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Dancing Salmon: Human-Fish Relationships on the Northwest Coast

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Dancing Salmon: Human-Fish Relationships on the Northwest Coast Dancing Salmon: Human-fish Relationships on the Northwest Coast by Deidre Sanders Cullon B.A., University of Victoria, 1993 M.A., University of Victoria, 1995 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Anthropology © Deidre Sanders Cullon, 2017 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Dancing Salmon: Human-fish Relationships on the Northwest Coast by Deidre Sanders Cullon B.A., University of Victoria, 1993 M.A., University of Victoria, 1995 Supervisory Committee Dr. Ann Stahl, Department of Anthropology Co-Supervisor Dr. Brian Thom, Department of Anthropology Co-Supervisor Dr. John Lutz, Department of History Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Ann Stahl Department of Anthropology Dr. Brian Thom Department of Anthropology Dr. John Lutz Department of History With its myriad of relationships, my study considers the Laich-Kwil-Tach enlivened world in which multiple beings bring meaning and understanding to life. Through exploration of Laich-Kwil-Tach ontology I engage with the theoretical concepts of animism, historical ecology and political ecology, in what I call relational ecology. Here, I examine the divide between the relational world and what Western ontology considers a natural resource; fish. Through an analysis of ethnographic texts I work to elucidate the 19th-century human-fish relationship and through collaboration with Laich- Kwil-Tach Elders, based on Vancouver Island on the Northwest Coast of North America, I seek to understand how the 19th-century enlivened world informs 21st-century Laich- Kwil-Tach ontology. In this ethnographic and ethnohistorical account of the relationship between Laich-Kwil-Tach people and fish I grapple with the question of how, within a framework of ontological difference, we can better understand foundations of Indigenous rights and find ways to respect and give agency to multiple forms of knowledge in practice. In the spirit of reconciliation, decolonization and a renewed understanding of ontological multiplicity we are challenged to create analytical frameworks that include both human and nonhuman interests and relationships. Doing so requires engagement with any number of ontological propositions and it requires a confrontation with hegemonic ontological assumptions inherent in the Western scientific, bureaucratic and legal paradigms. By accepting western-based science as one among many ways of producing knowledge, space is made for other forms of knowledge. In the process we are better able to respect Indigenous land and marine tenure systems, as well as the Indigenous right to maintain a long-standing and on-going relationship with other beings and all that this entails. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. ix Dedication ......................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 “Dancing From the Salmon’s Country”: An Introduction ................................. 1 Why Salmon? ................................................................................................................ 10 Us and Them: Creating Context ................................................................................... 14 My Epistemology of Ontology ................................................................................... 17 Chapter Summary ......................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 2 Relational Ecology and its Implications ........................................................... 25 Relational Ecology ........................................................................................................ 25 Theoretical Context ....................................................................................................... 29 Anthropological Animism of Old: Its Beginning ...................................................... 30 Anthropological Animism Anew: Its Rebirth ............................................................ 32 Contemporary Anthropological Thought on Animism .............................................. 39 Political and Historical Ecology: Before the Divergence of Ecologies ................... 41 The Divergence: Historical Ecology ........................................................................ 43 The Divergence: Political Ecology ........................................................................... 45 Coming Together ...................................................................................................... 48 Expressions of Relational Ecology on the Northwest Coast ..................................... 50 Chapter 3 Understanding Fish as Nonhuman Persons ...................................................... 60 The Path Taken ......................................................................................................... 60 Research Methodology ................................................................................................. 66 Ethnographic Data Collection Process ...................................................................... 67 Archival and Ethnographic Text Research ........................................................... 67 Participant Observation ......................................................................................... 68 Interviews .............................................................................................................. 69 Fish Trap Archaeological Data ................................................................................. 73 Data Filing and Analysis ........................................................................................... 74 Indexing and Coding ............................................................................................. 75 Chapter 4 Setting the Scene: A Colonial History Synopsis .............................................. 77 Chapter 5 The Laich-Kwil-Tach 19th-Century Relational World .................................... 86 The Context of the 19th-Century Ethnographic Texts ................................................... 86 Franz Boas and George Hunt: Kwakwaka’wakw Oral Tradition Recorders ........... 86 Salmon Origin, Forms and Relationships in 19th-Century Ethnography ..................... 91 Bringing Fish to the Human World .......................................................................... 91 The Ultimate Transformer ........................................................................................ 98 I. The Salmon Persons ............................................................................................ 102 II. The Salmon Fish ................................................................................................. 104 v Prayers to Fish..................................................................................................... 106 Other Forms of Respect ...................................................................................... 108 III. The Copper Salmon ........................................................................................... 112 IV. The Sisiutl Salmon ............................................................................................. 119 19th-Century First Salmon Ceremony ......................................................................... 122 Chapter 6 Other Kin in the Human-Fish Relationship .................................................... 132 Fish Traps, Fish Hooks and Other Sentient Beings in the Human-fish Relationship . 132 The Trap Door(way) ............................................................................................... 133 Family Ties–The Sentience of Fishing Gear ........................................................... 153 Chapter 7 The Contemporary Human-Fish Relationship ............................................... 158 As I Recall: Teachings, Practice and Being ............................................................... 163 Teachings: Care and Respect ................................................................................. 169 Take What You Need, Care for What You Take, Share What You Have ................ 186 Stewardship ................................................................................................................. 195 Silenced Knowledge ................................................................................................ 204 Chapter 8 The Human-fish Relationship – Practice as Revitalization ............................ 211 Twins and the Salmon Dance .....................................................................................
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