Effect of the Invasive Phanerophytes and Associated Aphids on the Ant (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Assemblages
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ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES and PASSERINE DIET: EFFECTS of SHRUB EXPANSION in WESTERN ALASKA by Molly Tankersley Mcdermott, B.A./B.S
Arthropod communities and passerine diet: effects of shrub expansion in Western Alaska Item Type Thesis Authors McDermott, Molly Tankersley Download date 26/09/2021 06:13:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/7893 ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES AND PASSERINE DIET: EFFECTS OF SHRUB EXPANSION IN WESTERN ALASKA By Molly Tankersley McDermott, B.A./B.S. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks August 2017 APPROVED: Pat Doak, Committee Chair Greg Breed, Committee Member Colleen Handel, Committee Member Christa Mulder, Committee Member Kris Hundertmark, Chair Department o f Biology and Wildlife Paul Layer, Dean College o f Natural Science and Mathematics Michael Castellini, Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Across the Arctic, taller woody shrubs, particularly willow (Salix spp.), birch (Betula spp.), and alder (Alnus spp.), have been expanding rapidly onto tundra. Changes in vegetation structure can alter the physical habitat structure, thermal environment, and food available to arthropods, which play an important role in the structure and functioning of Arctic ecosystems. Not only do they provide key ecosystem services such as pollination and nutrient cycling, they are an essential food source for migratory birds. In this study I examined the relationships between the abundance, diversity, and community composition of arthropods and the height and cover of several shrub species across a tundra-shrub gradient in northwestern Alaska. To characterize nestling diet of common passerines that occupy this gradient, I used next-generation sequencing of fecal matter. Willow cover was strongly and consistently associated with abundance and biomass of arthropods and significant shifts in arthropod community composition and diversity. -
15 Foottit:15 Foottit
REDIA, XCII, 2009: 87-91 ROBERT G. FOOTTIT (*) - H. ERIC L. MAW (*) - KEITH S. PIKE (**) DNA BARCODES TO EXPLORE DIVERSITY IN APHIDS (HEMIPTERA APHIDIDAE AND ADELGIDAE) (*) Canadian National Collection of Insects, National Environmental Health Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada;[email protected] (**) Washington State University, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, 24106 N. Bunn Road, Prosser, WA 99350, U.S.A Foottit R.G., Maw H.E.L., Pike K.S. – DNA barcodes to explore diversity in aphids (Hemiptera Aphididae and Adelgidae). A tendency towards loss of taxonomically useful characters, and morphological plasticity due to host and environmental factors, complicates the identification of aphid species and the analysis of relationships. The presence of different morphological forms of a single species on different hosts and at different times of the year makes it difficult to consistently associate routinely collected field samples with particular species definitions. DNA barcoding has been proposed as a standardized approach to the characterization of life forms. We have tested the effectiveness of the standard 658-bp barcode fragment from the 5’ end of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene (COI) to differentiate among species of aphids and adelgids. Results are presented for a preliminary study on the application of DNA barcoding in which approximately 3600 specimens representing 568 species and 169 genera of the major subfamilies of aphids and the adelgids have been sequenced. Examples are provided where DNA barcoding has been used as a tool in recognizing the existence of cryptic new taxa, linking life stages on different hosts of adelgids, and as an aid in the delineation of species boundaries. -
Cinara Cupressivora W Atson & Voegtlin, 1999 Other Scientific Names: Order and Family: Hemiptera: Aphididae Common Names: Giant Cypress Aphid; Cypress Aphid
O R E ST E ST PE C IE S R O FIL E F P S P November 2007 Cinara cupressivora W atson & Voegtlin, 1999 Other scientific names: Order and Family: Hemiptera: Aphididae Common names: giant cypress aphid; cypress aphid Cinara cupressivora is a significant pest of Cupressaceae species and has caused serious damage to naturally regenerating and planted forests in Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean and the Near East. It is believed to have originated on Cupressus sempervirens from eastern Greece to just south of the Caspian Sea (Watson et al., 1999). This pest has been recognized as a separate species for only a short time (Watson et al., 1999) and much of the information on its biology and ecology has been reported under the name Cinara cupressi. Cypress aphids (Photos: Bugwood.org – W .M . Ciesla, Forest Health M anagement International (left, centre); J.D. W ard, USDA Forest Service (right)) DISTRIBUTION Native: eastern Greece to just south of the Caspian Sea Introduced: Africa: Burundi (1988), Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia (2004), Kenya (1990), Malawi (1986), Mauritius (1999), Morocco, Rwanda (1989), South Africa (1993), Uganda (1989), United Republic of Tanzania (1988), Zambia (1985), Zimbabwe (1989) Europe: France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom Latin America and Caribbean: Chile (2003), Colombia Near East: Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Yemen IDENTIFICATION Giant conifer aphid adults are typically 2-5 mm in length, dark brown in colour with long legs (Ciesla, 2003a). Their bodies are sometimes covered with a powdery wax. They typically occur in colonies of 20-80 adults and nymphs on the branches of host trees (Ciesla, 1991). -
Identification of the Alarm Pheromone of Cowpea Aphid, and Comparison with Two Other Aphididae Species
Journal of Insect Science, (2017) 18(1): 1; 1–4 doi: 10.1093/jisesa/iex097 Research Identification of the Alarm Pheromone of Cowpea Aphid, and Comparison With Two Other Aphididae Species Sandrine Mariella Bayendi Loudit,1,2,3 Antoine Boullis,1 François Verheggen,1 and Frédéric Francis1 1Functional & evolutionary entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium, 2Institut de Recherches Agronomiques et Forestières BP 13260 Libreville, Gabon, and 3Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Subject Editor: Stephen Lapointe Received 17 July 2017; Editorial decision 23 October 2017 Abstract In response to a predator attack, many Aphidinae species release an alarm pheromone, which induces dispersal behavior in other individuals within the colony. The major component of this pheromone is the sesquiterpene (E)- β-farnesene (Eβf), but variations occur between aphid species. In the present work, we collected, identified, and quantified the alarm pheromone ofAphis craccivora Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae), before quantifying the escape behavior induced in the neighboring individuals. We compared the semiochemistry and associated behavior of alarm signaling with two other aphid species: Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Eβf was the only volatile found for each species. M. persicae produces a higher quantity of Eβf (8.39 ± 1.19 ng per individual) than A. craccivora (6.02 ± 0.82 ng per individual) and A. fabae (2.04 ± 0.33 ng per individual). Following exposure to natural doses of synthetic Eβf (50 ng and 500 ng), A. craccivora respond more strongly than the two other Aphidinae species with 78% of the individuals initiated alarm behavior for 500 ng of Eβf. -
Distribution Records of Aphids (Hemiptera: Phylloxeroidea, Aphidoidea) Associated with Main Forest-Forming Trees in Northern Europe
© Entomologica Fennica. 5 December 2012 Distribution records of aphids (Hemiptera: Phylloxeroidea, Aphidoidea) associated with main forest-forming trees in Northern Europe Andrey V. Stekolshchikov & Mikhail V. Kozlov Stekolshchikov, A. V.& Kozlov, M. V.2012: Distribution records of aphids (He- miptera: Phylloxeroidea, Aphidoidea) associated with main forest-forming trees in Northern Europe. — Entomol. Fennica 23: 206–214. We report records of 25 species of aphids collected from four species of woody plants (Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula pubescens and B. pendula)at50 study sites in Northern Europe, located from 59° to 70° N and from 10° to 60° E. Critical evaluation of earlier publications demonstrated that in spite of the obvi- ous limitations of our survey, the obtained information substantially contributed to the knowledge of the distribution of aphids in North European Russia, includ- ing Murmansk oblast (103 species recorded to date), Republic of Karelia (58 spe- cies), Arkhangelsk oblast (37 species), Vologda oblast (17 species) and Republic of Komi (29 species). We confirm the occurrence of Cinara nigritergi in South- ern Karelia; Pineus cembrae, Cinara pilosa and Monaphis antennata are for the first time recorded in Norway. A. V.Stekolshchikov, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Univer- sitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; E-mail: [email protected] M. V. Kozlov, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; E-mail: [email protected] Received 2 February 2012, accepted 5 April 2012 1. Introduction cades (e.g., Albrecht 2012), no comparable data (with rare exceptions) exist for the northern parts Species distributions and, consequently, spatial of the European Russia. -
Cinara Cupressivora
62 Global review of forest pests and diseases Cinara cupressivora Order and Family: Hemiptera: Aphididae Common names: giant cypress aphid; cypress aphid Cinara cupressivora Watson & Voegtlin, 1999 is a significant pest of Cupressaceae species and has caused serious damage to naturally regenerated and planted forests in Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean and the Near East. It is believed to have originated on Cupressus sempervirens from eastern Greece to just south of the Caspian Sea (Watson et al., 1999). This pest has been recognized as a separate species for only a short time (Watson et al., 1999) and much of the information on its biology and ecology has been reported under the name Cinara cupressi. BUGWOOD.ORG/W.M. CIESLA/3948001 BUGWOOD.ORG/W.M. CIESLA/3948002 BUGWOOD.ORG/W.M. BUGWOOD.ORG/J.D. WARD/2912011 Cypress aphids DISTRIBUTION Native: Europe and the Near East: eastern Greece to Islamic Republic of Iran Introduced: Africa: Burundi (1988), Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia (2004), Kenya (1990), Malawi (1986), Mauritius (1999), Morocco, Rwanda (1989), South Africa (1993), Uganda (1989), United Republic of Tanzania (1988), Zambia (1985), Zimbabwe (1989) Europe: France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom Latin America and Caribbean: Chile (2003), Colombia Near East: Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Yemen IDENTIFICATION Giant conifer aphid adults are typically 2 to 5 mm in length, dark brown in colour with long legs (Ciesla, 2003a). Their bodies are sometimes covered with a powdery wax. They typically occur in colonies of 20 to 80 adults and nymphs on the branches of host trees (Ciesla, 1991). -
The Mechanism by Which Aphids Adhere to Smooth Surfaces
J. exp. Biol. 152, 243-253 (1990) 243 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1990 THE MECHANISM BY WHICH APHIDS ADHERE TO SMOOTH SURFACES BY A. F. G. DIXON, P. C. CROGHAN AND R. P. GOWING School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ Accepted 30 April 1990 Summary 1. The adhesive force acting between the adhesive organs and substratum for a number of aphid species has been studied. In the case of Aphis fabae, the force per foot is about 10/iN. This is much the same on both glass (amphiphilic) and silanized glass (hydrophobic) surfaces. The adhesive force is about 20 times greater than the gravitational force tending to detach each foot of an inverted aphid. 2. The mechanism of adhesion was considered. Direct van der Waals forces and viscous force were shown to be trivial and electrostatic force and muscular force were shown to be improbable. An adhesive force resulting from surface tension at an air-fluid interface was shown to be adequate and likely. 3. Evidence was collected that the working fluid of the adhesive organ has the properties of a dilute aqueous solution of a surfactant. There is a considerable reserve of fluid, presumably in the cuticle of the adhesive organ. Introduction The mechanism by which certain insects can walk on smooth vertical and even inverted surfaces has long interested entomologists and recently there have been several studies on this subject (Stork, 1980; Wigglesworth, 1987; Lees and Hardie, 1988). The elegant study of Lees and Hardie (1988) on the feet of the vetch aphid Megoura viciae Buckt. -
Anatomical Investigations of the Male Reproductive System of Selected Species of Macrosiphini
Bulletin of Insectology 61 (1): 179, 2008 ISSN 1721-8861 Anatomical investigations of the male reproductive system of selected species of Macrosiphini Karina WIECZOREK Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland Abstract Histological sections and whole mount preparations of five species of Macrosiphini [Impatientinum asiaticum Nevsky, Hypero- myzus (Hyperomyzus) pallidus Hille Ris Lambers, Myzus (Myzus) cerasi (F.), Rhopalomyzus (Judenkoa) loniceare (Siebold) and Uroleucon obscurum (Koch)] were examined. Key words: Hemiptera, Aphidoidea, Aphididae, Macrosiphini, male reproductive system. In previous research on the structure of the male repro- References ductive system of aphids, about 70 species from various subfamilies have been described, mainly Lachninae BLACKMAN R. L., 1987.- Reproduction cytogenetics and de- (Wojciechowski, 1977), Chaitophorinae (Wieczorek and velopment, pp 163-191. In: Aphids, their biology, natural Wojciechowski, 2004), and Calaphidinae (Głowacka et. enemies and control (MINKS A. K., HARREWIJN P., Ed).- El- sevier, Amsterdam, The Netherland. al., 1974; Wieczorek and Wojciechowski, 2001; Wiec- BOCHEN K., KLIMASZEWSKI S. M., WOJCIECHOWSKI W., zorek, 2006). 1975.- Budowa męskiego układu rozrodczego Macrosipho- In contrast, Aphidinae are the largest and most diverse niella artemisiae (B.De Fonsc.) i M. millefolli (De Geer) group of aphids whose male reproductive system is least (Homoptera, Aphididae).- Acta Biologica Uniwersytet Slaski studied. In Pterocommatini the structure of the male re- w Katowicach, 90: 73-81. productive system has been analysed in Pterocomma GŁOWACKA E., KLIMASZEWSKI S. M., SZELEGIEWICZ H., WOJ- populeum (Kaltenbach) (Wieczorek and Wo- CIECHOWSKI W., 1974.- Uber den Bau des mannlichen Fort- jciechowski, 2005) and Pterocomma salicis (L.) (Wiec- pflanzungssystems der Aphiden (Homoptera, Aphidoidea).- zorek and Mróz, 2006), in Aphidini in Rhopalosiphum Annales Universitas Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, 29C: 133-138. -
Larvae of the Green Lacewing Mallada Desjardinsi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Protect Themselves Against Aphid-Tending Ants by Carrying Dead Aphids on Their Backs
Appl Entomol Zool (2011) 46:407–413 DOI 10.1007/s13355-011-0053-y ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Larvae of the green lacewing Mallada desjardinsi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) protect themselves against aphid-tending ants by carrying dead aphids on their backs Masayuki Hayashi • Masashi Nomura Received: 6 March 2011 / Accepted: 11 May 2011 / Published online: 28 May 2011 Ó The Japanese Society of Applied Entomology and Zoology 2011 Abstract Larvae of the green lacewing Mallada desj- Introduction ardinsi Navas are known to place dead aphids on their backs. To clarify the protective role of the carried dead Many ants tend myrmecophilous homopterans such as aphids against ants and the advantages of carrying them for aphids and scale insects, and utilize the secreted honeydew lacewing larvae on ant-tended aphid colonies, we carried as a sugar resource; in return, the homopterans receive out some laboratory experiments. In experiments that beneficial services from the tending ants (Way 1963; Breton exposed lacewing larvae to ants, approximately 40% of the and Addicott 1992; Nielsen et al. 2010). These mutualistic larvae without dead aphids were killed by ants, whereas no interactions between ants and homopterans reduce the larvae carrying dead aphids were killed. The presence of survival and abundance of other arthropods, including the dead aphids did not affect the attack frequency of the non-honeydew-producing herbivores and other predators ants. When we introduced the lacewing larvae onto plants (Bristow 1984; Buckley 1987; Suzuki et al. 2004; Kaplan colonized by ant-tended aphids, larvae with dead aphids and Eubanks 2005), because the tending ants become more stayed for longer on the plants and preyed on more aphids aggressive and attack arthropods that they encounter on than larvae without dead aphids. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE the Effects of Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss on Mutualisms DISSERTATION Submitted In
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE The effects of climate change and biodiversity loss on mutualisms DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology by Annika S. Nelson Dissertation Committee: Professor Kailen A. Mooney, Chair Professor Diane R. Campbell Professor Matthew E.S. Bracken 2019 Chapters 1 and 2 © 2019 John Wiley and Sons All other materials © 2019 Annika S. Nelson DEDICATION To My parents, for fostering my love for science and the outdoors from a young age. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v CURRICULUM VITAE vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION viii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: Elevational cline in herbivore abundance driven by a monotonic increase 5 in trophic-level sensitivity to aridity APPENDIX 1A: Field site locations 30 APPENDIX 1B: Relationships between climatic variables across sites 32 APPENDIX 1C: Summary of statistical analyses 36 CHAPTER 2: Progressive sensitivity of trophic levels to warming underlies an 40 elevational gradient in ant-aphid mutualism strength APPENDIX 2A: Summary of variables measured and statistical analyses 67 APPENDIX 2B: Effects of mean summer temperature on the ant-aphid mutualism 71 APPENDIX 2C: Ant abundance, ant stable isotopes, and natural enemy abundance 75 CHAPTER 3: Sequential but not simultaneous mutualist diversity increases partner 77 fitness APPENDIX 3A: Summary of weather data during each census interval 100 APPENDIX 3B: Integral projection model structure and vital -
Description of Sexuales of Brachycolus Cucubali (Passerini, 1863) (Hemiptera Aphididae)
REDIA, 103, 2020: 47-53 http://dx.doi.org/10.19263/REDIA-103.20.09 ALICE CASIRAGHIa,b -VÍCTOR MORENO-GONZÁLEZ c - NICOLÁS PÉREZ HIDALGO a, d DESCRIPTION OF SEXUALES OF BRACHYCOLUS CUCUBALI (PASSERINI, 1863) (HEMIPTERA APHIDIDAE) a) Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio). Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia-CSIC (Paterna, Va- lencia). Spain. b) Agroecosystems Research Group, Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Section of Botany and Mycology, Depart- ment of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-8353 c) Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, área de Zoología. Universidad de León. 24071 León Spain. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0094-1559 d) Departamento de Artrópodos, Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Barcelona, 08003, Barcelona, Spain. ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8143-3366 Corresponding Author: Alice Casiraghi; [email protected] Casiraghi A., Moreno-González V., Pérez Hidalgo, N. – Description of sexuales of Brachycolus cucubali (Passerini 1863) [Hemiptera Aphididae]. The hitherto unknown oviparous females and apterous males of Brachycolus cucubali (Passerini, 1863), living in pseudogalls on Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, (1869) (Caryophyllaceae), are described based on material from the North-West of Iberian Peninsula (Province of León). Sampling and morphometric data are given for every morph. Also, field data of monitored Brachycolus cucubali colonies are reported and information of polyphenism in males is discussed. KEY WORDS: Aphids, morphology, sexual dimorphism, polyphenism INTRODUCTION 2014), or with the species of this work, Brachycolus cucu- bali (Passerini, 1863) (BLACKMAN and EASTOP, 2020). -
A Contribution to the Aphid Fauna of Greece
Bulletin of Insectology 60 (1): 31-38, 2007 ISSN 1721-8861 A contribution to the aphid fauna of Greece 1,5 2 1,6 3 John A. TSITSIPIS , Nikos I. KATIS , John T. MARGARITOPOULOS , Dionyssios P. LYKOURESSIS , 4 1,7 1 3 Apostolos D. AVGELIS , Ioanna GARGALIANOU , Kostas D. ZARPAS , Dionyssios Ch. PERDIKIS , 2 Aristides PAPAPANAYOTOU 1Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece 2Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 4Plant Virology Laboratory, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, National Agricultural Research Foundation (N.AG.RE.F.), Heraklion, Crete, Greece 5Present address: Amfikleia, Fthiotida, Greece 6Present address: Institute of Technology and Management of Agricultural Ecosystems, Center for Research and Technology, Technology Park of Thessaly, Volos, Magnesia, Greece 7Present address: Department of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece Abstract In the present study a list of the aphid species recorded in Greece is provided. The list includes records before 1992, which have been published in previous papers, as well as data from an almost ten-year survey using Rothamsted suction traps and Moericke traps. The recorded aphidofauna consisted of 301 species. The family Aphididae is represented by 13 subfamilies and 120 genera (300 species), while only one genus (1 species) belongs to Phylloxeridae. The aphid fauna is dominated by the subfamily Aphidi- nae (57.1 and 68.4 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively), especially the tribe Macrosiphini, and to a lesser extent the subfamily Eriosomatinae (12.6 and 8.3 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively).