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A Century of Mathematics in America, Peter Duren Et Ai., (Eds.), Vol
Garrett Birkhoff has had a lifelong connection with Harvard mathematics. He was an infant when his father, the famous mathematician G. D. Birkhoff, joined the Harvard faculty. He has had a long academic career at Harvard: A.B. in 1932, Society of Fellows in 1933-1936, and a faculty appointmentfrom 1936 until his retirement in 1981. His research has ranged widely through alge bra, lattice theory, hydrodynamics, differential equations, scientific computing, and history of mathematics. Among his many publications are books on lattice theory and hydrodynamics, and the pioneering textbook A Survey of Modern Algebra, written jointly with S. Mac Lane. He has served as president ofSIAM and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Mathematics at Harvard, 1836-1944 GARRETT BIRKHOFF O. OUTLINE As my contribution to the history of mathematics in America, I decided to write a connected account of mathematical activity at Harvard from 1836 (Harvard's bicentennial) to the present day. During that time, many mathe maticians at Harvard have tried to respond constructively to the challenges and opportunities confronting them in a rapidly changing world. This essay reviews what might be called the indigenous period, lasting through World War II, during which most members of the Harvard mathe matical faculty had also studied there. Indeed, as will be explained in §§ 1-3 below, mathematical activity at Harvard was dominated by Benjamin Peirce and his students in the first half of this period. Then, from 1890 until around 1920, while our country was becoming a great power economically, basic mathematical research of high quality, mostly in traditional areas of analysis and theoretical celestial mechanics, was carried on by several faculty members. -
Download Report 2010-12
RESEARCH REPORt 2010—2012 MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Cover: Aurora borealis paintings by William Crowder, National Geographic (1947). The International Geophysical Year (1957–8) transformed research on the aurora, one of nature’s most elusive and intensely beautiful phenomena. Aurorae became the center of interest for the big science of powerful rockets, complex satellites and large group efforts to understand the magnetic and charged particle environment of the earth. The auroral visoplot displayed here provided guidance for recording observations in a standardized form, translating the sublime aesthetics of pictorial depictions of aurorae into the mechanical aesthetics of numbers and symbols. Most of the portait photographs were taken by Skúli Sigurdsson RESEARCH REPORT 2010—2012 MAX-PLANCK-INSTITUT FÜR WISSENSCHAFTSGESCHICHTE Max Planck Institute for the History of Science Introduction The Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) is made up of three Departments, each administered by a Director, and several Independent Research Groups, each led for five years by an outstanding junior scholar. Since its foundation in 1994 the MPIWG has investigated fundamental questions of the history of knowl- edge from the Neolithic to the present. The focus has been on the history of the natu- ral sciences, but recent projects have also integrated the history of technology and the history of the human sciences into a more panoramic view of the history of knowl- edge. Of central interest is the emergence of basic categories of scientific thinking and practice as well as their transformation over time: examples include experiment, ob- servation, normalcy, space, evidence, biodiversity or force. -
Mathematical Genealogy of the Wellesley College Department Of
Nilos Kabasilas Mathematical Genealogy of the Wellesley College Department of Mathematics Elissaeus Judaeus Demetrios Kydones The Mathematics Genealogy Project is a service of North Dakota State University and the American Mathematical Society. http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/ Georgios Plethon Gemistos Manuel Chrysoloras 1380, 1393 Basilios Bessarion 1436 Mystras Johannes Argyropoulos Guarino da Verona 1444 Università di Padova 1408 Cristoforo Landino Marsilio Ficino Vittorino da Feltre 1462 Università di Firenze 1416 Università di Padova Angelo Poliziano Theodoros Gazes Ognibene (Omnibonus Leonicenus) Bonisoli da Lonigo 1477 Università di Firenze 1433 Constantinople / Università di Mantova Università di Mantova Leo Outers Moses Perez Scipione Fortiguerra Demetrios Chalcocondyles Jacob ben Jehiel Loans Thomas à Kempis Rudolf Agricola Alessandro Sermoneta Gaetano da Thiene Heinrich von Langenstein 1485 Université Catholique de Louvain 1493 Università di Firenze 1452 Mystras / Accademia Romana 1478 Università degli Studi di Ferrara 1363, 1375 Université de Paris Maarten (Martinus Dorpius) van Dorp Girolamo (Hieronymus Aleander) Aleandro François Dubois Jean Tagault Janus Lascaris Matthaeus Adrianus Pelope Johann (Johannes Kapnion) Reuchlin Jan Standonck Alexander Hegius Pietro Roccabonella Nicoletto Vernia Johannes von Gmunden 1504, 1515 Université Catholique de Louvain 1499, 1508 Università di Padova 1516 Université de Paris 1472 Università di Padova 1477, 1481 Universität Basel / Université de Poitiers 1474, 1490 Collège Sainte-Barbe -
What Is the Use of the History of Geology to a Practicing Geologist? the Propaedeutical Case of Stratigraphy
What Is the Use of the History of Geology to a Practicing Geologist? The Propaedeutical Case of Stratigraphy A. M. Celâl Şengör* İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi (İTÜ) Maden Fakültesi ve Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü, Ayazağa 34810, Istanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT A practicing geologist can benefit from the history of geology professionally in two main ways: by learning about past mistakes so as not to repeat them and by finding out about different ways to discovery. In this article, I discuss some aspects of the history of stratigraphy and point out that the concept of a stratum has shoehorned geologists into thinking time and rock equivalent, which has led to some serious misinterpretations of geological phenomena, such as the timing of orogenic events and the charting of sea level changes. I call this the “tyranny of strata.” The very name of stratigraphy comes from strata, but what it does is simply deduce temporal relations from spatial relations of rock bodies, including fossils, by making certain assumptions about processes, that is, invoking inevitably a hypo- thetical step. What we have learned from looking at the history of geology is that empirical stratal correlation, even when well controlled by index fossils, can never yield perfect temporal correlation, and any assumption that it does is doomed to failure. Geology progresses in a direction that it may soon be possible to date every package of rock in a way to know what process is being dated and where exactly. We can correlate only processes in time hypothetically, not rock bodies empirically. This is the most important lesson a stratigrapher ought to have learned from the history of his or her subject. -
The Historical Background
01 orestes part 1 10/24/01 3:40 PM Page 1 Part I The Historical Background The idea that continents move was first seriously considered in the early 20th century, but it took scientists 40 years to decide that it was true. Part I describes the historical background to this question: how scientists first pondered the question of crustal mobility, why they rejected the idea the first time around, and how they ultimately came back to it with new evidence, new ideas, and a global model of how it works. 01 orestes part 1 10/24/01 3:40 PM Page 2 01 orestes part 1 10/24/01 3:40 PM Page 3 Chapter 1 From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics Naomi Oreskes Since the 16th century, cartographers have noticed the jigsaw-puzzle fit of the continental edges.1 Since the 19th century, geol- ogists have known that some fossil plants and animals are extraordinar- ily similar across the globe, and some sequences of rock formations in distant continents are also strikingly alike. At the turn of the 20th cen- tury, Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the theory of Gond- wanaland to account for these similarities: that a giant supercontinent had once covered much or all of Earth’s surface before breaking apart to form continents and ocean basins. A few years later, German meteo- rologist Alfred Wegener suggested an alternative explanation: conti- nental drift. The paleontological patterns and jigsaw-puzzle fit could be explained if the continents had migrated across the earth’s surface, sometimes joining together, sometimes breaking apart. -
Hans Suess Papers
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7c6008jd No online items Hans Suess Papers Finding aid prepared by Special Collections & Archives Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California, 92093-0175 858-534-2533 [email protected] Copyright 2005 Hans Suess Papers MSS 0199 1 Descriptive Summary Title: Hans Suess Papers Identifier/Call Number: MSS 0199 Contributing Institution: Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California, 92093-0175 Languages: English Physical Description: 29.0 Linear feet (69 archives boxes, 1 card file box and 5 oversize folders) Date (inclusive): 1875 - 1991 (bulk 1955-1991) Abstract: Papers of Hans Suess, an Austrian-born geochemist who pioneered radiocarbon dating techniques and was a founding faculty member of the University of California, San Diego. His papers span the years 1875-1991 and contain grant proposals, conference materials, subject files, photographs, and writings by Suess and others. The collection also contains correspondence with prominent scientists and UC San Diego faculty. Many of the correspondence files and the writings by Suess are in German. Creator: Suess, Hans Eduard, 1909- Acquisition Information Acquired 1991, 1994. Preferred Citation Hans Suess Papers, MSS 0199. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego. Biography Hans Eduard Suess was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1909. He was the son of Franz E. Suess, former professor of geology at the University of Vienna, and Olga Frenzl Suess. His grandfather was Eduard Suess, who wrote The Face of the Earth, an early work in geochemistry. Suess studied chemistry and physics at the University of Vienna where he received a Ph.D. -
Complex Ratio Z = P/X. If We Call Dx/Dt = I the Current As in Electricity, If We
PHYSICS: A. G. WEBSTER 275 ACOUSTICAL IMPEDANCE, AND THE THEORY OF HORNS AND OF THE PHONOGRAPH BY ARTHUR GORDON WEBSTER DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, CLARK UNIVERSITY Communicated, May 8, 1919* The introduction more than thirty years ago of the term 'impedance' by Mr. Oliver Heaviside has been productive of very great convenience in the theory of alternating currents of electricity. Unfortunately, engineers have not seemed to notice that the idea may be made as useful in mechanics and acoustics as in electricity. In fact, in such apparatus as the telephone one may combine the notions of electrical and mechanical impedance with great advantage. Whenever we have permanent vibrations of a single given fre- quency, which is here denoted, as usual, by n/27r, the notion of impedance is valuable in replacing all the quantities involved in the reactions of the system by a single complex number. If we follow the convenient practice of denoting an oscillating quantity by ei" and taking its real part (as introduced by Cauchy) all the derivatives of eft are obtained by multiplication by powers of in, or graphically by advancing the representative vector by the proper number of right angles. If we have any oscillating system into which a volume of air X periodically enters under an excess pressure p, I propose to define the impedance by the complex ratio Z = p/X. If we call dX/dt = I the current as in electricity, if we followed electrical analogy we should write Z = pI so that the definition as given above makes our impedance lead by a right angle the usual definition. -
150341A0.Pdf
No. 38:>3, SEPTEMBER 19, 1942 NATURE 341 The coefficients given by the first approximation, German language, and partly because they covered with their standard errors, were a 22 = 4 · 8± 1 · 3 ; the geological globe in a well-balanced conspectus aa 1 =6·2±2·3; a 32 =2·0±0·6, none of the others supported by a background of documented facts. being as great as their standard errors. For a second He was particularly attracted to Britain, where his solution he included a 00 and also a 20 (the main ellip father was born, and visited the Highlands more ticity term) and solved for the five coefficients by than once to compare their architecture with that of least squares. The result was : a 22 = 4 ·0 ± 1 ·4 ; a 32 = the Caledonian masses he knew so thoroughly near l ·3 ±0·7; a 31 =4·2 ±2·4; a00=2·5 ±1 ·9; a 20 = -6·1 ± the Danube. He contributed papers in English on 5 ·O ; and the co3:ncient b33 then had the value of the thorny problems of the structures of the Scottish 0·46 ±0·26. The coefficient a 22 indicates that the Highlands, and they provide a welcome variety in a 'ellipticity of the equator' is genuine, but that the rather mystic literature. uncertainty is greater than that given by Heiskanen. Though somewhat crippled in'later years, Suess was Compensated inequalities that would account for surprisingly active, and in pursuit of his science he the harmonics au, a 32, a 31 and baa would be of ampli would walk long days amidst the woods of the tudes 5·2, l ·9, l ·9, 2·2 km. -
The Sixth International Geological Congress: Zürich, 1894
187 by Sibylle Franks1 and Rudolf Trümpy2 The Sixth International Geological Congress: Zürich, 1894 1. Altwiesenstrasse 195, CH-8051 Zürich, Switzerland 2. Allmendboden 19, CH-Küsnacht, Switzerland In 1891, at the 5th International Geological Congress in on the structure of the Alps were in a state of flux. The Prealpine Washington DC, it was suggested that Switzerland story has been told by Masson (1976), the Glarus story by Trümpy (1991). should host the 1894 Congress. Since Switzerland had Thrusts had been noticed since the middle of the century, e.g. not issued an official invitation for the 6th International by Bernhard Studer (1853) and by Arnold Escher (1841). In the Geological Congress, the Swiss geologists accepted Glarus Alps, a spectacular thrust (recently proposed as part of the UNESCO Natural Heritage) carries Permian red-beds (‘Verrucano’) somewhat reluctantly. The general lectures still con- and their Mesozoic cover over Eocene to Lower Oligocene Flysch. cerned problems of classification. The most interesting Somehow, Escher recoiled from the consequences of his own obser- discussions had to do with the structure of the Alps. The vations, and he invented the strange hypothesis of the ‘double fold’: south- and north-facing recumbent anticlines facing each other conference took place at a time between the first recog- across a narrow gap due to later, essentially Pleistocene, erosion. nition of nappes and the general acceptance of their Escher’s disciple and successor Albert Heim (1878, 1891) took existence. The proponents of the nappe concept up his mentor’s ideas and defended them vigorously, illustrating them by splendid drawings. -
Eduard Suess
238 Obituary—Eduard Suess. No doubt the descriptions in bore journals have to be interpreted freely, but the differences in the above descriptions can hardly be thus dismissed. The original assignments in the Survey Memoirs of the two series of beds to different systems appear both to have been correct. Mr. Lamplugh was probably right in identifying the Isle of Man beds as Triassic saliferous marls and Mr. Holmes in identifying the Abbeytown beds as Permian Gypseous Shales. Why correlate the beds at Abbeytown with such different beds over 50 miles distant, while similar rocks occur only 16 miles away? If the identifications in the Isle of Man and Carlisle memoirs be correct, then the salt-bearing marls of the Isle of Man belong to a different system from the Gypseous Shales of Abbeytown, and the red sandstone below the two sets of beds is probably also of different age. The \ fact that the sandstone below the Keuper marls in the Isle of Man is j the St. Bees Sandstone is an additional reason why the sandstone below the Permian Gypseous Shales at Abbeytown is not the St. Bees Sandstone - J. W. GEEQOBT. GEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY, GLASGOW. May 14, 1914. OBITTJAET. EDUARD SUESS. BORN AUGUST 20, 1831. DIED APRIL 26, 1914. IT is with deep regret we record the death of our dear friend of long ago, Professor Eduard Suess, which occurred at Vienna on Sunday, April 26. It was so lately as in January of last year (GEOL. MAG., 1913) that we published a brief notice with his portrait (Plate I) among our list of Eminent Living Geologists. -
Alfred Wegener - from Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics
GENERAL I ARTICLE Alfred Wegener - From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics A J Saigeetha and Ra'Vinder Kumar Banyal What is the nature of the force or mechanism that moves massive continents thousands ofmiles across? What causes violent earthquakes to displace huge landmasses abruptly? How could great mountain ranges like Himalayas and Alps rise to such incredible heights? What makes earth's interior so restless? Answers to some of these questions may lie in A J Saigeetha is currently working in CSIR understanding the Earth's interior itself. CMMACS, Bangalore. Her current interests From time immemorial, the beauty and the grandeur of nature include the crustal have never failed to fascinate the imaginations of the creative deformation and modeling, minds. The colourful landscapes, changing seasons, twinkling plate tectonics, and GPS stars, vast sky, majestic oceans, exotic life forms, great moun Geodesy. tains, and deep valleys -have all been the source of veneration for the primitive human being. The roots of modern science lie in man's eternal quest to comprehend these phenomenons by care ful and systematic observations that gradually led to many discoveries of nature and its laws. The new scientific ideas and Ravinder Kumar Banyal is inventions have profoundly changed the way we view our world a senior research student today. Plate tectonics, one of the most important and far-reaching at Indian Institute of discoveries of the last century has completely revolutionized our Astrophysics, Bangalore. His current interests understanding of the planet Earth. The credit goes to a brilliant include optical metrology, interdisciplinary scientist from Germany, Alfred Lothar photo-refractive nonlinear Wegener, who in the year 1912, proposed the scintillating idea of optics, optical imaging and continental drift that set the foundation for the development of information processing .and geophysics. -
Essay Review
ESSAY REVIEW ANEW PORTRAIT OF THE SWISS ALPS The Geology of Switzerland—An Introduction to Tectonic Facies; by K. J. Hsu¨, xxv ϩ 250 p. Princeton, New Jersey, 1995 (Princeton University Press).—One of the most difficult things in the world is to create a new portrait of a public darling. Whatever the artist may do, there will be some who will prefer the image they have been carrying around in their heads and hearts for a lifetime and will be unable to reconcile themselves to the new picture. Ken Hsu¨’s The Geology of Switzerland—An Introduction to Tectonic Facies is one such novel portrait. Switzerland is, in the mind of a geologist, synonymous with the Alps. Not France, not Italy, not Germany, not even Austria (despite Suess) can claim this. It is reserved for the tiny confederation in the heart of the Alps, from which the most daring interpretations of the Alpine evolution—and, now and then, of the whole terrestrial globe—have regularly issued. But the Alps are like Sarastro’s Temple of the Sun: they are a geological sanctuary reserved for the elect. When Manfred Gwinner dared to write a book summarizing the geology of the Alps for the uninitiated, the first sentence in his preface (of both editions: 1971, 1978) was a disclaimer: the confession that he is not an Alpine geologist, lest the wrath of the priesthood of the temple descend on him. Yet the Alps, too, need a fresh look now and then. No doubt that they are the fountainhead of most of our tectonic concepts and thus constitute a sort of “type example” that needs to be protected from further hammering; no doubt, too, that they need to be protected against adventures of the kind that terranology inflicted upon the American Cordillera.