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The Impact of Apartheid on Family Life in South Africa

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The Impact of Apartheid on Family Life in South Africa The Impact of Apartheid on Family Life in South Africa http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1980_31 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The Impact of Apartheid on Family Life in South Africa Alternative title Notes and Documents - United Nations Centre Against ApartheidSpecial Issue Author/Creator United Nations Centre against Apartheid; Taitt, A. Lenora Publisher United Nations, New York Date 1980-11-00 Resource type Reports Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1980-00-00 Source Northwestern University Libraries Description Introduction. Employment and family living under apartheid. Housing and Africans living under apartheid. Education and the family under apartheid. Physical, psycological and social effects on the family living under apartheid. Psychological and social health. Conclusions. Notes. Format extent 20 page(s) (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.nuun1980_31 http://www.aluka.org NOTES AND DOCUMENTS* NOTES AND DOCUMENTS* Special issue .ovember 1930 THE MPACT OF APAI-EID ON FAMILY LIFE IN SOUTH AFRICA by A. Lenora Taitt L-i-ote: Dr. A Lenora Taitt is the Programme Director and Co-ordinator of the Nlew York Office of the United States National Commission on the International Year of the Child. The views expressed are those of the author.7 * All material in these notes and documents may be freely reprinted. Acknowledgement, together with a copy of the publication containing the reprint, would be appreciated. Table of Contents Page Introduction .. Eployment and family living under apartheid Housing and Africans living under apartheid Education and the family under apartheid Physical, psychological and social effects on the family living under apartheid Psychological and social health . Conclusions °....**00C**a* Notes .........******** **.****** ****.**. * 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 0e e 0 0 . 0 * 0 * IO*** * * 9 O O* O Introduction In order to address the social and psychological impact of apartheid on the family we must first look at aparteid, which is a system of institutionalized racism created by the white racist rgrme in South Africa. This system maintains social, political and cultural dominance over the black majority in South Africa in order that the white minority can remain in power. Apartheid has developed words and phrases which have meaning only within the context of apartheid - for example "black spots", 'bantu", "endorsed out" etc. To better understand apartheid as one of the most vicious attempts by any society to consistently destroy a people by institutionalizing the breakdown of the family at every level, this paper will begin with a brief glossary of the apartheid language as defined by Hilda Bernstein in her book For Their Trimphs and For Their Tears. I/ Further explanation will be in the body of the paper as deemed necessary. Homelands, bantustans, reserves: The names refer to the areas that successive white Governments have designated for occupations by Africans. Aeserves was used in the past, and today has more accuracy inasmuch as these areas have become reserves for cheap labour. Homeland is the official term, reflecting the intention of the white Government. Bantustans originated as a satirical term, and is generally used by opponents of apartheid. Blacks, bantus, Africans: Bantu has been the official tera used for Africans, who dislike it as being inaccurate and offensive. Black covers three groups, that is, Africans, Asians, and Coloureds (The term used in South Africa for people of mixed white and black extraction) and, as well as being adopted by the black people, is now coming gradually into official favour. Black spots: These are areas of land occupied by Africans. They are surrounded by white-owned territory, or are "poorly sited," that is too close to white farms or towns. To clear the 'black spots' massive uprootings of settled populations and commuLities have taken place. Influx control: A mass of regulations and legislation has been evolved for the purpose of restricting the number of Africans entering, residing or working in urban areas. Influx control is carried out by te labour agencies, the police, nagistrates' courts and the Bantu Affairs Department. It is achieved by means of the "pass laws." -2- Pass. reference book: The Pass laws, which restrict the freedom of movement and choice of occupation of the African people, have their roots in the beginnings of white occupation. Every single African male and female over the age of 16 years must carry a pass at all times and produce it on demand. An average of nearly 2000 people every day are prosecuted for infringements of the pass laws. In 1952, the various laws controlling movement were consolidated into one act. This enabled the authorities to issue reference books to Africans in lieu of the various passes they were formerly required to carry. The book contains the holder's identity card as well as particulars of residence, employment, contract, tax receipts, etc. In addition it contains endorsements regarding the eligibility of the holder to live in, work in, or seek work in prescribed areas. 'Pass' and 'Reference Book' are interchangeable terms. Endorsed out: An endorsement in the reference book means that the owner of the book must have a prescribed area (that is, one considered to be white, but where a large number of Africans live and work). Black Sash: An organization of predominantly middle-class women (whites only until 1963) who have become known everywhere through their silent protests against apartheid laws, wearing a black sash... They publish a magazine, The Black Sash, and are deeply concerned at the destruction of family life. The system of apartheid facilitates a cheap and continuing supply of black labour to ensure the continued exploitation of the country's vast wealth to the benefit of the white racist r4gime. The labour used to extract the resources comes from the African population. The white racist South African Administration maintains this labour force by exercising considerable control over its black population. The system of apartheid was established with extensive, oppressive laws by the white racist regime to govern every aspect of the lives of Blacks in South Africa. This system of institutionalized racisn reinforces the extreme inequity that exists and persists in bou-i Africa. The inequity is clearly illustrated by the available population figures on South Africa. In mid-1977 the South African Government estimated that the population stood at 26,946,000 and comprised four official population groups: 19,369,500 Africans, 4,379,000 whites, 2,432,000 coloureds and 765,000 Asians. / Africans live in bantustans or reserves for blacks. They can live in white urban or rural areas only to sell their labour. When they no longer have work or are considered economically unproductive, -3- they are expected to return to the reserves. Families of African workers are not allowed to accompany them to "white areas" but must remain in reserves and live precariously off the land. The law, as established by the white racist r~gime, requires that every adult male should register for work with a labour bureau. Few men have permanent residential status in urban areas and they generally live without their families since wives are very rarely given permission to join them. To ensure that an African is "lawfully" in an area as prescribed by the white r4gime, male and females are required to carry a pass from the age of 16 years. Failure to carry the pass means liability to arrest and/or a period of detention. Housing provided for Africans in towns is usually inadequate, lacking running water or electricity. The housing is usually overcrowded and sparse having a negative impact on Africans who have to live there. Medical service in the towns is inadequate and in the rural areas limited. The combination of poor housing and unsanitary conditions, inadequate medical service, and widespread poverty are reflected in the extensive malnutrition, disease, high- infant mortality and social illness among the Africans forced to live under these conditions. The infant mortality rate is five times that of the white population. In some areas, graves are dug in advance anticipating the number of infant deaths that will take place during a given month. Education for the African is not compulsory and the limited number of schools contributes to a small percentage of the African population being educated. The syllabus which is followed is not only different from that used in the white schools but is also grossly inferior. The pupil/teacher ratio averages 50 to 1 for Africans and 20 to 1 for whites; Government expenditure per pupil per year in 1968 was 48.55 rand for Africans and 654 rand for whites. / Women are forced to rear their children without fathers under extremely adverse conditions.
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