ภาคผนวก ก รายงานภาษาอังกฤษ the Promotion of Integration of Smes Into Agribusiness Global Value Chains in APEC Region
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ภาคผนวก ก โครงการศึกษาการส่งเสริมการเข้ามีส่วนร่วมของ SMEs ในห่วงโซ่คุณค่าโลกสาขาธุรกิจเกษตรภายใต้กรอบเอเปค ภาคผนวก ก รายงานภาษาอังกฤษ The Promotion of Integration of SMEs into Agribusiness Global Value Chains in APEC Region 1. Introduction Agricultural business encompassing food and non-food sectors plays a strategic role in Asia Pacific economy and is the backbone of many countries in the region. The integration of agriculture business is critical for the growth of APEC member countries and helps enhance the level food security, especially for countries having insufficient production capacity to serve their own markets. The agricultural value chain is the networks of stakeholders involved in growing, processing, and selling the agricultural products to consumers. This constructs a network of (1) the producers that research, grow, and trade agricultural commodities, such as rice, fruit, vegetable, cassava, seafood, and poultry; (2) the processors, both primary and value added ones that harvest, butcher, process, manufacture, value adding, and market agricultural products, such as flour, canned food, juice, biscuit, ham, bacon; and beverage; (3) the distributors, including wholesaler, retailers, distribution center, and logistics service providers, that market, move, deliver, storage, distribute, and sell products; (4) the consumers that shop, purchase and consume products; and (5) government and non-government organizations (NGOs), and regulator that monitor and regulate the entire agricultural products from producers to consumers. Each stakeholder has interfaced different issues along the entire value chain. For example, producers may cope with issues of production constrains, commodity price fluctuation, ศูนย์บริการวิชาการแห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย หน้า ก - 1 ภาคผนวก ก โครงการศึกษาการส่งเสริมการเข้ามีส่วนร่วมของ SMEs ในห่วงโซ่คุณค่าโลกสาขาธุรกิจเกษตรภายใต้กรอบเอเปค financial support, plant diseases, inspect pests, and risks from natural scarcity and natural disaster. Processors are likely to face issues of cost management, quality standard, labor shortage, and new requirement for skill and technology development. Distributors are expected to handle issues of marketing, demand management, consumer relationship management, international trade regulations, logistics, and traceability. Consumers concerns may cover issues of product pricing, production availability, food security, food safety, health and wellnesses. Government and NGO attempt to monitor and support the whole range of value chain and use appropriate measures for selected value chain such as public health and safety, subsidies, taxation, security, standardization, research and development, and financial support, Collaboration amongst various stakeholders along the value chain is more important than ever. The interdependencies between stakeholders are no longer mainly between the functions most closely linked along the chain but can encompass stakeholders anywhere in the network. Every stakeholder must be responsible and accountable for sourcing, handling, and quality and cost control of products along the value chain to avoid ruins of company’s reputation. Global trade and production of agricultural products are increasingly structured through global value chains (GVC). The concept of GVC was introduced in the early 2000s and has been employed to capture a number of characteristics of the global economy. The global value chain in agricultural business encompasses a network of global buyers and global suppliers. GVC gives insights on economic governance and helps identify firms and actors that control and coordinate activities in production networks. Understanding government structures is important for policymaking, in particular to assess how policies can have an impact on firms and the location of activities. Small farmers, growers, and SMEs have increasingly tied to markets and agro based industries through business linkages and alliances with each other and other large enterprises and with other value chain stakeholders. The promotion of the integration of ศูนย์บริการวิชาการแห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย หน้า ก - 2 ภาคผนวก ก โครงการศึกษาการส่งเสริมการเข้ามีส่วนร่วมของ SMEs ในห่วงโซ่คุณค่าโลกสาขาธุรกิจเกษตรภายใต้กรอบเอเปค Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) into agribusiness global value chain (GVCs) is necessary for Asia Pacific region to achieve its mission of promoting balanced and inclusive growth through trade and investment liberalization. This paper describes the importance of agricultural trade and business in APEC region, especially from Southeast Asia and Thailand perspective, current role of SMEs in participating in GVC of selected products traded internationally, enabling factors of SMES into GVCs, issues and challenges faced by SMEs, relationship between SMEs and large enterprise, governments, and stakeholders, and recommendation to strengthen and promote SMEs integration into agribusiness GVC. Table 1 highlights the importance of agricultural products of APEC member countries including major agricultural product produced and globally recognized, major agro based export and import items. The table indicates the possibility of trading, competitive advantage, and integration of agro based global value chain. For example, Thailand has established competitive advantage in producing rice, rubber, sugarcane, cassava, chicken meat, and tropical fruits while importing products from overseas such as soybean, cotton, and cold climate fruit. It then indicates the possibility of complimentary trade connection amongst APEC countries. ศูนย์บริการวิชาการแห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย หน้า ก - 3 ภาคผนวก ก โครงการศึกษาการส่งเสริมการเข้ามีส่วนร่วมของ SMEs ในห่วงโซ่คุณค่าโลกสาขาธุรกิจเกษตรภายใต้กรอบเอเปค Table 8-1: Important Agricultural Products of APEC member countries1 APEC Major Agricultural Samples of local Major Agro based Major Agro based products globally Export Item Import Item member Products Produced recognized countries Australia Meat, wheat, dairy Australian Angus Wheat, beef, cotton, Processed food, products, sheep beef wool, wine, sheep wine, pork, pastry, meat, chicken meat, barley, chocolate products, Barossa valley wine meat, cotton lint, rapeseed, cheese, coffee, processed rapeseed, grapes, Hunter valley wine forage product, fruit, soybeans, sugar cane, wool, milk products, beverage, beer, pet South Australia barley, cottonseed, tallow, malt, food, sugar, frozen wine pork, pulses, processed food potatoes, frozen almonds, chick vegetable, palm oil, peas, rice, potatoes, cigarettes, lentils, eggs, preserved sugarcane, fruits vegetable, olive oil Brunei Chicken meat, Tutong coconut oil Rubber, cattle, tea, Beverage, processed Darussalam eggs, fruits, pastry, soybean oil, food, rice, flour, vegetables coffee, dried meat, pastry, sugar, beef, soya source, dates palm oil, coffee, sheep meat, cereals, infant food, milk product, chicken Canada Rapeseed, pork, Canadian rye Wheat, rapeseed, Processed food, wheat, cattle meat, whisky, rapeseed oil, pork, wine, pastry, beef, chicken meat, soybeans, processed coffee, sugar, 1 FAOSTAT prepared by Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations ศูนย์บริการวิชาการแห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย หน้า ก - 4 ภาคผนวก ก โครงการศึกษาการส่งเสริมการเข้ามีส่วนร่วมของ SMEs ในห่วงโซ่คุณค่าโลกสาขาธุรกิจเกษตรภายใต้กรอบเอเปค APEC Major Agricultural Samples of local Major Agro based Major Agro based products globally Export Item Import Item member Products Produced recognized countries soybeans, potatoes, Canadian whisky, food, pastry, dry beverage, rubber, maize, lentils, dry peas, beef, chocolate beer, fruits, pet Ontario Icewine, peas, eggs, product, lentils, food, pork, cereals, blueberries, barley, frozen potatoes, grapes, lettuce, oats, turkey meat, fruit, sugar, oats, bananas, soybeans tomatoes, dry coffee, beverage, beans, mushroom, cereals, fishery linseed product, wood product Chile Grapes, pork, Chile Pisco (spirit) Wine, grapes, Beef, sugar, fat, food chicken meat, milk apples, cranberries, wastes, soybeans, products, apples, cherries, pork, maize, wheat, cattle meat, kiwi processed food, processed food, fruit, plums, fishery products, sorghum, beverage, peaches, avocadoes, chicken chicken meat, nectarines, meat, kiwi fruit, cereals, pet food, potatoes, eggs, maize, raisin, pears, soybean, macaroni, what, tomatoes, plums beer, gluten feed, turkey meat, chocolate products, cherries, pastry, bananas, avocadoes, sugar rubber beet, pears, maize, almonds, fishery products ศูนย์บริการวิชาการแห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย หน้า ก - 5 ภาคผนวก ก โครงการศึกษาการส่งเสริมการเข้ามีส่วนร่วมของ SMEs ในห่วงโซ่คุณค่าโลกสาขาธุรกิจเกษตรภายใต้กรอบเอเปค APEC Major Agricultural Samples of local Major Agro based Major Agro based products globally Export Item Import Item member Products Produced recognized countries China Pork, rice, fresh Dongshan Bai Lu Processed food, Soybeans, cotton, vegetables, eggs, Sun (asparagus) garlic, fruit, canned rubber, palm oil, tomatoes, chicken chicken meat, wool, cattle, sugar, Guanxi Mi You meat, cattle meat, vegetables wine, dry cassava, apples, wheat, (pomelo) dehydrated, soybean oil, pork, milk products, preserved milk products, JInxiang Da Suang potatoes, garlic, vegetables, tea, beverage, infant (garlic) maize, cotton lint, tomatoes paste, food, processed mushroom, Lixian Ma Shan Yao apples, dry bean, food, rubber, cucumbers, (yam) food wastes, pet chicken meat, rice, watermelons, food, rapeseed, wool Longjing cha (tea) chilies, pepper, unmanufactured sheep groundnuts, Pinggu Da Tao tobacco, mandarins, honey,