicides and plant desic based on those of the Bureau of Mines (1980a,b) and cants, wood preservatives, mineral flotation agents, United Nations (1979). Other important references are glassware and pharmaceuticals. Arsenic is produced Brobst and Pratt (1973) and LeFond (1975). always as a by-product of some metal, and the principal There is no unified quantity of measure. Commodities ore minerals are arsenopyrite FeAsS, lOllingite FeAs2, may be traditionally quoted in metric tonnes (denoted smaltite CoAs2, niccolite NiAs, tennantite by t) ( = 2205 pounds), long tons ( = 2240 pounds) and (Cu,Fe)sAs2S7, enargite Cu3AsS4, proustite Ag3AsS3 short tons (2000 pounds). Precious metals are usually and relagar AsS (Gualtieri, 1973). quoted in troy ounces ( = 31.103 grams), diamonds in carats ( = 0.2 gram) and mercury in flasks ( = 76 pounds). The standard unit used throughout this book is the ASBESTOS metric tonne (tonne), which is equal to 1000 000 grams (1 Mg). -
Constraining the Formation and Alteration of Sudbury Breccia, Ontario, Canada: Implications for Footwall Cu-Ni-PGE Exploration
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 9-6-2016 12:00 AM Constraining the Formation and Alteration of Sudbury Breccia, Ontario, Canada: Implications for Footwall Cu-Ni-PGE Exploration Jonathan W. O'Callaghan The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. G.R. Osinski The University of Western Ontario Joint Supervisor Dr. R.L. Linnen The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Geology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Science © Jonathan W. O'Callaghan 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation O'Callaghan, Jonathan W., "Constraining the Formation and Alteration of Sudbury Breccia, Ontario, Canada: Implications for Footwall Cu-Ni-PGE Exploration" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4075. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4075 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Abstract Sudbury breccia is an impactite situated in the footwall of the 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact structure, situated in Ontario. Developing exploration vectors towards Sudbury breccia- hosted Cu-Ni-PGE mineralization is inhibited by an insufficient understanding of the relative contributions of footwall lithologies versus impact melt. By combining whole-rock geochemistry, field observations, statistical modelling and petrography, this study has determined that Sudbury breccia is a parautochthonous shock melt, which does not require a melt sheet contribution. -
Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Geology and Mineralogy Second Edition McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto All text in the dictionary was published previously in the McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TERMS, Sixth Edition, copyright ᭧ 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGRAW-HILL DICTIONARY OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, Second Edi- tion, copyright ᭧ 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1234567890 DOC/DOC 09876543 ISBN 0-07-141044-9 This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a mini- mum of 50% recycled, de-inked fiber. This book was set in Helvetica Bold and Novarese Book by the Clarinda Company, Clarinda, Iowa. It was printed and bound by RR Donnelley, The Lakeside Press. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premi- ums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw-Hill, Professional Publishing, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298. Or contact your local bookstore. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McGraw-Hill dictionary of geology and mineralogy — 2nd. ed. p. cm. “All text in this dictionary was published previously in the McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms, sixth edition, —T.p.